2. What are the implications
for the idea that knowledge
is socially constructed, not
acquired, within your field
of practice?
3. Situated Learning
• Communities of practice
• Legitimate peripheral participation
• Situated learning, situated cognition,
learning in situ
• Cognitive apprenticeships
• Tools and learning
• Canonical practice
• Inert knowledge vs. robust knowledge
• Organizations as communities of
communities
4. Four Major Premises
• Learning is grounded in actions
of everyday situations
• Knowledge is acquired
situationally and transfers only to
similar situations
• Learning is a social process
• Learning is not separated from
action
5. Unique Factors in Situated
Learning
• Students learn content through
activities rather than by acquiring
information as organized by
instructors
• Content is inherent in doing the task
• Learning is dilemma-driven
• Subject matter emerges from cues in
the environment and from dialogue
among the community
7. Traditional vs. Situated Learning
• Formal
• Retention of new
knowledge
• Teacher centered
• Learning in
individual mind
• School activity
• Deliberate
• Acquiring info in
discrete packages
• Content-driven
• Informal
• Application of new
knowledge
• Participatory / community
• Authentic situations
• Unintentional (incidental)
• Learning content through
activity
• Structure of learning
implicit within the
experience of how it is
learned
8. What is a Community of
Practice (CoPs)?
In what CoPs do you
belong?
9. Key Features - CoP
• Informal, ever-changing
membership
• Movement from periphery of
practice to full membership
• Negotiated meanings unique to the
community, with its own language
and jargon
• Particular sites of knowledge
construction
10. Zone of Proximal Development
What the
learner
can
achieve
with
assistance
Zone
of Proxim
al Developm
ent
Levelofchallenge
Level of competence
What the learner
can currently
achieve
independentlyBoredomBoredom
What the learner
will be able to
achieve with
additional
knowledge and
experience
AnxietyAnxiety
Vygotsky, 1978
Scaffolding
occurs through
the support of
the “more
knowing” other
11. What’s a Cognitive
Apprenticeship?
• How can you make thinking visible to
your learners?
• What might be the benefits of doing so?
• Brown and Duguid wrote about learners
“stealing moves?” What moves would
you want learners to “steal” from you?
12. Reflective Practice and the
Work of Donald Schőn
• Knowing in action
• Reflecting in action
• Reflecting on action
13. Questions to Consider
• If knowledge is constructed in the
action of performing in a practice
situation, why didactics at all?
– What would happen if the first day of
medical/ dental/ nursing school started
in the clinical setting?
• Learners at the periphery of practice,
doing small “bits” of the task as they
learned the culture, norms, language, &
behaviors of expert practice over time?
14. Questions to Consider
• Transfer of knowledge from
classroom to practice settings is
always a concern for educators,
and sufficient transfer rarely occurs.
– How does the concept of legitimate
peripheral participation (LPP)
eliminate the concern with transfer of
knowledge?
– What are the implications of LPP for
learning in clinical settings?
15. Questions to Consider
• What are the tools of your practice that
are taught to learners in the doing of a
skill in your specialty?
• What is the language of practice taught
to learners– what norms, jargon, special
meanings are unique to your practice?
• How much of the learning that occurs in
health professions education do you
believe is socially acquired and socially
constructed in community?
16. Questions to Consider
• What challenges to the practice of
medical education (dental / nursing
education) are not addressed by
the assertion that learning is deeply
situated in practice and socially
constructed in community?