Corrections Trend

Corrections Trend
Corrections Trend Evaluation
Bebe Washington
CJA/394
February 15, 2012
UOP
In this paper the objectives that will be addressed are past, present and future trends of corrections.
Also, analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the roles
and issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend.
In today's society the jails and prison pretty much function with the same protocol. In the past the
history of the State prisons began at the Walnut Street Jail in 1790, it was the actually first American
penitentiary located in Philadelphia. Punishments such as the pillory and hanging were carried out in
public. In the past, the Old Stone Jail in Philadelphia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A statement that needs to be made continuously because it is and will always be an issue in the
criminal justice system. According to the Justice Statistics, the federal and state prison have housed
more than one million inmates, and the number of inmates in the future looks greater, therefore, the
prison system will increase over the years to come (2006).
There are many issues that are facing the corrections system and administrators in the future. With
the lack of tactical planning and the involvement of the government makes it harder for the
corrections system to operate in the future. There are also many different trends that can also bring a
positive impact on the future of corrections, and that can help the prisons run smoothly, therefore,
with the proper training of security could help incarcerate the inmates without any major issues.
With the proper security and the technology that will be at hand during in future will help to
improve the operation, which will then help the prisons, operate and it will also help with the public,
because this will make the public feel safe and secure.
Professionals within a correctional facility, particularly administrators, have duties that are different
than other work settings. The administrator in the prison is responsible for the overall management
of a federal prison, the mission of which is the safekeeping, care,
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Legal Liability In Corrections
The two topics that piqued my interest were found in Chapter 3 and 4. I chose these topics because it
was discussed briefly and I wanted to know more about it. I find these topics interesting. The two
topics should be addressed more within the concept of correction. Legal Liability Peered Reviewed
Article Source
"Jail employees may be legally liable for their actions" (Clear, Reisig, Petrosino & Cole p.77). This
is relevant to the first half of the class because as we discuss corrections it's important to know who
is responsible within the system. I chose it because I experienced a warden stepping down for the
actions of another staff member. Everyone should be responsible for their own actions but
"Supervisors, including wardens can be liable for the actions of their staff members (Clear et al.,
p.78). I understand that an administrator should be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I agree, staff being held accountable for behaviors toward inmates is good because it reduces abuse
towards inmates. Administrators being held accountable for their staff is necessary because they are
in charge of their work group but to penalize the administrator for the staff's mistake I don't agree
with. I believe the person that did wrong should be penalized although that administrator may
become harsher on the policies imposed to reduce the chances of a mistake to reoccur in the future.
Legal liability in corrections is an important concept because it addresses who is responsible for
what. It is important to know that staff is legally responsible for their actions and administrators are
responsible for their staff. It's important to know that inmates can also hold staff accountable if
being mistreated but unfortunate to know inmates can dispute an allegation not harmful such as

Contraband In Corrections
The policies and procedures implemented to reduce or eliminate contraband in a correctional facility
would vary depending on the type of criminals housed in each unit. However, before implementing
new policies and procedures, one must make sure each facility is staff properly with skilled
professionals. The results will lead to employing trained officers and psychiatrist that will
understand the offender's frame of mind. Unmistakably, the staff is the core of any successful
criminal justice jail system. Mainly, so staff can recognize humanity in the offender, change the
offender's attitude towards crime and confiscate potential contraband efficiently. As a result, those
trained professions are able to prevent further crimes or manipulation

Professionalism In Corrections
The increase of professionalism in corrections facilities and among correction officers is critical and
not everyone is cut out to perform such tasks. Furthermore, historical flaws among correction
institutes and adapting to new ways in rehabilitating offenders have transitioned into a more
professional process than earlier correction institutes. "One early reformer, Richard A. McGee,
changed the nature of corrections in California by upgrading the physical plants and staffing
patterns, by institutional research, and by developing alternatives to imprisonment", (Siegel &
Bartollas, 2014, p. 345). Furthermore, the small transition that McGee implemented was a new
movement in taking correction facilities to a new direction and creating a more professional
environment among correction institutes. Indeed, notable mentions for their dedication in emerging
corrections ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American Correctional Code of Ethics has seventeen codes that reflect how a correctional
officer must adhere to in regards to ethics and integrity (Siegel & Bartollas, 2014). Therefore,
integrity and ethics are simply doing the right thing regardless of the situation that has developed.
All of these elements concoct a professional workplace among corrections as well as any law
enforcement capacity and are the driving force for advancing to an even more professional
workplace. Professionalism among correction facilities and staff members goes beyond the scope of
rules and guidelines on paper, as each staff member must treat an inmate with dignity and respect as
well as their colleagues (Siegel & Bartollas, 2014). In my opinion, the key to ascertaining
professionalism begins with each employee wanting to make a difference in someone's life and
understanding the difference between professional and

Benefits Of Intermediate Corrections
Intermediate sanctions have been a valuable aspect in the court systems. In my opinion, I believe
they have made a difference in the court process because these programs offer an alternative
outcome to the defendant's criminal case. I believe the reason it hasn't made the impact aspired by
legislators is due to sentencing issues judges face from advocates of deserved punishment believers
and the fact that handing down alternative sentences to people with different outcomes could lead to
people accusing the courts of not being equal when sentencing individuals to jail time or probation.
The sanction that I believe could be most effective would have to be community service and
restitution because what better way to punish a person than to make them actually pay for their ...
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I believe that if a person can see the harm their actions have caused towards the victim at least
nonviolent offenders, and be forced to pay restitutions to both the victim and the court, then quite
possibly it could make the individual not want to repeat their criminal actions. Other countries such
as Germany, England, Sweden and most other European countries have already taken this form of
punishment into effect leading to less of a financial burden on its citizens. In addition to community
service and restitution, I have come to the conclusion that the best form of intermediate sanctions for
juveniles would be boot camp. Juvenile offenders often lack the adult figure in their lives and tend
to repeat the bad behavior they have witnessed throughout their lives and boot camp can give them
that sense of belonging and form of discipline they so

