U.S. Foreign Policy Approaches

U.s. Foreign Policy Approaches
The United States (U.S.) uses two approaches to their foreign policy. The first approach is realism. This viewpoint stresses that the principal actors,
states, will pursue their own interests in an anarchical world. States will try to establish a balance of power that restrains aggressive states from
dominating weaker ones. The second approach is idealism. This view stresses that states should transform the system into a new international order
where peace can prevail. This approach emphases the spread of democracy across the world and the creation of international institutions. Realism and
idealism provides an explanation to how U.S. foreign policy has developed since World War Two (WWII), identifies which influential factors play a
role in both foreign policy approaches, and determines which view has best served the pursuit of national interests. The realist and idealist approaches
are important in explaining the swinging pendulum path American foreign policy took since WWII. Over the past seventy years, U.S. foreign policy
switches between these two approaches. After WWII ended, idealistic U.S. policymakers believed that cooperation between the United States and
Soviet Union would transform the world to a more cooperative and peaceful one. This idealistic belief was quickly demolished by the Soviet
expansions in Turkey and Greece and the destruction of the hopes of U.S.–Soviet cooperation after WWII. So, U.S. policymakers switched to a realist
approach in a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay
Unimaginable five years earlier, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1991 was, as historian George Herring asserted, "an event as
momentous in its ramifications as it was anticlimactic in its occurrence." Soviet Premier Gorbachev's dual policies of glasnost and perestroika had
relaxed central control and encouraged self–sufficiency among the republics of Eastern Europe, but it also revealed the underlying economic weakness
of the Soviet system. The collapse of the Soviet Union sent shockwaves through a U.S. foreign policy establishment that had, for decades,
overwhelmingly focused on the containment of the Soviet Union. Lacking the fundamental organizing principle that the Cold War provided, both the
Bush and Clinton administrations struggled to put forth a consistent foreign policy strategy. Each administration reacted differently to the reality of a
world without a central adversary, and each made critical missteps. U.S. foreign policy during the first post–Cold War decade was at times tentative
and inconsistent as foreign policy authorities sought a dominant organizing principle to shape its strategy. The Bush administration's reaction to the
events leading up the Soviet collapse was one of caution and restraint. Former Vice–President Bush saw policies targeting Russia as overly aggressive in
Reagan's early presidency, and later, as Gorbachev relaxed the control Moscow exercised over Eastern European states, Bush thought Reagan's
relationship with

Essay on U.S. Foreign Policy and Latin America
During the Cold War, the US invaded Latin America, Asia, and partly Europe. They used sneaky methods and propaganda to achieve their goals. At
this time, in the Cold War, they were very devious and tactical in their mission. The US foreign Policy at that time was all about defeating Communism
and keeping the balance of power in it's favor but most importantly, for US's own economic interest. Generally, the US foreign policy concerning Latin
America was of course for the US' own benefit. If the person in power was trying to nationalize their country's economy, the US accused them of
communism and proceeded to push them out, unofficially, under the pretext of national security. In Guatemala, United Fruit was the main corporation
that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the face of US foreign policy in Guatemala. Chile's economy was effectively owned by US corporation's, and these corporation's
controlled the country's resources. When Allende nationalized copper the two main American corporation were financially hurt severely and lost
a lot of profit. This concerned the US and Nixon worried that Chile was falling under soviet control and communism. One of Nixon's fears was
that the Soviets would have total control in Americas backyard. However, the major reason that the US instigated the overthrow was because the
corporations did not want Chile to take over their own resources and use them for their own benefit. The corporations were able to exercise
leverage over Allende because Chile was in the middle of an economic depression and Chile was receiving loans from American banks. Once
Allende was in power these loans were stopped by US foreign policy and of course Chile suffered economically . At this point, Pinochet was put
into power . This is a perfect example of how the US foreign policy replaced genuine democracy with dictatorship for their own benefit, and again,
supposedly in the name of National Security. Latin America was a victim of US foreign policy and corporate greed. US foreign policy in Europe was
to dominate, exploit, and to eradicate Communism. This was to continue US hegemony and to keep the balance of power in their favor.

U.S. Foreign Policy Essay
Throughout the course of history, the United States has remained consistent with its national interest by taking many different actions in foreign policy.
There have been both immediate and long term results of these actions. Foreign policy is the United States policy that defines how we deal with other
countries economically and politically. It is made by congress, the president, and the people. Some of the motivations for United States foreign policy
are national security, economics, and idealism. The United States entry intoWorld War Iin 1917 and the escalation of the Vietnam War in 1964 and the
both had great impact on the United States.
A major type of foreign policy in the 1964 was containment. The Vietnam War was fought... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goals of this foreign policy was to end communism containment while starting democracies. For the United States, the war ended in the withdrawal
of American troops and the failure of its foreign policy in Vietnam.
Another major foreign policy action was the entry to World War I. On August 4, 1914 there was an outbreak in Europe. A war started between the
central powers and the allied powers. The central powers consisted of Germany, Austria–Hungry, and the Ottoman Empire. They were also known as
the Triple Alliance. The Allied Powers, also know as the Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. An immediate cause of the war was
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914. Some long term causes that started the war were militarism, alliances, imperialism, and
nationalism. America tried to keep themselves isolated from the war in Europe. Before the war, America had an idea of neutrality. Neutrality is when
American lives and property is not threatened. There was great ethnic diversity in the United States which led to a public union about war. The United
States also had the idea of freedom of the seas. This meant the routes for trading were open. The United States had the desire to trade with both the
central and the allied powers. The United States had a great economic interest in the war at this time. There were many different

