Australian Aboriginal

Australian Aboriginal
The Indigenous people of Australia have resided there for over fifty thousand years [31], marking
them as the oldest existing race of people on planet Earth [5]. One of their common nicknames,
"Aborignal", actually means "first" or "earliest known" [5]. During nearly all of their history
Aboriginal Australians were abused and persecuted, particularly in the midst of wars such as WWII.
The Indigenous Australians migrated to the Australian mainland from another continent during the
last great Ice Age, moving across then then–much–smaller sea by boat [5] or land bridges [36]. This
was one of the first known migrations or travel over sea in human history [5]. Because Aboriginals
kept know written history [36], Australia has become known as the "lost ... Show more content on
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However, most Aboriginals possessed very few possessions, and the ones they did have were highly
multipurpose. They made sure they could take advantage of all of the resources they had [5].
Because they had no interaction or connection to any other cultures for them to borrow from, [5] the
Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the few that was able to evolve completely isolated from
outside influence. This did, however, give birth to many smaller cultures within the individual
Indigenous tribes, as evident from the two–hundred fifty plus different languages created within and
by Aboriginal culture [01]. There were approximately five–hundred Indigenous tribes, and never
was there a unified Aboriginal Australian nation [31]. Each tribe had its own territory [31], and
believed it was given to them by the spirits during "Dreamtime", the sacred era of prehistory during
which the spirits roamed and shaped the continent and an essential part of Indigenous Australian
religion [5]. They had absolutely no concept of trading land,
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The Treatment Of Indigenous Australians
Treatment of Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals of Australia,
plummeted from gatherings that existed in Australia and encompassing islands preceding European
colonization. There is incredible assorted qualities among various Indigenous people group and
social orders in Australia, each with its own particular blend of societies, traditions and dialects. In
present–day Australia these gatherings are further separated into nearby communities. At the season
of starting European settlement, more than 250 dialects were talked; it is as of now evaluated that
120 to 145 of these stay being used, and everything except 13 are thought to be endangered.
Aboriginal individuals today generally communicate in English, with Aboriginal expressions and
words being added to make Australian Aboriginal English. Native individuals basically lived as
seeker gatherers, chasing and scavenging for sustenance from the area. Albeit Aboriginal society
was by and large versatile, or semi–itinerant, moving as per the changing sustenance accessibility
found crosswise over various regions as seasons changed, the method of life and material societies
fluctuated incredibly from locale to district, and there were lasting settlements and agriculture in a
few ranges.
English colonization of Australia started with the entry of the First Fleet in Botany Bay in 1788. One
prompt outcome of British settlement was a progression of European pandemic

Traditionally Indigenous Australians
Discussion
Traditionally Indigenous Australians main form of learning was through practice, art and music
using their native language and culture (Foley, 2010, p. 176). Indigenous Australians have been
discriminated against, abused and forced to forgo their traditional way of life through assimilation
policies. Furthermore, Indigenous Australians were neglected in obtaining any form of education,
such as basic literacy and numeracy (Foley, 2010, pp. 180–182). Inequalities for Indigenous
Australians continue, creating a common stereotype in today's society (De Plevitz, 2007, p. 66). It is
the history of disposition Indigenous Australians have faced through constant degradation that
formed this stereotype (Phillips, 2005). Wyn (2009) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Australian Government plans to inject $286 million into 'Closing the Gap' policy, increasing
areas of learning, improvement of teachers, extra classrooms and a 'breakfast and lunch program'
(cited in 'Closing the Gap of Indigenous Disadvantage' progress report, 2007–08).
Health can greatly impact education; Indigenous health issues can be devastating on student's
attitudes in class, mental health and attendance. CTG plans to set up health clinics in remote areas to
help rectify the inequalities within the health system (Henderson, 2009). According to Foley (2010)
the average mortality rate of Indigenous infants is 50% above that of non–Indigenous Australians;
Indigenous life expectancy is 20 years less than non–Indigenous Australians. A high disease rate
continues within the Indigenous culture and is unacceptable for a developing country; growth for
improvement is deplorably slow and unjust (Foley, 2010).
In remote areas housing for Indigenous Australians are overcrowded and unhygienic with no
running water, sewage or power. According to the Steering Committee for the Review of
Government Service Provision (SCRGSP) paper, unfit housing promotes disease, child abuse and
neglect, are key factors contributing towards inequity for Indigenous Australians. Over the next four
years, CTG plans on improving Indigenous living conditions in the Northern Territory (Henderson,
2009). However, according to Behrendt research indicates

Australian Aboriginal History
HISTORY OF THE TREATMENT OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS Indigenous Australians are
the aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people of Australia moved from group that is existed in
Australia and nearby islands plunged from European colonization. In the course of the most recent
100 years, there have been a several policy relationships between the Australian government and
Australia's indigenous people. There were couple of noteworthy changes made in federation in
1901. The commonwealth franchise act of 1902 rejects the voting rights of aboriginal people from
claiming the native locals of Australia. They were also excluded from pension rights, employment in
post offices and defence forces. It also expresses that the commonwealth would enact for any ...
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Putting a vast number of youngsters in organizations, and due to the loss of area and society, most of
the aboriginal people still facing a challenge to settle down in their life. It not only increased the
poverty among them but also increased the unemployment and illiteracy rate. Meeting up in
settlements and missions of a wide range of gatherings with various languages and culture made
hard for them to start a new life. The accessibility of Western medicinal abilities, training and
innovation expanded the level of contact with the outside world and Anglo–Australian ways.
Increase in demand of TV in country ranges and the appearance of satellite correspondences have
included further stress. Liquor keeps on having an overwhelming impact. Instalment of social
administration advantages cut crosswise over conventional connection rules. Aboriginal people
looking for educational institution for their youngsters may find that Western training has a tendency
to undermine conventional ways of life and social structures. Though most of the mining area is
located in the aboriginal land but due to lack of education training institution, only 20 aboriginal
students were graduated from engineering degree programs around Australia in 2008. Mining
corporates like Rio Tinto and BHP has recognises that aboriginal have been