Pros And Cons Of Community Corrections
Community Corrections
With any type of crime that is committed by an individual, there comes a set of guidelines to follow
when regarding which punishment that that particular individual will receive based on the
categorization of their crime. Crimes can be inherently categorized into two distinctly different
categories, the first of which being misdemeanors and the second being felonies. Sets of guidelines
will vary when considering the severity of the crime based on which category the crime will fall
under, as well as the prior criminal history of the individual who committed the particular crime that
they are being punished for.
From a statistical standpoint, there are nearly seven million individuals who are currently on
correctional supervision within the United States of America (DeMichele, 2014). Of those seven
million individuals, a meager two million or 30 percent are incarcerated within a jail or prison
environment (DeMichele, 2014). The remaining five million or 70 percent of those seven million are
currently being supervised through community corrections (DeMichele, 2014). The dramatic growth
in community–based corrections over the last three decades is nothing short of astounding (Wodahl,
Ogle, & Heck, 2011). In a span of less than 30 years, the number of offenders under supervision in
the community has more than tripled, with an estimated 5.1 million people under probation and
parole supervision in 2008 (Wodahl, Ogle, & Heck, 2011).
Community based corrections

Women's Role In The American Corrections System
The American corrections system has many facets to it as well as many challenges that each and
every individual within its system must learn to cope with. Not everyone who is in some sector of
the corrections system can deal with what corrections entails because the life that they led outside of
the corrections system isn't always the same. This can especially be said for women who find
themselves part of the corrections system simply because of the role that women generally face
within their homes.
Corrections is defined as, "the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible
for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted or criminal offenses" (Clear,
2013). This includes corrections officers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
corrections system. There were three principles found to be of importance for this time of prison
reform and they were, "(1) separation of women prisoners from men, (2) provision of differential
care, and (3) management of women's prisons by female staff" (Clear, 2013). Basically the concern
was female prisoners to be house separately from the male prisoners in a facility ran by female staff.
In state prisons it is estimated that women account for nearly twenty–five percent of the workforce
(Clear, 2013). However in the Federal Bureau of Prisons it is estimated that women only account for
approximately thirteenth percent of the officers (Clear, 2013). Out of the total population of prison
inmates, only approximately seven percent are female whereas the population of female jail inmates
is approximately twelve percent.
An issue that is of concern is the safety of female officers when working within a male prison
facility. In 2013, a female officer at the Arizona State Prison Complex in Winslow was brutally
beaten by two inmates to the point of being placed in the hospital. Officer Benavidez was escorting
50 unrestrained male inmates when two of them inmates proceeded to brutally attack her. According
to a statement from her boyfriend, "the first one hit her and knocked her out. He climbed on top of
her and continued to pound her head. There was another one, and

Modern Day Corrections Essay
Elizabeth Zoccole
May 23, 2017
APMC
Dr. Richard Rogers
Historical Significance to Modern Day Corrections
Corrections Track The term corrections can be dated back to the 1700's when public hangings and
stoning took place when an individual had committed a crime. The phrase "an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth" has significant meaning in the field of criminal justice. Even though, in modern times, it
is not practiced as literally as is was hundreds and hundreds of years ago. When referring to
corrections, most people think of punishment. Punishment is defined as inflicting pain. Does
perpetrating pain upon innocents, the same as those who are made out to be guilty make the
situation inherently evil?
Those who believe inflicting pain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now that it is 2017, I feel that the "Just Deserts" model isn't enough. The treatment era, combined
with parts of the reform era, such as educational and vocational measures all need to be taken to
successfully rehabilitate an offender. These processes all combined can give an individual an
opportunity for change while also being incarcerated. Be incarcerated is taking responsibility for
one's criminal actions, but past that point an individual deserves the outlets to treatment, education
and vocational opportunities.
Works Cited
Carlson, Peter M., and Tom Roth. 2015 The Legacy of Punishment. Prison and Jail Administration.
Pg. 5, 29 (May 25, 2017).
Mazur, Max. 2009. Preceden. History and Development of Corrections 1700–Present. (May 25,
2017.) https://www.preceden.com/timelines/23091–history–and–development–of–corrections–
1700–present
Pollock, Jocelyn M.,9/28/2005 The Rationale for Imprisonment. Texas State University– San
Marcos. The Philosophy and History of Prisons. Pg.3, (May 25, 2017).

Salary Wages In Corrections
On a cold, bitter morning standing in a yard watching people move about, the wind stirs fallen
leaves on the ground. Offenders move to the place they are to be. A thought pops into the head of the
officers watching the yard; was this the right choice. Then a fight breaks out, time to go to work.
This is a question that everyone thinks about as they examine their career choices. In Roth's book
The Achievement Habit, it reads that the road is not always straight but with curves and turns
intersect it. Of all the different problems in the Department of corrections in the state of Colorado,
most people believe that salary wages are the biggest problem; but actually the biggest problem is
staff shortages.
This is the basics of what a correctional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An increase in wages would solve a great many things when it comes to corrections. It would in fact
help with staffing issues people would line up for the job. It would allow correctional officers to live
better than before. It would allow for many things to happen and help the correctional officer out.
Increased wages would help a lot, but there are down falls. With increased wages would also
increase costs for food, housing and supplies. The pool that it would create for staffing needs be full
of poor inappropriate candidates for the job. It would also being about unnecessary hardships and
burdens on

Cook County Corrections Case Study
Cook County Department of Corrections Misappropriations If you're from Chicago, you know that
crime in this city, let alone the county we live in Cook County is very high. After 72 hours spent at
local police departments, people who are arrested are sent to Cook County jail to be processed; her
the possible charges against them, and make bail if one has been given to them. According to
theatlantic.com, there are approximately 9,000 to 11,000 inmates (male and female) currently
incarcerated at Cook County. The cook county sheriff's website agrees with those numbers and adds
that 100,000 people pass through their system every year. As taxpayers, we should be considered of
how much money goes to fund the cook county jail. According to the Chicago ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
All of rights and privileges I have listed makes it sound like jail is ok but that isn't the case. There's a
lot of flaws to how the funds for each of them is being misappropriated. The company that make it
possible for inmates to communicate with their loved ones is called Securus. Securus has come
under fire for the set phone rates they've made. In "Cook County phone contract cost inmates and
families," Rod Wilderboer talks about how families/friends have to choose between putting money
on their Securus account to receive calls from a loved one who is incarcerated. In this article, it
comes to light that Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle approved the contract deal with
Securus. Securus gives back more than half of the money they make from all of the calls inmates
make. Calls rates are ridiculously high some can go from $5.00 to $7.00 for only 30 minutes which
includes a few interruptions during each call. Compared to rates from other county jails and even
state prisons these rates are too much for families and friends who want to stay in touch with their
loved