The Influence and Role of Current U.S. Foreign Policy in...
The Influence and Role of Current U.S. Foreign Policy in Modern Italy
Since the beginning of the European Union, Europe has attempted to move forward as one unit in order to compete with the United States and to be a
strong force around the globe. In a statement made by the Washington ambassadors of the present and acceding members to theEuropean Union in May
2004, they stated,
Europe now, for the first time in modern history, is a partnership sharing common values and a commitment to harmony and cooperation. The dream of
European integration, shared by the United States, is now being realized, leaving behind us the wasteful era of wars, hostility, and inequalities. We are
on the road to a Europe enjoying a unity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Italy should prove to be a good resource for due to their well–developed research and development program.? Italy and the United States are in
cooperation for this project under a bilateral science and technology agreement and under the implementation of the International Energy Agency.? This
technology has important advantages such as more efficient fuel cells that can be used safely while improving the environment and public health.?
With Italy being part of this research, they have the opportunity to add jobs to work with the hydrogen technology.? Once the technology is developed
and put into use, the countries involved will have the opportunity to purchase competitively priced hydrogen power vehicles.? This would impact the
economy for Italy since they will have state of the art vehicles that would be more affordable to its citizens than if they were not involved with
developing this technology.? Working with these organizations also improves relations between the United States and Italy and opens the door for
future dealings and future U.S. policies that would directly benefit Italy.?
Container Security Initiative
?On June 16, 2003, U.S. Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Robert Bonner announced that the Container Security Initiative [CSI] would
take affect and be operational in the port of Genoa, Italy.
(http://www.usembassy.it/file2003_06/alia/A3061713.htm).? Under

U.s. Foreign Policy During The Cold War Essay
The overview of The U.S. Foreign Policy
The objective of 'the U.S. foreign policy' course is to develop personal ability for applying IR theories to the U.S. foreign policy. Then, students will
be able to understand the direction as well as the grounds of the U.S. foreign policy. To achieve this objective, I will discuss major the theoretical issues
through the brief history of the U.S. foreign policy until the Cold War. After that, I will examine the challenges which the U.S. confronts.
One of the theoretical issues in the U.S. foreign policy is the concept of isolationism and internationalism(or interventionism). To comprehend this
concept, we need to figure out the history of the U.S. foreign policy briefly to find consistency in the flow of the policies. The Monroe Doctrine, which
is famous for the declaration against European Imperialism (Monroe, 1823), was actually not the first argument of isolationism. As a matter of fact,
isolationism began from George Washington's Farewell Address. (Washington, 1796) Meanwhile, President Woodrow Wilson tried to change the
America's isolationism and to realize his liberalism via his Fourteen Points and the League of the Nations. (Wilson, 1918) However, his effort failed
with the opposition of the parliament and the interest of World War I's victorious countries.
In 1940s, the U.S. participated and took a significant role in the World War II, and could not hold isolationism due to the threat of communism and
Soviet in Europe.

The Role and Influence of U.S. Foreign Policy in Modern...
The Role and Influence of U.S. Foreign Policy in Modern Greece
United States and Greece are tied by a common heritage and shared democratic values (Greece Relations with U.S.). In fact, approximately 1.1 million
Americans are of Greek heritage, and Greek–Americans comprise the seventh largest recipient of U.S. social security benefits. It is not surprising that
this community has played an important role in strengthening Greek and U.S. foreign relations. The United States and Greece have participated as allies
in World War II, the Korean conflict, and the Cold War. Most recently, Greece has given the United States use of its airspace and military assets in the
counter–terrorism conflict in Iraq (Greece Relations with U.S.). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greece objected to the use of the word "Macedonia" in "Republic of Macedonia" because of the word?s intrinsically Greek origin. Tensions escalated
to the point where Greece placed a trade embargo against FYROM in 1994.? The United States along with the United Nations and the European Union
finally helped Greece and FYROM reach a temporary agreement in September of 1995 (Foreign Relations of Greece ? United States?).? Since this
time, relations between the two countries have improved as indicated by an article in the European Report on January 15, 2003.? The article
discussed Greek Foreign Minister George Papandreou?s visit to FYROM on January 13, 2003, and his presentation of Greece?s plans for improving
relations in the Balkans during its rotating six–month UN presidency (?EU/Balkans: Greek Presidency Tour Kicks Off in FYROM and Albania?).
Cyprus
?Since 1974, the island of Cyprus has been divided between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.? An article by Kerin Hope of the Financial Times mentioned
Greece?s support for a resolution to the Cyprus conflict before its admission to the European Union in May 2004 (?Modernization Campaign??). The
Greek government feels that Cyprus? as well as Turkey?s admissions to the European Union will benefit Greece.? According to the article,
Greek–Turkish trade has nearly doubled since tensions between the countries have begun to relax.? An agreement to avoid