The Impact Of Australian Colonization On Australian Society
Since British arrival, Aboriginal people have experienced marginalisation and extreme disadvantage
within Australian society. Urban–based Aboriginal people, even more than those living in remote
communities, have been subject to the impact of racism and discrimination on self–identity.
Nonetheless, many urban–based Aboriginal people proudly identify with their Aboriginality,
asserting their identity. In this case study, I will examine the identity of Aboriginal Australian's,
comparing this construction from the time period of colonisation in Australia to the current time
period in Australia. Perhaps the most salient features of this construction are the impact of
Australian colonisation, along with the effects of the Stolen Generation.
The construction of Aboriginality in Australia has been achieved through a variety of processes, in
various places and at various levels of society, giving rise to a complex interaction between the
constructions. At the local level, the most striking line of tension may seem to lie between what
Aboriginal people say about themselves and what others say about them. But crosscutting this is
another field of tension between the ideas of Aboriginality (and non–Aboriginality) that people of all
kinds construct and reproduce for themselves, and the constructions produced at the national level
by the state in its various manifestations, the mass media, science, the arts and so on (Beckett,
1988).
The impact of colonialism is central to the

Australian Health Care Services For Indigenous Australians
INTRODUCTION
It has been observed that Indigenous Australians face deprivation to a range of services including
primary health care, due to various factors such as cultural barrier, environmental factors and
racism. As a result, there was increase in the rate of obesity, overweight, chronic diseases and
mortality rate. However, Australian governments have introduced programs that increase the
availability of services to rural and remote areas but still Indigenous Australian's health needs urgent
consideration. Therefore, it should be prioritized by the Australian government to provide all the
primary health care services to indigenous Australians without any discrimination.
DISCUSSION
PART 1
There are various politico–economic elements and policies; environmental and employment
conditions; social and cultural influences and lifestyle of indigenous Australians which affect their
health. Above all, there is poverty which contributes towards their poor health circumstances
(Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet, 2014). The Indigenous Australians are powerless and
generally face various kinds of deprivation that includes exclusion, material deprivation and
unavailability of opportunities for study and employment. They are not capable enough to take part
in society: socially, politically and culturally (Public Health Association of Australia, 2001). It is a
general concept that when a person does not feel secure, is unemployed, not connected to his/her
friends

The Australian Dollar ( Aud )
The Australian Dollar (AUD), or "Aussie" for short, is the official currency of Australia. Its symbol
is the same as the US Dollar, $. Exchange rate movements are commonly discussed in terms of US
Dollars per AU Dollars (USD/AUD) or British Pound Sterling to AUD (GPD/AUD). While the
Australian economy is only the 12th biggest economy in the world by nominal GDP, according to
the Word Bank website, the AUD is the fifth most traded currency in the world by value ("GDP
Rankings", 1). The AUD was initially introduced in 1966 after the official Australian currency being
the British Pound Sterling since 1825 and the Australian Pound being pegged to the British Pound
Sterling from 1910 to 1966 ("Museum of Australian Currency Notes", 1). In 1966 the AUD was
finally introduced, but was pegged to the USD in 1971 at a rate of between 1.1 and 1.4 USD/AUD,
on average. The Australian Dollar was finally floated in 1983 ("Museum of Australian Currency
Notes", 2). There is no more direct reliance on any other countries currency.
Except during the great recession, and more specifically 2007 to 2009, the AUD had been relatively
consistent in terms of the USD and a basket of competitive currencies. Over the last ten years, the
exchange rate has ranged, on average, from about 1 to 1.35 USD/AUD. Its highest value was at .91
in July of 2011 and its lowest value compared to the USD was 1.65 in October of 2008, right in the
middle of the recession ("U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate"). That

The Rights Of Indigenous Australians
Bringing Them Home
Human rights are inalienable, no matter what ethnicity or culture one belongs to. Every human is
entitled to their Human Rights. For a large period of time in Australian history Indigenous
Australians were discriminated against, abused and denied their Human Rights. The Bringing Them
Home Report significantly advanced the rights of Indigenous Australians as it began the
reconciliation process which recognised the injustices which had been done to Indigenous
Australians involved in the Stolen Generations, and set out a list of recommendations to create
equality in Australia. Whilst an apology was given to the Indigenous Australians the concept of
reparations still remains a major topic in the Bringing Them Home Report ... Show more content on
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Lavelle's story is an example of how the law enforcements had intended assimilation to be. However
the majority of children removed from their families were placed in institutions where they were
physically, emotionally and sexually abused.This was not the aim of the policy but it was a
devastating outcome.
The Bringing Them Home Report was a result of the National Inquiry an investigation into the
separation of Indigenous Australians from their families. The aims of the National Inquiry were to
acknowledge the hardships the Indigenous Australians have faced and encourage reconciliation
between Indigenous and Non–Indigenous Australians. The National Inquiry was co–chaired by
commissioner Sir Ronald Wilson and Social Justice Commissioner Mick Dodson. The 777
submissions of evidence contributed to the National Enquiry came from numerous sources
including: Indigenous, government and religious organisations as well as testimony's from those
involved in the Stolen Generation. The Bringing Them Home Report was tabled in parliament on
May 26th 1977 and contained 54 recommendations for the government and Australians to consider.
The main recommendations of the Bringing Them Home Report include: reparation,
acknowledgement and apology, commemoration, education, Indigenous identification, health and
land holdings.
The systematic removal of Indigenous children

Essay On Australian Identity
Australia has always been centered around diversity and change, specifically with the vast
multiculturalism and migrant culture throughout the nation. The specifics of Identity hold an
important role in shaping our identity as students and as a nation. Australians pride themselves on
being a land of the free and full of diverse culture. This is specifically referred to in our national
Anthem; "For those who've come across the seas, We've boundless plains to share; With courage let
us all combine,"(McCormick, 1984). Displaying Australia's open attitude towards immigrants and
contributes to the diversity present within our society today. Even before this, much of Australia's
Identity was associated with caucasian culture (Originating from British Settlers). Which is the
dominant perception of Australia through the media with australian representation being present
through the stereotypes of Bogans, which was made popular through shows like Kath and Kim
(ABC, 2007). Also, represented through the popular depiction of Australian people – the bushman
made popular by movies like Crocodile Dundee (Faiman, 1986) and through famous real life
bushman; Steve Irwin. An important aspect of Australian identity which is consistently neglected is
the culture and representation of the initial owners of the land; the aboriginal people. Throughout
history the constant mistreatment and neglect of the indigenous, has lead to a massive gap in
privilege between the aboriginal people and our