Why The Treatment And Correction Of Prisoners
The treatment and correction of prisoners is one of the focus of many countries around the world,
especially countries within Europe and North America. The way that prisoners with a psychological
illness are treated within the Federal prison system, gives an overall image of how the country looks.
Another reason why treatment and corrections of prisoners is important is due to the immense
amount of public interest on the rehabilitation of prisoners, and is conscious about releasing
prisoners back into society before they can be properly rehabilitated or treated for the psychological
illness. Many of the psychological include but are not limited to are Antisocial Personality Disorder
(ASPD), Mentally III and Chemically Addicted (MICA), Attention

Five Types Of Power In Corrections
Correctional officers are generally considered to be at the bottom of the staff hierarchy. The five
types of power that are available to correctional officers in an institution are legitimate power,
coercive power, reward power, expert power and referent power. First, the legitimate power is
available to correction officers similar to the power that is available a chain of command in
organizations. Second, the coercive power establishes a structural relationship of the prisoner and
the prison guard by maintaining discipline amongst the prison population. Third, the reward power
is when correctional officers utilizing formal and informal rewards to influence cooperation among
prison inmates. Additionally, this places correctional officers in

Corrections Trend Evaluation Essay
Daysha Hopkins
CJA–394
May 7, 2012
Hector Garcia Ed. D
Abstract
Throughout the United States, there are many correctional facilities that house thousands of inmates.
Individuals who work within these facilities have a tough job in maintaining the prison facility and
the inmates. Correctional officers are called the front line workers and are responsible for looking
after the inmates. The officers who work for the correctional facility deal with issues that may arise
inside and outside of the facility. The subject to discuss is to evaluate the past, present, and future
trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional community based corrections. An
identification and analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is not enough data that shows that treatment and rehabilitation programs will reduce criminal
behavior in an offender and keep the offender from re–offending. Once an offender is released from
an institution, he or she may have an idea about the way an institution is ran by his or her demeanor
and attitude one he or she is released from the facility. Community based correction programs are
about as important as a lock–down facility. These types of programs are designed to hold the inmate
accountable for his or her actions, but also hold the communities responsible for reducing crime.
Individuals who work toward reducing crime with the help of community based programs are also
working hard to keep the community members involved in reducing crime, but also help the
community understand how to manage offenders and get the offenders reintegrated back into the
community (Evans, D., 2004). Another trend that has caused issues for correctional facilities is
gangs within the prison facility. Gangs within a correctional facility have been an ongoing issue for
many years. There are so many members of gangs that are incarcerated and these gang members
when brought into a correctional facility also bring his or her beliefs that his or her gang is the best.
When members of the same gang become incarcerated in the same correctional facility, the prison
gang grows and this causes a risk in harming the other inmates as

Ethical Issues In Corrections
Whenever a correctional officer utilizes her or his power to take away civil rights of a prisoner, the
victim (prisoner) can file a lawsuit against the correctional officer to recoup legal expenses, collect
damages and end the violation. Wardens and managers can also be responsible for the action of a
correctional officer, even if they have no knowledge about it. Funds shortages do not give managers
the excuse of not providing the required training to their staff and correctional officers. The prison
administering local governments are also responsible for hurtful or damaging action (Clear, Cole &
Reisig, 2011, pp.230–231).
Lawsuits, claims or litigation can be minimized by developing certain criteria for the operations and
practices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First reason, they demonstrate and display aggressive standards for prison managing, which aid in
avoiding claims and lawsuit cases. If inmates experiencing problems during incarceration and the
prison administration were following the standard procedures, they will not be held responsible.
Second reason, guidelines add a base foundation by which management can check and choose the
performance of the staff. Their requirement is just to decide if the staffs are abiding by functional
guidelines. Third reason, codes assist the progress of preparation and assessment of prison programs
by providing program managers a goal to achieve in their work (Clear, Cole & Reisig, 2011,
pp.230–231).
As a correctional officer, it requires me to follow the rules, regulations, and policies of the prison
before I can exercise any right to be enforced on prisoners or inmates. A correctional officer desire
for the needed training in order for him to be in charge, it is very rear that the correctional officer
receives enough training to manage or run a unit in the prison system. All these are difficulties that
the correctional officer might face and could prevent him or her from exercising any privileges
unless the required training is being provided, this will always be a problem, besides the legal rights
of the

The Purpose Of The ICC In Corrections
The purpose of the ICC is to make proper housing assignments, change housing assignment for
valid reasons, reassign inmates to the jail population when being released form disciplinary
segregation and/or administrative segregation, place certain restriction on inmates such as staff
escort and restraints, and remove inmate from participation in programs and recreation for a valid
reason. The ICC can also recommend programs for inmates, especially in cases of inmate
assignments to specialized programs or cellblock–based program such as therapeutic communities.
The ICC can also review reports from the confinement staff and make recommendations to the jail
command staff on the housing and conditions of confinement concerning an inmate. Subjective

Changes Of The Corrections System
Introduction Due to all the failures throughout history in corrections, there are several changes that
have been made since the initial developments of reform. Humans need to be punished in order to
understand wrongdoing, therefore the corrections system will need to change not only to modern
society, but also to the populations to avoid overcrowding. Americans should transition to more
probations and community corrections programs, but eligibility for the new lenient methods of
correction should only be available to non violent or first time offenders. As society continues
changing, the way the corrections system functions needs to change as well in the way it attempts to
reform offenders. From experience in the police officer side of the system, its been observed that
different offenders respond differently to different approaches or explanations of punishment.
History of Corrections In the early history of corrections, there were different forms of handling
offenders. The different forms of punishment varied from corporal punishment, exile, or execution.
Early methods of execution could include : being boiled alive, the "rack" which was used in the
extreme stretching of the body until the offender was ripped apart, being burned internally, skinning
the offender alive, or bring hung/drawn/quartered. The iron maiden was also sometimes used in
executions. The iron maiden was a large coffin like device with spikes on the inside. In modern
times, such forms of execution

