Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.

2. IPv4 is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol
and a widely used protocol in data
communication over different kinds of networks.
 IPv4 is a connectionless protocol used in
packet-switched layer networks, such as
Ethernet.
 It provides the logical connection between
network devices by providing identification for
each device.
 There are many ways to configure IPv4 with all
kinds of devices – including manual and

3.  It is used in the packet-switched link layer in the
OSI model.
 IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet
communication in five classes: A, B, C, D and E.
 Classes A, B and C have a different bit length for
addressing the network host.
 Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting,
while class E addresses are reserved for future use.
IPv6 presents a standardized solution to overcome
IPv4's limitations. Because of its 128-bit address
length, it can define up to 2,128 addresses.

5.  Packets in the IPv4 layer are called Datagram.
 Datagram consisting of two parts: Header and Data.

6.  The header is 20 to 60 bytes in length and
contains information essential to routing.
 Version(VER): This 4-bit field defines the
version of the IPv4 protocol.
 Header Length(HLEN):this 4-bit field defines
the total length of the datagram header in 4-
bytes words. This field is needed because the
length of the header is variable (between 20 to
60 bytes).
 Type of Services: The type of service (TOS)
bits were included in the IPv4 header to allow
different types of IP datagrams to be
distinguished from each other.

7. Datagram Length : This is the total length of the IP
datagram (header plus data), measured in bytes.
Since this filed is 16 bits long, the theoretical
maximum size of the IP datagram is 65,535 bytes.
However, datagrams are rarely larger than 1,500
bytes.
 Identifier, Flags, Fragmentation Offset: These
three fields have to do with so-called IP
fragmentation, a topic we will consider in depth
shortly. Interestingly, the new version of IP, IPv6,
does not allow fragmentation at routers.

8. Time-to-live: The time-to-live (TTL) field is included
to ensure that datagrams do not circulate forever in
the network. This field is decremented by one each
time the datagram is processed by a router. If the
TTL field reaches 0, the datagram must be dropped.
 Protocol: This field is used only when an IP
datagram reaches its final destination.
 Header Checksum: The header checksum aids a
router in detecting bit errors in a received IP
datagram.
 Options: The options fields allow an IP header to be
extended.

9. A subnet mask is a number that defines a
range of IP addresses that can be used in
a network.
Rules:
 Convert the Networks into 1’s.
 Convert the Hosts into 0’s.
 Now Add all the binaries.

11. IP Address = 10.0.0.1/8
SUBNET MASK:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 =255
So, The Subnet Mask is
255.0.0.0

12. IP Address = 172.168.0.1/16
SUBNET MASK:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 =255
So, The Subnet Mask is
255.255.0.0

13. IP Address = 192.168.1.0/24
SUBNET MASK:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 =255
So, The Subnet Mask is
255.255.255.0

14. IP Address = 123.78.45.3/21
SUBNET MASK:
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
128+64+32+16+8+0+0+0=248
So, The Subnet Mask is
255.255.248.0

15.  Network identity (network ID) is a
portion of the TCP/IP address that is
used to identify individuals or devices
on a network such as a local area
network or the Internet.
RULES:
 All the Networks are same as
in IP address.
 All the Hosts are converted
into 0’s.

16.  A broadcast address is a special
Internet Protocol (IP) address used
to transmit messages and data
packets to network systems.
RULES:
 All the Networks are same as in IP
address.
 All the Hosts are converted into 1’s.

17. RULES:
 All the IP’s that lie between the
Network ID and Broadcast ID are
Assignable IP’s.

18. IP ADDRESS= 12.123.8.0/16
 NETWORK ID:
12.123.0.0/16
 BROADCAST ID:
12.123.255.255/16
 ASSIGNABLE IP:
FROM 12.123.0.1/16
TO 12.123.255.254 /16

19. Subnetting is the strategy used to partition
a single physical network(smaller
broadcast domain)into more than one
smaller logical sub-networks
(subnets)(firewalls).
 Subnetting allows an organization to add
sub-networks without the need to acquire a
new network.
 Subnetting helps to reduce the network
traffic and conceals network complexity.

20. Subnetting is essential when a single
network number has to be allocated over
numerous segments of a local area
network (LAN).
 Subnets were initially designed for solving
the shortage of IP addresses over the
Internet.

21. CIDR Stands for Classless inter-
domain routing.
CIDR is a set of Internet protocol (IP)
standards that is used to create
unique identifiers for networks and
individual devices.
10.0.0.2/19 CIDR

22. CLASS RANGE
A 9 To 30
B 17 To 30
C 25 To 30

23. IP Address=10.0.0.0/20
(Borrow Networks According to class A=12)
 SUBNET MASK:
255.255.240.0
 No. OF Network ID’s:
=2n (n=no of borrow networks)
=212
=4096

24.  No. of Assignable IP’s(useable IP’s):
=2h-2 (h=no. of hosts)
=212-2
=4096-2
=4094
 Broadcast ID:
One Less than the Network ID.
 Block Size:
256-240=16

25. NETWORK ID USEABLE ID BROADCASTE ID
10..0.0.0 10.0.0.1 ……10.0.15.254 10.0.15.255
10.0.16.0 10.0.16.1..…..10.0.31.25
4
10.0.31.255
10.0.32.0 10.0.32.1…….10.0.47.25
4
10.0.47.255
10.0.48.0 10.0.48.1…….10.0.63.25
4
10.0.63.255
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.0.240.0 10.0.240.1…10.0.255.25
4
10.0.255.255
10.1.0.0 10.1.0.1……..10.1.15.25
4
10.1.15.255