Australian dollar Essay
Question 2
a) A fall in the value of the Australian dollar (AUD) against the U.S. dollar (USD) benefit Billabong
in two folds, strengthened price competitiveness and translation advantage. Firstly, the Americas
segment accounts for about 50% of Billabong's sales revenue in 2008 and 2009. (Appx.1) In case of
depreciation of AUD against USD, the price of imported surfwear to the U.S. in terms of USD will
decrease. The US importers demand more for Billabong's products. The sales increases from the
strengthened price competitiveness. Secondly, when Billabong received payment from the
importers, it will translated back into AUD for use in Australia. As AUD depreciate, the receipt in
USD can be translated into more AUD than before, bringing ... Show more content on
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Billabong may diversify its production by foreign direct investments in the U.S. e.g. set up local
production plants. In case of appreciation in AUD against USD, the price competitiveness of
products would not be weakened as compared with local products. Flexible sourcing could be
applied to allow switch of production from one country to another. Learning from Stanley Black &
Decker, Billabong could reduce its import to the U.S. and export more from the U.S. production
plant to other countries when USD depreciate against other currencies. This help to create long–term
economic competitiveness in the U.S. market.
For diversification of market, a more balanced market distribution is recommended. The current
position of Billabong is highly dependent on the Americas segment with almost half of the revenues.
If the situation continues, trading in other segments cannot help if the Americas segment fails.
Revenues when diversify in different currencies could be better secured from the economic exposure
of exchange rate risk.
Smith, P. (2011, Aug 23). Exchange rate kills australian steel exports. Financial Times. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com/docview/884792617?accountid=16210
(2008, Dec 24). Aussie dollar set to struggle in 2009. Retrieved from

Australian Film Gallipoli
Welcome everyone to the 2017 Australia film festival. I am Jaxon Lennox an Australian film critic
and one of the festival organiser of this amazing event. Today I am going to analysis and evaluate
the Australian film Gallipoli.
The film Gallipoli is about two Australian sprinters that face the ruthless realities of war when they
are sent to fight in the Gallipoli campaign in Turkey during World War I. The genre of the film
Gallipoli is Drama, War, History and Adventure. The film starts off in Australia and later is set in
Gallipoli. The director is Peter Weir and the film was first released in Australia on the 13 august
1981. The main stars in the movie are Mel Gibson, Mark Lee and Bill Kerr. In 1981, the film won
nine awards at the Australian

Australian Aborigines
Believe it or not but there are still places that have embrace the cultures from their past. Australia
embraces their heritage and the natural people who were there before the Europeans came to inhabit
the area. Australia is also known for their scenery such as highlands, lowland, beaches and large
cities. The animals located in Australia are very unique, the kangaroo is the animal thought to be the
symbol of Australia. Most people in the US think of Australians as a completely different kind of
people but the truth is they are very similar.
Australia is located between two oceans the Indian and Pacific in the southern Hemisphere. It lays
just below Southeast Asia, and its total area is 2,967,892 square miles. The highest point is ... Show
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Though religion does not play a large role in their day to day life the people go to church mainly on
holidays or special occasions. There are also other religions such as nonreligious and evangelical
and fundamentalist protestant faiths.(Culturegram) Most Australians have different tastes and styles
but modern technology has brought a wide aspect of popular culture to Australia. Most Australians
enjoy relaxing on weeknights by watching television, while some still compete in other activities.
The most popular television shows are the Australia news and current affairs, drama series, made for
TV shows, and sporting events. They also enjoy leisure times by going on picnics, having barbeques
and hanging out with friends on the beach. Australians enjoy drinking and gambling, while the
teenagers hunt out dance clubs or pubs. Popular foods include the leaves of the lemon myrtle tree,
wattle seeds, and Balmain bugs. In Australia there are subcultures that pop up in their society, one of
these subcultures are "Sharpies" they are suburban youth gangs, they are violent, their name comes
from how they dress "sharp." There are also teenagers who dress like an emo person, but cannot be
called emo. Their fashion consists of tiaras, ripped jeans, leopard print band shirts from the 80's.
(smh.com) Some countercultures in Australia are hippies, they live on a 2,000

Australian National Identity
Identify and discuss the nature of national identity in Australia. How has/have national identify/ies
been portrayed and maintained and which groups have been excluded?
The nature of Australian's national identity has been an ongoing debate for many years. It involves
how Australians see themselves, and how other countries view Australia as a whole. Throughout the
country's history, the national identity has not remained constant, and currently it is a debate to what
Australian's true national identity is. As the original country to settle in Australia (excluding
Aboriginals), British Culture has a strong influence in Australia. Australia was originally a colony of
Britain, and therefore its national identity was very similar to ... Show more content on
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As a young country, Australia feels like they have to prove themselves, and they reckon the best way
for them to do that is on the competitive playing field(2). The nation's character and identity always
seems to be on trial during international sporting events, and the nation prides themselves on
international victory. Victories against England and the United States are especially sweet to
Australians because of their relationship with these superpower countries. Matches against New
Zealand are also of the utmost importance to Australians pride because of the proximity of their
neighboring country. Issues of national identity are always at stake when Australia competes against
these countries. Other than cricket, Australians pride themselves on many other sports. After the
debacle of the 1976 summer Olympic games where Australia won no medals, the Australian
Institute of Sport was created. This institute brought all sports back into the national limelight and
reminded Australians how important sport was to their national identity. Other sports Australia
prides themselves on are tennis, swimming, rugby, soccer, and their very own Australian Rules
Football. This is a game that gives them a sense of national identity because they created it.
Although it is based mainly in Victoria, it is very heavily followed in the region. People are mostly
fans of one particular team (usually in

Typical Australian
The Australian Identity I am here today to discuss our Australian Identity. How do you imagine a
typical Australian? Maybe you see a blonde haired, blue eyed surfing babe? Or a bushman who
drinks Bushels tea and four X beers while munching on some snags cooked on the BBQ? Or
perhaps you see someone like Steve Irwin, our iconic crocodile hunter. Or do you picture the movie
"Crocodile Dundee?" Australians are stereotyped and our typical Australian is usually imagined to
be male. (Click) Russell Ward, well known author, portrays his view of the traditional Aussie as a
practical man who is rough, tough bushman that holds true friendship and loyal spirits. Today I will
be analysing two poems and one play and determining whether they are ... Show more content on
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The reader is able to imagine the horses running wild and the Australian bushman chasing after
them. (Click) Typical Australian language and slang is used. Words and phrases such as "bushmen
love hard riding where the wild bush horses are" and "And he swung his stockwhip round" help
communicate to the reader attitudes, values and beliefs of the true Australian spirit and mateship.
Throughout the story, the mood is exciting and fast–paced with tense anticipation, leading up to the
exciting climatic victory. In this poem, women and children are marginalised. The bushman riders
are men and during those times the women and children stayed at home while the men worked
during the day. "The Man from Snowy River" is a ballad which reinforces the typical Australian
Identity, as the rough and tough man who is willing to take risks and challenges. The hero in this
poem is brave, resourceful and thrill–seeking, displaying the qualities that Russell Ward describes as
being part of the mythical Australian Identity. (Click) The One Day of the Year is a celebrated
Australian play written by Alan Seymour in 1960. The play recounts the story of the Cook family
around Anzac day. Alf, an aging digger, who served in WW1, celebrates Anzac Day with a few beers
his and mate Wacka Dawson Hughie (Alf's son) is attending university where he meets his girlfriend
Jan. Hughie feels embarrassed and ashamed