Corrections And The Goals For The Future
On June 7, 2016, Steve Walters interviewed Jon Litscher Secretary of Wisconsin Department of
Correction on his return to corrections and the goals for the future. Litscher (2016) explained how
policies changed due to the ACT 10 law. The law prohibited the workers to bargain with their
employers on their wages and benefits (Patterson 2015). He verbalized that one of the goals for
corrections is to increase incentives such as benefits packages and pay increase for their workers. He
also shared that the goals for correction is to "reintegrate the inmates back into society." The
stakeholders in this change include the union workers, families, inmates, and taxpayers.
I did not have much history on the topic of corrections and the goals for the future. However, I have
heard that some correctional officers felt that they were underpaid and with the shortages. These
shortages could contribute to situations that are more dangerous for the offeiceers. I have a friend
who works as a correctional officer and with these shortages, he has to work mandatory overtime or
have to stay if needed. He has mentioned how frustrating it could be when trying to make and keep
plans with his family. Litscher (2016) verbalized that corrections is going through a recruitment
process and the classes are getting bigger and with the competitive wages and benefit packages this
shortage should come to an end.
Nevertheless, I was unaware that the starting pay for a correctional officer is $16, but even with

Essay on Models of Corrections
"The history of correctional thought and practice has been marked by enthusiasm for new
approaches, disillusionment with these approaches, and then substitution of yet other tactics"(Clear
59). During the mid 1900s, many changes came about for the system of corrections in America.
Once a new idea goes sour, a new one replaces it. Prisons shifted their focus from the punishment of
offenders to the rehabilitation of offenders, then to the reentry into society, and back to
incarceration. As times and the needs of the criminal justice system changed, new prison models
were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons
that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the crime ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people may not have a psychological disorder that put them in prison and others may never
recover from their illness. This program is a good idea if combined with other forms of punishment
as well.
The next big idea in the system of corrections was the idea of the community model. This model
was created during the 1960s after movements such as the Civil Rights Movement, the war on
poverty, and the resistance to the Vietnam war showed that social and political values have a major
impact on the criminal justice system. The community model of corrections was based on the
assumption that the criminal justice system should aim at reintegrating the offender into the
community(Clear 56). This model of corrections focused on alternatives to incarceration such as
probation or parole. Officials felt that prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial
institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop a crime free lifestyle(Clear 56).
Many thought that incarceration was a negative influence on criminals because it took away the
skills needed to successfully become a part of society once released. Under this program, an
offender would work with a counselor to find a job, and money so that they were not left to the
streets. When their sentence was up, they may be put in a half way house for monitoring how well
they were adapting to society. This system failed during the 1970s when

What is Community Corrections? Essay example
Introduction Essentially, community corrections ascribe to the sanctions that are usually imposed on
both adults and juveniles convicted by the court of law to reduce frequencies of recidivism. Unlike
other forms of sentencing, community corrections can be implemented in a community setting or
any other residential setting, apart from the jails (Gendreau & Goggin, 1996). Within the past few
decades, researchers have been struggling to advance community corrections through the use of
effective intervention principles. In fact, these community corrections triggered the "what works"
movement, a movement formalized in 1990. There are four general principles of effective
intervention which the movement is currently based on: the risk ... Show more content on
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For instance, individuals with relatively higher likelihood of recidivism should be accorded the
greatest treatment dosages and highly intensive intervention programs so as to minimize
reoffending. Additionally, members of the society who're believed to be somewhat susceptible to
becoming victims of criminal behavior should be apportioned limited community resources. Lovins
et.al (2007) assert that providing low–risk lawbreakers with high intensity correctional programs can
result in greater probability of re–offending. While it's quite evident that the risk principle can be
utilized to minimize incidences of recidivism, it works best in community intervention that involve
high risk offenders. However, this principle is relatively ineffective when applied on a mixed group;
a group of both high risk and low risk delinquents in one correctional facility. The efficiency of this
principle is also based on the fact that dosage or intensity of the intervention depends on the offense
or rather the risk involved, such as sexual, violence, and domestic misdemeanors. It goes without
mentioning that the risk principle is a criminogenic program which often lasts up to 9 months
(Duwe, 2013). ii) The Criminogenic Need Principle Criminogenic needs usually refer to the special
or particular needs of offenders in a specific area, for instance, those

Diversion Programs In Juvenile Corrections
The need of diversion programs in juvenile correctional settings is on an increase. Two conflicting
impulses dominate the desire to decrease the number of reoffending juveniles. The first is a
compassionate approach that concentrates on treating the youth whereas the second approach uses
punishment to protect their focus, which is community safety (Artello, Hayes, Muschert, & Spencer,
2015). It is important to note that not all individuals are impacted in the same way therefore many
approaches aimed towards assisting the youth within the justice system exist. Due to the Progressive
Era Reform, the state has the ability and responsibility to protect the welfare of children leading to
treatment that hopefully divert them from continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to collect data a four–part procedure was established. First, a baseline interview were
conducted to collect information such as "demographics, socioeconomic status, use of mental health,
substance abuse, psychiatric symptomatology, level of substance use and quality of life" (Steadman,
Cocozza, & Veysey, 1999). Secondly, a follow up interview consisted of the same information
gathering as the baseline interview two months after diversion or booking. The purpose of the
interview was to determine if the individual had the initiative of attending initial appointment, the
system was able to locate the subject, and elapsed time was enough for significant measures
(Steadman, Cocozza, & Veysey, 1999). Third, staff interviews were conducted with trained staff for
further data gathering. Lastly, a criminal history form were used to review an individual's history
regarding convictions, arrests, hospitalization and mental health service information. (Steadman,
Cocozza, & Veysey, 1999). In comparison to non–diverted persons, diverted individuals exhibited
significant difference in paranoid