26. NETWORK ID USEABLE ID BROADCASTE ID
10.1.32.0 10.1.32.1…10.1.47.254 10.1.47.255
10.1.48.0 10.0.16.1..…..10.0.31.254 10.1.63.255
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.1.240.0 10.1.240.1…10.0.255.254 10.1.255.255
10.2.0.0 10.2.0.1……...10.2.15.254 10.2.15.255
10.2.16.0 10.2.16.1……..10.2.32.25
4
10.2.31.255
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

27. IP Address=172.168.0.0/19
(Borrow Networks According to class B=3)
 SUBNET MASK:
255.255.224.0
 No. OF Network ID’s:
=2n (n=no of borrow
networks)
=23
=8

28.  No. of Assignable IP’s(useable
IP’s):
=2h-2 (h=no. of hosts)
=213-2
=8192-2
=8190
 Broadcast ID:
One Less than the Network
ID.
 Block Size:
256-224=32

29. NETWORK ID USEABLE IP’s BROADCAST ID
172.168.0.0 172.168.0.1.................
172.168.31.254
172.168.31.255
172.168.32.0 172.168.32.1.................
172.168.63.254
172.168.63.255
172.168.64.0 172.168.64.1.................
172.168.95.254
172.168.95.255
172.168.96.0 172.168.96.1.................
172.168.127.254
172.168.127.255
172.168.128.0 172.168.128.1................
.
172.168.159.254
172.168.159.255
172.168.160.0 172.168.160.1................
172.168.191.254
172.168.191.255
172.168.192.0 172.168.92.1.................
172.168.223.254
172.168.223.255
172.168.224.0 172.168.224.1................
.
172.168.255.254
172.168.255.255

30. IP Address=192.168.1.0/26
(Borrow Networks According to class B=2)
 SUBNET MASK:
255.255.255.192
 No. OF Network ID’s:
=2n (n=no of borrow
networks)
=22
=4

31.  No. of Assignable IP’s(useable IP’s):
=2h-2 (h=no. of hosts)
=26-2
=64-2
=62
 Broadcast ID:
One Less than the Network ID.
 Block Size:
256-192=64

32. NETWORK ID USEABLE IP’s BROADCAST ID
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1.................
172.168.1.62
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.65.................
172.168.1.126
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129................
.
172.168.1.190
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.193................
.
172.168.1.254
192.168.1.255

34.  IPv4 is the currrent TCP/IP addressing
technique used on the internet. The address
space for IPv4 is quickly running out due to the
rapid growth of internet.
 IPv6 is the proposed solution for expanding the
possible number of users on the internet.
 it is also called IPng or next generation IP.
 It is the latest version of IPV4.
 IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPV4.
However ,It is considered that IPV6 is upgraded
version of IPv4.
The basics of IPv6 is similar to IPv4.

35. Devices can use IPv6 as source and destination
addresses to pass packets over the network.
 Tool like Ping for network testing, as they do in
IPV4,used in IPv6 with same slight variations.

36.  IPv4 is designed in early 80’s.
 So far IPv4 has proven itself as robust routable
addressing protocol.
It served human being for decades.
At the time of its birth,Internet was limited only to few
universities for their research and to department of
defense(DOD-US).
 IPv4 is 32 bits long which offers around
4,292,967,296(232) addresses (considered more
than enough that time).
BUT:
 Internet commercialized in 90’s.

37.  Become popular in developing countries
Shortage of IP address.
Growth of internet can be stopped due to shortage of IP
address. So , experties started to find out the solution of
this problem.
.
net add translation port add translation
Temporary Permanent
 IPv4
 Classless IP address
 Subnetting & VLSM
 NAT/PAT
 IPv6

38. Version 5 was used while experimenting
with stream protocol for Internet.
 Used internet protocol number 5 to
encapsulate its datagram.
 Though it was never available for public
but it was already used.

39. Made of !28 bits.
Divided into eight 16 bits blocks.
0010000000000001 0000000000000000
0011001000110100 1101111111100001
0000000001100011 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 1111111011111011

40. Each Block is then converted in 4 digit
Hexadecimal number separated by (:) symbol..

2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0063:0000:0000:FEFB
 2001:0:3238:DFE1:63:FEFB
The address space of IPv6 has 2128 or approx.
3.4 x 10 28 addresses.
(340 trillion trillion trillion addresses)

41. Binary Hexadecimal
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9

42. Binary Hexadecimal
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F

43.  0010000000000001: 0000000000000000:
0011001000110100: 1101111111100001:
0000000001100011: 0000000000000000:
0000000000000000: 1111111011111011
 0010 0000 0000 0001: 0000 0000 0000 0000:
0011 0010 0011 0100: 1101 1111 1110 0001:
0000 0000 0110 0011: 0000 0000 0000 0000:
0000 0000 0000 0000: 1111 1110 1111 1011
2001:0000:3234:DFE1:0063:0000:0000:FEFB
2001:0:3234:DFE1:63:FEFB

44.  Uni –cast(one-to-one):
It defines single interface or computer.The
packet
sent to single recepient or host by using IPv6.

45.  Multi-cast:
These define a group of computers or hosts.In this
each
system of group receives packet.

46.  Any-cast:
Define group of nodes or computer that all share
a
single address. Packet with any-cast address is
delieverd to
any one member of the group which is the most neariest
one.

47. Version: IPv6
Traffic Class: Distinguish different payload.
Flow Label: Provide special handling for particular data
flow.

48.  Payload Length: Length of IP datagram excluding
base
header.
 Next header: Which header is followed by base
header
code number.
2 ICMP
6 TCP
17 UDP
 Hop Limit: Maximum hop through data travel to
destination.