Australian Aborigines And Their Crisis
Madison Lafitte
Karol Chandler–Ezell
Cultural Anthropology 231.001
11/17/2014
Australian Aborigines and their Crisis
Australia's Aborigines are often hailed as the world's longest surviving culture, easily dating back
60,000 years, existing long before many ancient societies such as the Greeks and Romans. Since
they are such an old culture many people wonder how they were able to remain in existence for so
long while of culture perished around them. The answer can be found in their adaptive nature;
having such a close bound with the land around them, taught the aboriginals the importance of
change and adapting (Australia.gov.au). While it might be debatable that Australia's natives are the
longest surviving culture, there is no doubt that the Aborigines' animistic religion is the oldest
existing. Their religion is ripe with multiple different gods, often represented in the forms of animals
or notable landscape features. There is no one central god, instead many deities were spread across
the continent of Australia, each spirit fulfilling their role in the world. Creation beings were involved
in the creation of the world, ancestral beings taught humans how to hunt and make weapons, totemic
beings were the original form of animals. Being a culture that places high emphasize on their
religion, many of the "dot art," a form of painting or drawing that involves creating hundreds of
small dots to create the overall picture, is often found in caves or the sides of rocks, the some

Indigenous Australians
Aboriginal Spirituality Aboriginal spirituality originally derives from the stories of the dreaming.
The dreaming is the knowledge and a sense of belonging that the Aboriginals had of the beginning
of life and the relationship to the land and sea (Australian Museum, 2011). The dreaming stories are
passed on from one generation to the next orally. These stories teach the following generations how
to behave towards the land and other people. The dreaming stories give them a sense of duty to
protect the land and appreciate it because the dreamtime stories indicate that the spirits have not died
but are still alive in different forms as animals or humans, therefore the ancestor's power is still felt
through the landforms (Clark, 1963), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aboriginals have been discriminated against since early European invaders, where their land was
taken away from them as well as their human rights. The Aboriginal– Protection controlled the lives
of the aboriginal people by deciding on their behalf of where they should live or how the children
should be raised (Australian Museum 2011). Some aborigines were exempt from these decisions
because they had been raised to a more European lifestyle and were given a citizenship, which could
be taken away from them. However; in 1969 the Aboriginal– Protection was abolished and the
responsibility of the aboriginals was carried on by Indigenous Affairs, which was then the aborigines
were recognized and given the same rights as other Australian citizens( Australian Museum, 2011).
Impacts of invasion and settlement of First Fleet on Aboriginals The First Fleet sailed from
Portsmouth in 1787 by captain Arthur Philip which carried 729 convicts to Australia where they had
to live in a penal colony and work for the government. In 1788, eleven ships had anchored on
Australian shores(Dunn.C and McCreadie. M. 2010). Australia then encountered a drastic amount of
change, hopeful beginnings, hopeless failures and noble achievements. The settlers did not question
the aboriginals for the permission to settle on their land but

Australian Stereotype
Representations of the "Australian Persona"
‘Mateship'
A key element of what is presented to be the Australian character is that of camaraderie, base
friendliness towards everybody, and egalitarianism, the belief that everybody is equal and should
have the same opportunities, treatment, etc. as everybody else. As such, Australians are very
supportive of democracy, compulsory voting, and are generally, in most cases, unprejudiced towards
each other based on such trivialities as, for example, social class – everybody will kick back
together at the pub for a ‘coldie' in that ‘typical Aussie scene', described so well in the quote by
Australian legend Henry Lawson, one of the best–known Australian poets and fiction writers of the
colonial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian casual English, like African–American speech, is one of the most complex forms of
English slang, and not always so easy to understand. Phrases such as "G'day Mate" and "Chuck a
shrimp on the barbie" are well–known internationally as being ‘Australian', having been made
popular by Paul Hogan's representation in the 1986 internationally highest–grossing film Crocodile
Dundee. Numerous examples of the frequent use of common Australian slang can be found in the
six–book series Western Wildcats by Australian author John Larkin, e.g. where phrases such as "But
not any more, but." is characteristic one of the main characters, known as ‘Splinters' – even when
talking to the Queen of England. In the same series, another character, Eric, is ranting about what is
seen as the norms of Australian society and the persona that is represented to be Australian, and as a
part of his tirade states "Somebody who doesn't end every sentence with ‘You Know', you know?"
Australian slang seems to be bent on taking the shortest, easiest possible route for words to come out
of the speaker's mouth, shortening everything to the minimum amount of syllables possible. A cup
of coffee (or tea) becomes a ‘cuppa', football becomes footy etc. This style of common Australian
speech has its roots, once again, in Australia's heritage as a convict colony – a majority of the
people that

Australian Stereotypes
How do you compare to the average Australian?
Australia is a large and diverse country, and every five years, the Census aims to gather information
from every citizen across the country. The census looks at the characteristics of the 'typical'
Australian. However, the fact that no–one meets all the criteria of the average Australian shows the
considerable, growing diversity of the country.
Is the average Australian a man or a woman?
Despite many people's perception of the typical Australian being male, the average Australian
actually a woman: according to the 2011 census, 50.6% of Australia's population are female.
How old is the average Australian?
From the analysis of the 2011 census, the average Australian was 37 years old. In different parts of
Australia the median age is quite different to the Australian ... Show more content on
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The second most common language spoken at home at 1.6% is Mandarin.
What is their religion?
The average Australian belongs to a Christian religion. The most common religion is Catholic at
25.3% of Australia's population. The next most common religious affiliation is actually no religion
at 25.3% of Australia's population.
What do they do for a living?
For both men and women the most common occupation in Australia, according to the 2011 census
was a sales assistant. For men, other common occupations were a truck driver, electrician, and retail
manager, for women other common occupations were a general clerk, primary school teacher, and
office manager.
How many hours do they work?
The average employed man worked 41 hours during the week before Census Night in 2011 and the
average employed woman worked 32 hours. However, the situation became reversed when
comparing to the unpaid domestic work. The average man did less than five hours in the last week
while the average woman did five hours or more.
How do they get to