The Criminal Justice System and its Corrections Essay
The criminal justice system is composed of four categories: law enforcement, legal counsel, courts,
and corrections. I am going to focus on one of these subjects and the problems or issues that are
within the corrections part of criminal justice usually refers to the events that occur after being
sentenced in a court of law. During the past few decades many problems have arisen in this area,
solutions have been discussed and put into use over the years as well. However, there are still
problems that are being dealt with in today's corrections.
One problem that is faced in the corrections system today is overpopulation in the prisons. Prisons
all over the United States are becoming overcrowded and that leads to many other problems such as
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Stelloh, 2013)
Many programs have been initiated to help the problems of overcrowding and negligence. These
include education, rehabilitation programs, work–release programs, and other preventative
measures. Numerous education programs are offered to inmates. Some prisons even mandate the
completion of a GED if the offender never finished high school. Many colleges in the prison's
community partner together with each other to enable higher learning as a possibility for offenders
to obtain college credit. These services help inmates succeed in an inmate's preparation to
reintegrate into society with less chances of being arrested again. Offenders that are more prepared
to leave prison are not as likely to commit a crime which improves the safety of the public and also
saves money from taxpayers. (Office of Vocational Adult Education, 2009)
Vocational programs are offered along with educational programs in many prisons. Vocational
programs consist of training inmates different trades and teach skills that will benefit the inmate
upon their release. Learning how to build something out of wood inside a workshop and learning
how to repair a car are both types of vocational programming. Job training and apprenticeships in
areas such as carpentry and electrical skills are

The Juvenile System And Juvenile Corrections System
The juvenile corrections system dates back to the Greek and Roman times where children were
treated as adults when they committed offenses. In fact, children in trouble had no rights would
receive very harsh sentences. Moving forward, Europe also treated children as adult when it came to
criminal offenses. It wasn't until the 19th century that reforms began to be considered and used on
the behalf of children. In the US, just before this time in Boston, individuals began advocate for
children who were troubled. After this the movement had grown to what we have today which are
juvenile courts and numerous options for youth who are trouble (Chapter 2, 2000). In the US today,
the juvenile court system is flooded with youth with multiple ... Show more content on
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Unconditional probation refers to the idea that the probationer's behavior is under observation and
their probation has terms that must be met but they are not officially monitored by a probation
officer. Meanwhile, conditional probation applies to those who have monitoring officially and has to
report into the local law enforcement. Last, special probation applies to probationers who have to
fulfill certain terms as a condition of their probation like complete school or a program for
rehabilituation depending on the offense. On the other hand, Intensive probation by nature is more
aggressive and is also known as JISP or Juvenile Intensive Supervised Probation. It requires more
face to face with the probation officers and the offender and treatment is provided. Some believe
that this option has its pros and cons. More so, it is beneficial that the offender is less likely to be
arrested again for offenses since they receive treatment in addition to being monitored but at the
same time the outcomes are not clear as the data is not being actively tracked due to the number of
offenders in the system (Probation services). Day Treatment and Group Homes Other options in the
Juvenile Correction system also include Day Treatment and Group home settings which are types of
One day treatment facility in Kentucky has expectations outlined for youth to be in their treatment
centers. After attending their facilities, offenders are expected to stay out of the system,

Goal Of Corrections Essay
With our prison being for criminals that would normally get the death penalty but it is not legal in
the respected state that our prison is in we have different goals than a normal prison. Since our
prisoners are not expected to return back to society there will be little work done to rehabilitate
them. The main goal of corrections is, "to carry out the criminal sentence." (Clear, Cole, & Resisig,
2016.). Our prisons goal is the same only because our prisoners aren't expected to leave, every goal
of ours branches off of that idea. The focus will be on keeping them contained and make sure there
are no riots that would cause problems in the prison. With the main goal being security at our prison
we have to implement certain things that your normal correction facility wouldn't have. To reach this
goal we will have underwater guards that will be armed with underwater weapons such as the, "M1
underwater defense gun" or the "APS underwater assault rifle." (The Canberra, p. 6). These weapons
are able to be fired underwater and are more effective then harpoon guns. The APS assault rifle also
has the capability of being fired out of water to make it effective in the prison if needed also.
According to The Canberra, "Instead of stubby bullets, these fire darts. Their length reduces ... Show
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Some but not all the prisoners will have windows in their room so they can look out into the water.
The number of inmates in our prison would be lower than a normal prison because of the number of
life sentences versus sentences where the prisoner will be freed. With this being said, "the
combination of overcrowding and the rapid expansion of prison systems across the country
adversely affected living conditions in many prisons..." (Haney, 2001). In our prison this wouldn't be
a problem since no inmate would be

Corrections: Restorative Justice
Corrections
CJA 444
March 12, 2012
Corrections
Correctional officers are in charge of overseeing individuals who have been arrested and are
currently awaiting trial, and those that have been convicted of a crime and sentenced to serve a
sentence in jail of prison (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010–11). Correctional officers usually have
no law enforcement duties outside of a prison of jail facility they work at maintaining order within
the institute and they over see many inmates preventing assault, disturbances, and escapes. The job
of a correctional officer can be very dangerous and stressful, correctional officers are forced to work
around offenders from nonviolent to offenders considered very dangerous. Correctional officers
work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the years and decades past prisons became used for more than cheap labor force. The punitive
arm of the prison system was utilized as a deterrent for would–be criminals as they may disrupt
society. With the institution of the prison system in the United States of America it was full on a
fulcrum against violators of social and criminal law.
There is a growing concern among Americans that the punitive arm of the criminal justice system is
not working to reduce crime in America. Thus, the second influence on the correctional system in
the United States of America focused on restorative justice. The restorative justice movement is
based on the understanding that regardless of the crime committed by a citizen and a number of
years that he or she are incarcerated for at some point he or she will be released back into the
mainstream of society. Restorative justice is used to help reinvigorate those citizens back into
society with a better opportunity for success outside of the prison system. The correctional system is
designed to help facilitate not only the incarceration of inmates but also the reintegration and
monitoring of individuals who are attempting to be productive members of mainstream society. In
this venue the influence of the correctional system plays an important role as guide and counselor
for former inmates on his or her road to a successful and fruitful life outside of

