Hot spots are used as a proof of P2T- the continent sliding over a sta.pdf

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Hot spots are used as a proof of P2T, the continent sliding over a stationary mantle hot spot. Everything is in motion, mantle, core, convection cells, crustal plates (oceanic and continental). And yet, the Hawaiian Islands exist. The theory is the ocean plate was sliding over a number of stationary mantle plumes as they erupt and create volcanic islands. But if hot spots are stationary in the core or lower mantle how does the rising heat pass through the convection cells in the upper mantle? Not once but twice? explain in theory Hot spots are used as a proof of P2T, the continent sliding over a stationary mantle hot spot. Everything is in motion, mantle, core, convection cells, crustal plates (oceanic and continental). And yet, the Hawaiian Islands exist. The theory is the ocean plate was sliding over a number of stationary mantle plumes as they erupt and create volcanic islands. But if hot spots are stationary in the core or lower mantle how does the rising heat pass through the convection cells in the upper mantle? Not once but twice? explain in theory.

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Steps to Plate Tectonics: Step 1 – Continental Drift www.math.montana.edu / ~nmp / materials / ess / geosphere / inter / activities / plate_calc / pangaea_map.gif The Continental Drift hypothesis published by Alfred Wegener in his 1915 book “ The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, although this was partially based on the work of earlier investigators. Continental Drift = the continents were once connected in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. They have since drifted apart and are still moving today. http://www.kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/0042-pangaea.php Wegener’s hypothesis had several problems: 1) He had no power source – no way to make the continents move. 2) He thought the continents moved through the seafloor just like boats move through the ocean, but there was no evidence of this (no wake) 3) He was a meteorologist so many geologists didn’t take him seriously! BUT Wegener had lots of evidence to show that the continents were once connected! 1) The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents. Figure 2.3 in text Identical fossil assemblages on now widely spaced continents! best about 250-200 MY ago become increasingly dissimilar the closer to today we look! Garrison, 2012, Essentials of Oceanography 3) Sequences of similar rock types on continents which do not now have the same geologic environment! http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect25/index.html 4) Geologic structures (mountain ranges, faults, chains of volcanoes) which match up on either side of oceans but can not be found underwater. 5) Apparent polar wander – paleoclimatic evidence the continents had very different climates 250 MY ago than they do today. either the continents moved or the climate bands moved – which means the Earth’s poles of rotation moved. Earth’s climate zones today are arranged symmetrically around the poles. http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/C/climatezone.php Paleoclimatic data from ˶300 MY ago, figure 2.5 in text After Wegener died, his ideas were largely dismissed, until… Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)… 6) Apparent Polar Wander – Paleomagnetic evidence. Figure 2.7 showing that the Earth has a magnetic field very similar to that created by a bar magnet. Directions of magnets parallel to Earth’s magnetic field lines. Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)… Figure 2.7b showing how magnets align to the Earth’s magnetic field when allowed to move freely. Rocks containing the mineral magnetite (especially basalt) record the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time the rocks formed. Figure 2.8a showing apparent polar wander paths for Europe and North America. Figure 2.8b showing alignment of polar wander curves if the Atlantic Ocean is “closed” The polar wander tracks for all the continents show great variation, suggesting it is the continents that moved! If we put the continents “back to.

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