Australian Aboriginal Music
Before I can start talking about the Australian Aborigines Music, I must inform you about the rich
history of the people. For this part I watched a documentary called The First People: Aboriginal
Australians on You Tube. The documentary talked about The traditional music of indigenous
Australians which held a lot of meaning to their culture. The music is used throughout their
aboriginal life to teach them what must be known about their culture, and about their place in it, and
about their place in the world of nature and supernatural. As a very young child, the aboriginal
children are encouraged to dance and sing about everyday tasks. At puberty, he or she learns their
first karma song, which teachings them about totemic plants and animals of his or her clan and the
history and mythology of their group.
Australian Aborigines people use music for many different reasons, for ceremonial reasons, dance
and Song. In ceremonial events, Ceremonies contains many significant elements, some of which are
specifically related to depicting Dreaming stories. Sometimes these expressions of music, art, song,
dance and performance are seen as separate commodities in the Western world. However, from an
Aboriginal perspective they are all part of a complex whole. Dance is a unique aspect of ... Show
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The most popular is the didjeridu, which a simple wooden tube blown with the lips like a trumpet,
which gains its sonic flexibility from controllable resonances of the player's vocal tract. The bull–
roarer, which is a simple wooden slat whirled in a circle on the end of a cord so that it rotates about
its axis and produces a pulsating low–pitched roar. The gum–leaf is a tree leaf, which you hold
against your lips and blown so as to act as a vibrating valve with "blown–open" configuration. It is
intended to imitate bird–calls; the gum–leaf can also be used to play

Australian Identity
Australia is a young, modern country made up of a diverse and multicultural population, therefore,
it's difficult to say that it has a single national identity. This essay will examine what Australia's
identity may look like, specifically, through art.
Australia has only been here for little over 200 years whereas other countries have a lot of history
with solid identities. Australian art is an important factor that helps to create its identity because its
artists are passionate about the unique aspects and symbols of Australia and they incorporate them
into their works to really show what they think Australia is.
Australian Impressionism is a good place to start to reflect on the early influences in Australian art.
In the late 19th and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ned Kelly is considered to be a folk hero and is remembered as one of Australia's most significant
people because he stood up to corrupt police officers, unfair laws and biased government. Kelly is
immortalized in Sidney Nolan's 'Ned Kelly' collection of 27 paintings that re–count his daring
exploits with the law. Nolan was sympathetic to this story as he, himself, was a fugitive from the
law and, using various Australian landscape scenes as a backdrop, transcended his own conflict onto
the canvas to make the series a success. Sidney Nolan, Glenrowan, 1946 Sidney Nolan, Ned Kelly,
1946
The land has a lot to do with Australia, the way that its identity may have developed might be
through its isolation and our slow understanding and respect for it. Landscape pieces by other artists
at this time depict the land in a much different light than Nolan. Lawson's 'The Drover's Wife' has a
woman dressed in dull clothing, standing alone, highlighting her isolation in the Australian outback.
Whereas Preston's abstract landscape 'Flying Over The Shoalhaven River' depicts the land to be an
inviting and welcoming place. Henry Lawson, The Drover's Wife, 1945 Margaret Preston, Flying
Over The Shoalhaven River,

Australian English And Its Slang
Nowadays, about 375 million people are native English speakers and more then half of them live in
the United States. Also, five more countries use English as their first launguage including the United
Kingdom,Canada,Australia,Ireland, and New Zealand. Because English is so widely spoken, there
are major varieties of English, such as British English, North American English, Australian English,
South African English and New Zealand English (R. Nordquist). In my research paper, I would like
to talk about Australian English and it's slang. Australian English (AuE, AusE, en–AU) is a specific
form of English language that is using only in Australia. Aussie English started to differ from British
English after the originating of the penal colony of New South Wales in 1788. At that time Great
Britain has an overflowing population of prisoners, and British government decided to send different
convicts from all over the country, including Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The native–born children
of the colony established the new dialect that later has become the language of the nation. They
created an earliest form of Australian English by hearing and mixing up a wide range of accents
from all over the British Isles. Also, many immigrants from Europe that came to the colonies of
New South Wales and Victoria in 1850s during the first Australian gold rushes had influenced on
development of a unique Australian dialect. Moreover, some words from Aboriginal language,
especially names for

Australian Identity And Ideal
From a Tarzan– like, pun–making simpleton to a vigilante fighting for justice in the outback of a
dystopian Australia, we really have it all when it comes to our vast selection of native films.
Although quite diverse in plot, setting and characters they all broadcast the concept of Australian
identity and ideals to the world. There are many concepts that reflect the typical Australian identity
such as mateship, larrikinism and the Aussie battler and it is more important know than ever to
celebrate what it means to be Australian.
One important aspect of Australian identity is the history and treatment of aboriginal people. The
utilisation of indigenous education through film media allows an exclusive insight into areas of
aboriginal culture

The Media Of Indigenous Australians
Part A – Media Analysis
There is a populace of 18 million in Australia with Indigenous Australians making up roughly one
percent of the Australian population. Due to this, the closest that a non–Indigenous Australians will
come to have contact with an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is through representation in
the Australian media. Most media stories are viewed as one sided or racist with even the Prime
Minster Tony Abbott making comments that it is a 'lifestyle choice' for the Indigenous peoples to
live the way that they do in small communities consisting of up to 8 people. These statements that
he had made is seen as racist, leaving him open to criticism by members if his own party, friends
and his opponents. The 2 articles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article gives the reader an inequitable view of Indigenous Australians, defending Tony Abbot's
point of view and the audience is encouraged to agree with mainstream media in regards to whether
or not Tony Abbott is racist. Article B from the Koori Mail condemns Tony Abbott's viewpoint as
not only racist but he is insulting the very culture that he is representing. Article B states that Tony
Abbott does not understand Indigenous culture and how important land is to them "Connection to
country is everything to Aboriginal people – defines Aboriginal people and sustains us in a cultural
and spiritual sense and can play a vital role in building economic independence, self–determination
and healing" (Greg Cromelin, Article B). With Article B the audience is encouraged to get angry at
Tony Abbott's comments and make him out to be racist.
Misrepresentation of Indigenous Australians in the media, as seen in the Courier Mail (Article A)
and the Koori Mail (Article B), shows a different side of Tony Abbott's comments. Each with their
own biases and by comparing the two articles it shows that good representations in the media still
have a long way to go.
Part B – Research Paper
In this essay I will be discussing how the Australian media affects Indigenous Australians through
negative and positive news reports, how journalists