Community Corrections Program Analysis
In 1985, The Community Corrections Program was established by lawmakers (TDOC, n.d.). By
reserving confinement for violent offenders, community–based alternatives allowed sentencing of
non–violent felonies to escape imprisonment. The purpose of the program was to reduce the chance
of reoccurring criminal behavior while executing community safety. The Community Corrections
Program allowed taxpayers' revenue to be redirected from the costly costs of confinement for
offenders that were non–violent. The state agreed with qualified private agencies and local
governments to contract a range of front–end community–based supervision and resource services
for eligible offenders (TDOC, n.d.). Community Corrections offered local courts the opportunity ...
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Parolee release is also subject to stipulation enforced by the board and supervision of the Tennessee
Department of Correction (TDOC, n.d.). Offenders that are given parole, in The State of Tennessee,
may have pre–parole stipulations that first must be successfully finished before release to a parole
supervisor. Offenders are obligated to complete and attend numerous courses such as pro–social life
skills, therapeutic community, or group therapy (TDOC, n.d.). Parolees may be given post–parole
special stipulations that they must acknowledge as part of parole supervision (TDOC, n.d). Halfway
houses and substances assessment are utilized as post–parole special stipulations release. Sex
offenders on parole or probation are subject to specialized stipulations for sex offenders (TDOC,
n.d.). Offenders given parole cannot be released from prison until a discharged plan has been
authorized by a probation parole officer (TDOC, n.d.). A discharge plan should identify where the
parolee will work and live when released from prison. In reference to the state of Tennessee,
probation can be implemented as a form of release by a court of an individual found guilty of a
crime without imprisonment (Tennessee, 2017). Probationers are subject to stipulations imposed by
the court and subject to the supervision of the Department of Correction. Probationers may be given

Department Of Correction Essay
The department of corrections has implemented various programs in order to further help offenders
to become self–sufficient. Such programs include mental health, substance abuse, sex offender
programs, and probation and parole just to name a few. While each program serves an important
purpose I take interest in one particular program which is education that has been implemented
around the country. Every year, thousands of adults that were incarcerated leave the nation's jails
and prisons only to return to their families, regular lives and community in which they came from.
Though many may live successful lives after reintegrating back into the community many others
find themselves back into prisons and increase the rates of recidivism. ... Show more content on
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Schools like Goucher College here in Maryland or Adams University have partnerships with prisons
and allow inmates to register for programs to obtain a degree, or certification. Before I speak on the
benefits of educational programs let me first define it. Education is one to obtain knowledge through
learning. Since I can relate to this topic on a personal level, I found that education in the prison
system comes in various forms, such as academic, vocational, drug & alcohol treatment, self–
help/support groups, mental/sexual/physical health classes, college courses, and employment
training.
The Department of Corrections did a study from 1991–2002 that states and average of more than
50% of all inmates who are in the prison system did not have a high school diploma or G.E.D. Also
about 75% of inmates had no vocational or collegiate education. Another important statistic is that
the recidivism rate of inmates without their G.E.D. or diploma was at an alarming 65%–75%. These
now these statistics are not stating that if someone is uneducated or under–skilled there are more
prone to return to prison, but it does imply some sort of correlation between education and

Models of Corrections Essay
"The history of correctional thought and practice has been marked by enthusiasm for new
approaches, disillusionment with these approaches, and then substitution of yet other tactics"(Clear
59). During the mid 1900s, many changes came about for the system of corrections in America.
Once a new idea goes sour, a new one replaces it. Prisons shifted their focus from the punishment of
offenders to the rehabilitation of offenders, then to the reentry into society, and back to
incarceration. As times and the needs of the criminal justice system changed, new prison models
were organized in hopes of lowering the crime rates in America. The three major models of prisons
that were developed were the medical, model, the community model, and the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many criminals re–offend after they are released because they were put back into society with no
money and no job and no place to live. Gradually allowing criminals to reenter society and helping
them to find jobs will put many on the right track. This program allows people a second chance and
the possibility to change their lives around. This program seems to be a necessity yet it will not
work for everyone. Not all criminals should be let out on the street again. Just because you give a
murderer a job and some money and secure them a place to stay, you have no idea whether they
have the desire to kill again . This program would work for those that were ready to reenter society
and would be extremely beneficial to those who have nothing on the outside to help them. The third
aim at bettering the system of corrections in America was the idea of the crime control model. The
crime control model was based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more
use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision (Clear 57). This new model was designed
with the intent to incarcerate prisoners for longer periods of time. Under this program the death
penalty was reinstated in thirty–seven states. This model was thought to have worked best for
violent offenders such as drug dealers and murderers. It seems as though this program was created to
scare people from committing a crime because of the strict punishment that would occur.

Corrections in teh Criminal Justice System
When most people hear the term, "corrections" they probably think of prisons, striped uniforms,
cellblocks, armed guards, and surly prisoners. Part of American corrections is prisons, but
corrections is much more than that. Corrections includes prisons, jails, halfway houses, group
homes, probation, parole, intensive supervision, electric monitoring, restitution programs, victim–
offender mediation, and even the death penalty. Corrections can be defined as all that society does to
and with offenders after they have been found guilty of a crime. Corrections even includes some
things done to offenders prior to conviction, such as detention in jails pending adjudication of guilt
and programs for offenders who are diverted out of the criminal system. I will start this paper by
exploring early corrections in the United States. The village style, communal life of colonial
America did not lend itself to extensive use of institutional incarceration. Resources and expertise
for erecting jails or prison facilities were non–existent. A few jails were used as short–term housing
facilities for those awaiting trial or imposition of a sentence. Some offenders served short jail terms,
but one reason jails were not used as frequently as in later times was due to economics. Even today,
jails and prisons are a financial drain on society. It is expensive to feed and house prisoners. Another
economic motive has been connected to the scarce use of prisons and jails. Incarcerated prisoners