Australian Dollar Essay
There is general consensus that the principal reason behind the strong Aussie dollar is that Australia
currently fits the needs of one of the fastest growing regions in the world Asia. Australia's strong
Asian ties and Asia's demand for our resources all work in the favour of the Australian dollar, and
have helped sustain the rise of the Australian dollar against other leading currencies.
The strength of the Australian dollar is not only a product of weaknesses in other major currencies.
With low government debt, steady unemployment levels and a Triple A credit status, Australia's
economy is in a relatively healthy position, particularly compared with other major currencies
including the Euro, US dollar and the Pound.
The current volatile market situation in the US and particularly Europe has helped make Australia's
currency appear to be a safer alternative to investors. As the European debt crisis continues the Euro
remains unstable, further weakening it against all major currencies, including the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the mining and export industry thrives, the value of the Australian dollar rises. Strong demand
particularly from China is driving this process.
There are numerous reasons why invest in Australian dollar. The first is Australia's trade numbers
are improving because an increase in volume has more than compensated for price declines. Trade
performance is a fundamental determinant of exchange rates for it governs the balance of demand
for a currency between importers and exporters.
The second reason is that Australian interest rates are higher than elsewhere. Australia's cash rate,
even at a record low of 2.5%, is higher than its equivalents in the US, Europe and Japan, which are
close to zero. Investors boost the Australian dollar when they buy Australian–dollar financial assets
to take advantage of these higher

Australian Freedom Riders
In 1964 there was a protest outside the US consulate in Canberra that two thousand people had
attended to protest about racial segregation and civil rights in the United States. Many people of the
general public stated things such as if protesters are going to so much trouble why not protest about
racial segregation within our own country. These comments had lead to the making of our own
Australian Freedom Riders which were based on the American Freedom Riders who were making a
difference with civil rights and discrimination in America. They travelled across America to raise
awareness of the issues when it came to the African–American's rights and they helped achieve
equality. The Australian Freedom Riders helped in achieving freedom for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There was a saying at the time that racism did no longer exist in Australia only in other countries
such as America but after this evidence was released soon it was recognised that racism did in fact
exist in Australia. The Australian Freedom Riders had made worldwide news about their travels and
experiences.
Once the group had finished visiting these towns and had ended their journey Charles Perkins
reported what had happened to a crowd of approximately two hundred at the 1965 Federal Council
for the Advancement of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islands conference in Canberra. The responses
after this conference were mainly positive and because of Charles Perkins' the NSW Aboriginal
Welfare Board had announced they would spend sixty–five thousand pounds on more housing in
Moree for the Aboriginals. The Australian Freedom Riders had caused many debates all across
Australia which had then caused the 1967 Referendum which got rid of a law in the constitution that
had stated 'laws can be made for the people of any race, other than the Aboriginal race in any state,
for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws'. The law was changed and removed the
section 'other than the Aboriginal race' this was a positive change as it meant laws could be made in
favour of the Aboriginals which could help protect them. Another positive aspect that came out of
the

Australian Indigenous Rights
Aboriginal civil rights have been a highly debated topic in Australia for the past century. From the
1920's to the constitutional referendum in 1967 many events occurred that shaped the advancement
of Aboriginal rights. The sheer volume of significant events during this time period are too great to
enlighten on all of them so I will aim to touch on the rights of Aboriginal people before this time
period, the foundation of Aboriginal political activism, the Day of Mourning and the Cummeragunja
walk off, International pressure against Australia, and the 1967 referendum. It was not until the late
1930's and 1940's that really caused the Aboriginal rights movement to really surge with the
combination of international pressure on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main importance of this group was essentially being one of the first Aboriginal political
organizations to form to take action against state and federal legislation in Australia.
During the 1920's and 1930's Australia began to see a rise in political activism among the Aboriginal
people. During this time period Australia saw Aboriginal political organizations being "founded in
New South Wales, Western Australia, Victoria, and South Australia: the AAPA, The Native Union,
the AAL, the Australian Aborigines Association (AAA), the Euralian Association, and the
Aborigines Progressive Association (APA)" (Attwood, 1999). All of these political organizations
fought for similar rights for aboriginal people, but they were all fought on local levels. The two
organizations that were somewhat successful at becoming national organizations and representing
Aborigines throughout Australia were the Australian Aborigines League and the Aborigines
Progressive Association. Both groups fought for similar causes. These two groups although
advocating for policy change in different regions of Australia worked together and organized two
significant events that occurred during the 1930's.
Arthur Burdeu was considered the creator of the Australian Aborigines League, which formed in the
1930's. The major significance that lead to the AAL becoming a national organization rather than a
local organization was set in how the members viewed the role of the League. Arthur Burdeu

The Origin Of Australian Music
Australian Aborigines are native to Australia and have lived in a territory called the Arnhem Land or
northern Australia for almost forty thousand years. Some of the Aborigines live in government
housing today, while others still live among the land as their ancestors did. Aborigines are an ethnic
group that also has many religious beliefs. They believe in Animism which is the belief that living
creatures and the outside environment contain supernatural powers. Their culture and beliefs
resonate in their music. Their belief in Animism is reflected in the rhythms that they use that
originate in the environment. Another part of Australian music that is characteristic of that country is
the use of the didjeridu. This instrument has become a symbol of Australian music and has a rich
history in the ethnic music that the Aborigines play. It is also made and performed by these native
people in very unique ways. The history of Australian music would not be complete without
highlighting the importance of the didjeridu. Some believe that Aborigines have been playing the
didjeridu for up to forty thousand years. However, most historians believe that the didjeridu dates
back about fifteen hundred to two thousand years because of the cave art that the Aborigines have
left behind. These cave drawings consist of figures playing a didjeridu. The didjeridu is believed to
be first constructed in eastern Kimberly or northern Australia, and is also considered by some to be
the

Indigenous Australians
Australian aboriginals are a group of people who are deemed to be the indigenous occupants of
Australia. The Australian High Court appreciated them to share a common as well as biological
ancestry as Australia's original occupants (de Plevitz, & Croft, 2003). There has however been a lot
of ignorance with reference to this group of people more so from the Australians. This has mostly
been due to ignorance of these people with most arguments and opinions based on myths (Morphy,
& Morphy, 1984, p.459–478).
Australia has enjoyed over a century since it gained its Federation status from its colonizers, having
joined the Commonwealth in 1901 (Le Roy, & Saunders, 2005, pp. 7–9.). Despite this, the status of
its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To this end, they came up with further recommendations to enhance the reconciliation process
amongst them being to abolish all racial discriminative elements that still existed out of the 1901
constitution. They also recommended that a new Preamble be set forth that would recognize the
Aboriginal as well as their fellow native tribes as being the original residents of the State. Their final
proposal was directed towards the insurance of enactment of legislation that would enshrine
processes that would forge forth means of uniting the entire state of Australia by way of agreement
or treaty. These treaty or agreement would further ensure the resolving of any issues that detracted
reconciliation.
All these are clear indications that the Australians failed to relate and know the aboriginal people.
Had this been so, there then would have raised no demand for a treaty at the end of reconciliation.
The demand has thus made the establishment as well as the operations of the Council for Aboriginal
Reconciliation more or less an irony. This is due to the fact that the same had been in place as a
political response to the failed attempts to come up with a proposal treaty. These attempts and
enactment of the council had been predeceased by the Bicentenary of European settlement/invasion
that was held in 1988.
Such lack of recognition has also been reflected by the ignorance and or deliberate attempts to