Theories Of Corrections And Specific Deterrence
Corrections or Penal system is the term given in America to describe the governmental entity that is
responsible for punishment and surveillance of convicted criminals. The scope of corrections is one
that covers many areas in the criminal justice system, such as incarceration, parole and probation.
The common belief or ideal is that the purpose of the correctional system is to deter criminal
behavior and also punish criminal behavior. These ideas of deterrence can be broken down into two
theories, general deterrence and specific deterrence these two theories are what most penologist
study to understand how to stop criminal behavior. Many who believe in general deterrence states
that the American correctional system is not tough enough on crime, therefore that's why we have
high rate of criminal behavior. Those who align with the theory of general deterrence, believe in
applying the death penalty, mandatory sentencing and other forms of severe punishment to criminals
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specific deterrence is designed only to deter the individual offender from committing the exact
criminal behavior in the future. Advocates for specific deterrence also believe that punishing
offenders severely will make them unwilling to offend in the future while also rehabilitating the
criminal back into society. A criminal who has committed, statutory rape, for example, would be
deterred from his or her criminal activity again due to the unpleasant experience in the correction
system, the criminal is arrested, has to pay restitution to the victims and has to register in the
national database of sex offenders. These heavy regulations help deter the criminal behavior, but it
does not deter society from the criminal act. The specific deterrence main objective is to apply
enough punishment to offset pleasure or profit derived from the criminal

Community Corrections And Prisons
The use of community corrections would be beneficial to the United States. Because it will help,
reduce the overcrowding in jails and prisons. With community corrections, offenders will be able to
remain as a productive member off society while still serving their sentence. The majority of
incarcerated people have committed nonviolent offenses (drugs, burglary, and other). By taking
them out of Jail and place those in community correction programs it will help cut the prison
population.
One of major problems that affect the ability of corrections to function as a system is the
overcrowding of jails and prisons in the United States. Leading to increase inmate disobedience and
makes prison more dangerous places work. Especially in maximum security

Case Study: Corrections Corporation Of America
Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) is the first and largest private prison owner in the United
States. According to the company, risks related to its business and industry include being subjected
to a decrease in occupancy levels and that its ability to secure new contracts to build and manage
correctional and detention facilities depends on many factors outside its control. CCA denies
lobbying on policies or legislation affecting incarceration or detention, yet its indirect support for
mass incarceration policies has been documented. Tied to the American Legislative Executive
Council, an organization of 2,000 state legislators and more than 300 corporations on task forces
that drafts model bills, CCA has pushed the passage of three strikes ... Show more content on
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While some consider this a significant step toward ending for–profit prisons and mass incarceration,
others point out that the decision does not affect state prisoners who are the vast majority of those
incarcerated in America and private prison companies have already been diversifying their
businesses to profit from alternatives to

Rehabilitation And Correction
One of the duties of Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) is to assure the
citizens of Ohio are protected from the actions of criminal offenders. When it is time for an inmate
to be released into society, ODRC has devised a plan, known as the Ohio Reentry Program, to
bridge the gap and facilitate the correctional inmates' release into communities around Ohio and to
help curb recidivism.
In order for the plan to be successful, the plan needs to incorporate a system of communication,
sharing of information between the correctional staff and the parole staff. The communication needs
to start at the time the inmate is sentenced and played out unto the parole sanctions. Also, the
success of the reentry program is rooted in a

Juvenile Corrections Research Paper
Of course, we are all familiar with the overcrowding in our prisons, well within the last decade or so
we have seen an increase in how many juveniles are now being tried as an adult then ending up in
our adult prison system. Statistics show that instead of helping the youth of our nation, the justice
system has given up on them and parents are tired of their children sentenced to a life in prison.
What happened to the fundamentals of our correction system? Are we not supposed to try and
reform them while deterring them from future criminal behavior? If we could apply the practices
implemented towards helping youth offenders we could see a decrease in how many children we see
locked up with adults. There are programs that teach new cognitive skill methods that show
alternative outcomes geared specifically towards determent from poor decision making that has
resulted in repeat offenders.
"Professionals within the criminal justice system can't even find middle ground, leaving them
divided against one another in deed as well as perspective. Making our "system" of criminal justice
a name rather than a practice." According to researcher, Howard Synder, with the bureau of ... Show
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Instead those places are being completely overlooked or bypassed and they are sent directly to adult
prison. What is the purpose of having a juvenile correction system if it is not to be used properly?
How are we reforming them, making them better members of society? We aren't, in fact studies
show juveniles sentenced as adults show no signs of reformation or determent from future criminal
behavior, essentially making them another career criminal that we, the citizens, must pay for, not a
reformed offender. Per the U.S. Department of Justice there are much higher recidivism rates when
they are not tried as

Corrections Program Research Paper
Having an interest in the legal system will bring certain things to light to a person. Some of these
things make perfect sense, some may not. One thing that is fascinating to me is how the corrections
program works in the United States. Not only are the inmates provided with some luxuries that may
not be available to them in the free world, there is a select group who get special treatment. Private
Cells, armed guard escorts, there are many luxuries offered to the inmates who are in protective
custody. Some of these inmates might be celebrities, some may convicted law enforcement officers,
but the one that offends a large portion of the population is the protection of Pedophiles and other
sex crime offenders. The majority of Americans are