Australian Contemporary Theatre
Australian Contemporary Theatre–Trail Australian Contemporary Theatre is a form of Theatre
which addresses the concerns and aspirations of Australian audiences; with the use of diverse and
complex characters Australian Contemporary Theatre is able to connect with the audience making
them reflect and challenge identities. This is shown clearly in the texts Ruby Moon written by Matt
Cameron and A Beautiful Life written by Michael Futcher and Helen Howard which we have
studied throughout topics. The Characters within Ruby Moon are all very different from each other
while at the same time they chow that everyone is different behind closed doors. Ruby Moon
addresses the ideas of the Suburban streets you will be safer however, Matt Cameron ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is what the Darkness represents. It draws the audience's attention to how little we know about
the world around us and that these characters who the audience try to understand are perplexing.
Parts of who these characters are can be understood though so many aspects of their personalities
are confusing. Matt Cameron used this confusion to make the audience understand that even these
characters aren't what they seem. Australian Contemporary theatre is a tool to address those thoughts
which are a part of Australian life. It plays on the fears and insecurities of the audience using
characters which people, although they may not wish to, find connections to. These characters
provide a medium in which to translate the many ideas of the lives of the

Australian History
Evolution of the Australian Colony Throughout the long history of the Australian colony, it
experienced great imperialism, exploration, conquest, and postcolonialism, revolution, conflict,
trade, human and environmental change, and the evolution of a progressive nation through
colonialism. In the effect of imperialism, exploration, conquest, and postcolonialism, Australia has
faced many difficulties, but established a secure foundation that has not broken throughout the
rebellions and wars that have plagued Australian history. Although the Australian revolution
withheld many casualties, it is one of the most important events in their history, as it united the
republicans and aboriginals to fight as one. Conflict was a battle Australia ... Show more content on
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The war was fought from 1922–1926 between the republic of australia (Republicans) and the
Queensland Republic (Queenies). The war was caused when Queensland, largely the east part of
Australia, seceded from the newly declared Republic Australia. This created a feeling of superiority
from Queensland to the western counterparts. After western australians were elected into office, this
led to the succession. Although the war was fought in superiority, aboriginal equality was a vital part
of the war. Australia used the apartheid system for years before General Rainford declared the
"Aboriginal Edict" during the war. This made Rainford highly unpopular in the east. During the war,
Rainford stepped forward, asking to create a truce. The Queensland officials refused to go to Perth,
the new capital, for the convention, which led to Rainford traveling to Brisbane. Once reaching
Brisbane, the Queensland officials refused to sit at a table with the aboriginals until it was promised
that no body parts would touch the table. The officials continued to treat the aboriginals with
disrespect, even going as far to call the aboriginals savages, which angered Rainford. Before
leaving, he called the officials "fat cats" and stormed out. On August seventh, the Queensland army
of four thousand bombed the republican of one thousand four hundred at Fort Lasseter. Queensland
walked from the war victorious on August tenth. By then, the new Republic of Queensland's flag
was flying proudly above the fort. General Patrick Cowpens and Howard Newfield both failed
attempts to take back Brisbane. Grant Odyssey organized the "Odyssey invasion," in which he
struck at the Queensland Republic at many points, fighting with the aboriginals who aided him in
this attack. Odyssey was able to defeat General Roberts at the third Battle of Dumaresq. When

Connection To Australian Communities
Jesse Sheals, Parklands High School TAS.
Bring the community connection back to life. In every town, in every city from the West Coast of
Tasmania to Arnhem in the Northern Territory. Every Australian is part of many broad communities.
But why would I write about bringing the Australian community back to life you may ask. Here is
my answer, I grew up in a small town on the West Coast of Tasmania, our community was strong,
our community was fun, nevertheless, we always had something to do around the town, but now that
community and many other communities have slowly died with major need of revival for Australia's
youth and families across our pristine country.
Our communities need a shakeup to give our local youth and families the best chance in life.
Currently, the communities have lost contact with the people causing fewer opportunities within
local areas and leaving Australia's youth jaded with few options to make the utmost of their
childhood. I believe it is important for communities to be in contact with each other to reconnect and
create a range of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But currently, there aren't many events locally for the youth of Australia due to lack of community
engagement. If a special committee of locals could come together to reconnect our communities, we
would be able to address our concerns and recommend to the committee that our community is
lacking in events for our youth around Australian cities and towns. As the committee gains
knowledge about the problems within our community they would be able to use the advice
accordingly to work closely with local governments, schools, and corporations to share the
community's vision so they can create more opportunities while providing support, commitment,
and focus on making a better future for the Australian

The Culture Of Aboriginal Australians
Demolishing the Culture of Aboriginal Australians In Australia before the late eighteenth century,
the native Aboriginal people's unique culture flourished, fostering a great sense of pride within its
inhabitants. The Aborigines were able to familiarize themselves with their geographical
surroundings, which in turn helped them to obtain food, while simultaneously upholding their many
traditional spiritual and ancestral beliefs. Many native songs, dances, and collections of art were
referenced by the Aborigines in their "Dreamtime", a collection of cultural stories that connected the
spiritual world to their modern world and its creation. These stories conveyed the importance of
treating nature with respect, a view that starkly contrasted with European philosophy. The
Aboriginal people thrived in the terrain of Australia for nearly 40,000 years before British
colonization in 1788. Many distinct tribes lived throughout Australia, and the Aboriginal population
peaked at 500,000 people in the 1780's during the pre–colonization era. During the early stages of
their colonization of Australia, European forces did not intend to harm the Aboriginals, but due to
Europe's unrelenting racism and Social Darwinism, the Aboriginal culture was eventually
obliterated. During their first European explorations of the Australian Continent, Captains Willem
Jansz, James Cook, and Arthur Phillip had no intention of obstructing the Aboriginal peoples' way of
life. In 1606, Dutch fleets led by

Rights of Indigenous Australians
The law recognizes that specific groups in society are permitted to have specific rights. Individuals
in traditional homelands have the right to determine the application of health, education and welfare
entitlements, free from government regulation and discrimination. However the rights Indigenous
Australians are entitled to are not being completely abided by and therefore white law is being used
as a tool of discrimination to Indigenous Australians.
Before the case of Eddie Mabo, Indigenous Australian's ancestral lands that they were raised on
were claimed for British purposes and benefits. After crossing paths with land–rights advocates and
legal minds, Eddie Mabo became of crucial importance to Indigenous Australian land law. Mabo
was looking to seek a retreat from injustice concerning Indigenous Australians right to the land.
After a ten year legal battle, often referred to as the 'Mabo' Case, six out seven High Court Judges
ruled that: 'The Meriam people are entitled as against the whole world, to possession, occupation,
use and enjoyment of the lands of the Murray Islands'. By showing that the Indigenous owned land
as individuals and as families, and had clearly demarcated property boundaries, Mabo's battle for
land rights proved successful. This succession paved the way for fair land rights for Australia's
Indigenous people.
The Stronger Futures aims to help the Indigenous persons of remote communities in the Northern
Territory, but are the Indigenous free from

The Australian Curriculum
Indigenous Education in Australia has been the subject of ongoing policy focus and repeated official
inquiry as the nation grapples with trying to achieve equity for these students, according to Gray and
Beresford (2008). There are many underlying factors behind the development of a plateau effect of
progress in this area, this paper will delve into the topic of the Australian Curriculum (ACARA) as
one of these main factors effecting equity amongst students in schools. According to the Australian
Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority, "the Australian Curriculum promotes excellence
and equity for all students by providing a challenging curriculum from which rigorous, relevant and
engaging learning programs can be developed that address ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2). He explains this interface as challenged space that exists between Indigenous and non–
Indigenous people, and the knowledge on Australians Indigenous people that contests what we can
and cannot understand about each other, leaving Indigenous students in a place of 'contested
positions'(Nakata, 2011). It is through an understanding of the foundations of Indigenous experience
in this space that teachers need to rethink their position on Indigenous students as prospective
learners, and recognize the special place of Indigenous peoples in Australia. Nakata, in his paper
titled 'Pathways for Indigenous education in the Australian curriculum', identifies ways in which we
need to approach Indigenous education, in relation to this 'cultural interface', explaining that
educators need to rethink how they understand Indigenous students and what they contend with in
classroom learning, as well as considering how all students are to engage in Indigenous knowledge's
and content. Nakata goes on to discuss the issues at the cultural interface based around five key
points that he believes need to be understood by educators. To sum these points up, Nakata believes
'Indigenous students require enriched, deeper leaning opportunities' which cannot be done without
'the regular appearance of Indigenous content in the curriculum and without Indigenous students
engaging in the same curriculum as other students to comparable standards' (Nakata, 2011). Nakata's
perspective on the Australian curriculum is that Indigenous content must appear in it and the
presence of the content should be normalised rather than being an 'oddity, a novelty, a token or an

Australian Aborigines Essay
Australian Aborigines
Australian Aborigines are thought to have the longest continuous cultural history in the world. Yet,
within a hundred years, the near extinction of the Aboriginal culture almost occurred. This single
event, the invasion of the Australian continent by European settlers, changed the lifestyle, the
culture, and the fate of Australian Aborigines. Their entire lives were essentially taken away and
they were forced into a white, European world where the lifestyle change could not have been any
different. Aborigines in Australia today are struggling to deal with a past in which they lost touch
with their culture and now are trying to regain some of that cultural identity.
In order to understand the effects of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australian Aborigines believe that to destroy or damage a sacred site threatens not only the present
inhabitants but also the spiritual inhabitants of the land. Broome described that "Each tribe believed
that its boundaries were fixed and validated by the stories about the movements of their ancestors,
and therefore there was no reason to desire or try to possess the country of another group: it would
have seemed meaningless to them since their creation stories only related to their own piece of
territory" (14). Australian Aborigines traveled around a land that was a symbolic and religious
world. There were not simply rocks, trees, and watering holes but they were objects and places that
the great ancestors had created and places where they still lived. The Aboriginal culture stressed
continuity over change.
The question of intertribal trading and communication occurring between Aboriginal groups is one
that is not agreed upon by investigators of the culture. Broome described in his book, Aboriginal
Australians, some trading between groups but did not place an emphasis on it. In fact, Broome
seemed to describe a slow response to European presence because of the lack of sufficient
communication between groups (36). However, Reynolds in The Other Side of the

Australian Culture
Throughout this essay I will compile research of the Australian culture, using and knowledge gained
from Australian documentation, acquaintances, and personal experiences during my time spent in
Queensland. Understanding of topics such as the complex terrain, urban/sub–urban terrain, key
infrastructure, lines of communication, and significant past military conflicts and their impact on
society, will increase the cultural awareness and understanding of anyone operating or working
closely with Australian citizens and military personnel. Originally intended to serve as a penal
colony for Great Britain, the majority of those that first settled on Australian shores were criminals
in the eyes of England. After serving their sentence many former

Essay On Australian Flag
Let go of mummy's skirt Australia! It's time to move forward as a nation. The current Australian flag
does not distinctively represent Australia's national identity and must be changed. First of all, the
flag does not acknowledge prior ownership of the land, nor does it demonstrate the ability to fully
reflect the identity of ordinary Australians. Furthermore, changing the flag will not alter the national
pride within Australians as they fought for the country, not for the flag.
It is well known in Australian history that the Aboriginal people were first inhabitants of Australia
before Captain Arthur Phillip and the first fleet. Clearly indicating that aspects of the Indigenous
culture should be included in the Australia flag to acknowledge their prior ownership of the land.
However, Australian and New Zealand are the only two major independent Commonwealth
countries which retain British Ensigns as their national flags. The flag only acknowledges Australia's
historical links with the United Kingdom, unit of the six states and territories and geographical
location. Changing the flag will allow Australians to acknowledge the Aboriginal's prior ownership
of the land and even promote reconciliation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ausflag.com, there is pictorial evidence which proves that the red ensign was the flag
which members of the Armed Services in Australia related to as Australia's de facto national flag
during both the World Wars. Meaning, that the blue ensign on our current national flag wasn't
exactly 'fought under'. Therefore, just changing the flag will definitely not diminish the spirit of the
courageous souls which battled for the country. Instead, the heroic servicemen should be recognised
and celebrated by acknowledging them on the

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