Juvenile Corrections Essay
| Juvenile Corrections | The History, Recidivism Rates, and What Works | | Gina Pardue | Corrections
– SPEA J331Dr. Robert Ramsey | 12/12/2012 |
|
Definition of Juvenile Corrections Juvenile corrections encompasses the portions of the criminal
justice system that deal with juvenile offenders. Many of these facilities and programs seem to
mirror jails and prisons, but juvenile corrections are not meant for long term sentences. Sometimes
sentences for juveniles are only several weeks long. Juvenile corrections also have a strong focus on
rehabilitation because studies have shown that juvenile offenders are more prone to rehabilitation
than adult offenders. These programs and services were aimed to help to teach ... Show more
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These rates guide spending and funding decisions aimed to effectively combat crime. While there is
no standard rate that is aimed for, the idea is to try to reduce the recidivism rate or even keep it the
same opposed to raising it. When the recidivism rates are not progressing in the manner expected,
these agencies must try to find other avenues and strategies that will make a positive impact on the
recidivism rates, and in the long run, these juvenile's lives. (CJCA, 2011)
"The Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) defines recidivism as a return to incarceration
within three years of the offender's date of release from a state correctional institution." (Schelle,
2012) The 2011 recidivism rate for all juvenile offenders was 36.7%. The recidivism rate for African
American juvenile offenders was 43.8%. Eighty–two percent of the juveniles who recidivated did so
with a new crime, and the other 18% returned because of technical violations. "Of all juveniles
released in 2008, 40.9% of males returned to IDOC, while only 15.8% of females returned,"
(Schelle, 2012). Surprisingly, juvenile sex offenders had the lowest recidivism rate at 13.6%.
(Schelle, 2012)
Risk–Focused Juvenile Crime Prevention Risk factors for juvenile delinquency have been identified
from multiple studies. These risk factors are different for older and younger juveniles. When
focusing on the individual juvenile between the ages of

Overcrowding In Corrections
In corrections there is a large number of problems that have been growing as the prison population
increases. A major concern is the ongoing overcrowding of the prison system, each year many
people are sent to prison and the prison does not have enough resources such as money, to take
proper care of all the inmates. "One of the most ubiquitous problems found within correctional
institutions are the conditions inmates are forced to live in particularly, when penal facilities are
overcrowded" (Mississippi, 2014, p. 124). Overcrowding can cause problems as to where inmates
aren't getting the proper treatment and it can also be a huge security and safety concern for other
inmates as well as the prison staff and correctional officers that work ... Show more content on
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The treatment and proper care for those diagnosed with a mental illness is very limited do to the
shrinking in correctional budgets and the small amount of staff members actually qualified to take
care of these inmates keeps decreasing. "The availability of long–term residential beds for the
mentally ill is extremely limited. Short–term acute beds for the mentally ill are also in very short
supply" (Foxall, 2013). As the mentally ill population within the prison system and across the
country increases, the amount of recourses to support those with illnesses decreases due to lack of
state and federal funding for proper treatment options. People who are brought on to treat those who
are mentally ill are often part time employees that are there a few days a week and can't address the
thousands of inmates in that short amount of time, also psychiatrists often don't want to work with
aggressive and or violent offenders due to the security concerns and safety of

Overcrowding In Corrections
First, funding in corrections should be a main priority, but it is not and this causes a lot of issues
within institutions. Prison overcrowding has been a major issue in our country since President Nixon
declared the War on drugs in 1970, but funding plays a key role with overcrowding just like the War
on drugs. Prisons are being filled to capacity and this is forcing prisons to transfer inmates to other
prisons in different states. According to insidetime.org, between the years of 2009 and 2010, 1500
inmates were transferred every week. Transferring inmates from prison to prison interrupts
rehabilitation programs and training and it can affect families. For example, Eli Coates, who is
incarcerated in Arizona for armed robbery was serving one

Issues In Correction Institutions
Issues In The Correctional Institutions
Linda Zarate– 81248702
CRIJ 4330– Seminar on Correctional Problems
Angelo State University
My research will be delivered to the Corrections Committee of the Texas House of Representatives.
The current members of the Correction Committee are: Jim Murphy who is the chairman, James
White who is the vice–chairman, Alma A. Allen, Mark Keough, Matt Krause, Leighton Schubert,
and Tony Tinderholt ("Corrections", n.d.). The Chairman's (Jim Murphy) email is
jim.murphy@house.state.tx.us ("The Texas Tribune", n.d.).
9 March 2016
Dear Corrections Committee Members, As the administrator of the Texas Prison System, I have
been investigating issues that are currently present in the correctional institutions across Texas.
These issues have come to my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These issues started out as minor issues, but due to the lack of attention they received, they have
since grown into major ones. My recent research is important due to the fact that these issues can no
longer be ignored. If they are not resolved immediately, our correctional system will begin to spiral
out of control, which could then result in a negative name being given to the system. Also, not only
will the system continue to suffer, but society as a whole. Resolving these issues will not only
benefit the former, current and future offenders, but all the employees of the criminal justice system
as well.
Overall, I hope you all understand my stance when it comes to taking action to resolve the issues the
criminal justice system is currently facing. I feel together we can accomplish this major task. Thank
you for your time.
Sincerely,
Linda Zarate, Administrator of the Texas Prison System

Essay Corrections System
When it comes to corrections, it is clear what their mission is and that is to incarcerate criminals,
however it also ensures that those incarcerated receive treatment to prepare them for reintegration
and reentry into society. Ever since the creation of prisons, some wonder how we managed to
survive without them in the past. Unfortunately, we do have neither the resources nor the capital to
incarcerate all who chose to engage in criminal behavior. Utilizing other programs like probation are
needed in order to accommodate those who wish to offend. According to McShane and Emeka
(2011) there is currently over 5 million probationers and parolees in the United States and these
programs represents almost 70% of all who are under criminal ... Show more content on
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In an article by Grohs (2013) stated that:
...on May 23, 2013 the Supreme Court ruled that the conditions in the California prison system were
so bad that they violated the Eighth Amendment and the CDCR needed to reduce the prison
population by 30,000 inmates.
The public is concerned because; some of those offenders will end up living among us in our
neighborhoods. It appears like the Supreme Court officials have forgotten that the offenders that
they are releasing are criminals. Why are these officials willing to place a large amount of these
offenders that were convicted by the courts back into society and jeopardize our public safety? I am
concerned that due to the high case load our probation and parole officers face that many of these
offenders will go unsupervised. Fortunately, our corrections system still continues to hire new
officer to help with probation and parole which are the two major programs that track and ensure
most of these offenders are being supervised and they also help with prison overcrowding. Probation
has been part of our society for many years. Probation was first used as a rehabilitative and
supervisory tool to keep those low–level offenders out of jail. Today it is used as a strict supervisory
tool that monitors offenders at home. Our corrections system is constantly changing and

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