U.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability
US: Overextended in the Game of Plausible Deniability
As I previously stated in the "U.S. Foreign Policy" section of my paper, the U.S. was spread across the globe in several conflicts. The U.S. had forces
in Haiti, Somalia, the Balkans, and the middle East, so when the bloodshed began in Rwanda, the U.S. was not eager to extend it resources to another
battle.
John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights stated, "Bosnia was in one of its real crisis modes. The Europeans didn't want to
authorize American air strikes for fear that it would endanger troops, and US was not about to authorize any troops for Bosnia. So it was a terrible
stalemate there. And thousands and thousands of Haitian boat people were taking to the high seas and trying to get away from Haiti (PBS, America's
Response)
The United States found itself is a precarious position. The U.S. did not want to send troops to another battle in Africa, especially after Americans were
sickened seeing the naked mutilated bodies of U.S. troops being dragged through the streets of Somalia. But, the U.S. had a moral duty to act against
human rights atrocities since the U.S. had adopted the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Doctrine. The United Nations could apply pressure
to the United States to act if the Rwandan crisis had actually been reported as a crisis by the U.S and not merely a skirmish. So to avoid being
pressured, the United States maintained it was not aware of the unfolding crisis.

U.s. Obama 's Foreign Policy
The Obama Doctrine
Obama was elected president in 2008 .WHen Obama was running for president many people did not know him. He was unknown to the general
public. When Obama was elected many people were happy and wanted him to win because Obama promised to end war in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Which he did during the end of his presidency he ended the Iraq war and also signed a nuclear deal with Iraq from obtaining nuclear weapons. He
tended to keep away from foreign policy. Some of Obama 's Major Foreign Policy accomplishments are:Ending the war in Iraq Killing of Osama Bin
Laden ,Nuclear deal with Iran ,Paris Climate Change Agreement, Opening of relations with Cuba, Trans–Pacific Partnership. He also went to go visit
Cuba during his last year ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And both had to deal with Iraq War. But Bush 's foreign policy changed after 9/11. The US became more cautious and there was many organizations
created to prevent another 9/11 from happening such as: The Department of Homeland Security, Aviation and Transportation Security Act(TSA), and
almost 263 more.more than 130 pieces of 9/11–related legislation were introduced in the 107th Congress in the year after the attacks, with 48 bills and
resolutions approved or signed into law. Along with the Aviation and Transportation Security Act, they included the Enhanced Border Security and Visa
Entry Reform Act, which required the State Department and Immigration to share visa and immigrant data with each other. Subsequent years brought
the release of the Post–9/11 G.I. Bill, which gave educational funding to soldiers, and the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010,
providing $4.2 billion for the health of people who worked at Ground Zero during and after the attacks ( pbs.org).After 9/11 the US foreign policy has
changed dramatically. Things became more strict in the US. And also anti–islamic violence was very prevalent after 9/11 a lot of mosques were
vandalized and many muslims were bullied, some didn 't get jobs because of their names or lost their jobs. Obama is most dissimilar to Bush they are
like apples to oranges. But both had to deal with Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. But Obama had

U.s. Bush 's Foreign Policy Essay
The Persian Gulf, the critical oil and gas –producing region that we fought so many wars to try and protect our economy from the adverse impact of
losing that supply or having it available only at a very high cost. (John Bolton, George w. Bush's ambassador to the United Nations) (Gibson,2014) It is
essentially true that Syria is a country with abundant natural resources. This can be illustrated by the comment mentioned above that America has
always taken a keen interest to the Middle East to reap the benefit of huge oil and gas industry. Since Syria is the second largest oil producer after Iraq, a
huge political economy worked behind America's decision to wage war on Syria, which left a disastrous impact on overall development of Syria.
America's foreign policy focuses predominantly on interest– seeking for them even at the expense of the entire world. President Barack Obama's
secretary once said "US foreign policy is not driven by actually what people want, but by what is best for America"(Gibson,2014) Syria with all its
natural resources could have been one of the leading economies in the world, but due to interest seeking so called super powers of the world they are
experiencing a painful nightmare that their country has ever seen before. Nearly all major cities coupled with their all infrastructures have been
demolished. Hundreds and thousands of people fled the country

U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Taiwan Essay
Introduction The American foreign policy affects everyone in some type of way, shape or form. After all, all actions and decisions made by our nation
have both positive and negative consequences on its citizens. A controversial issue or nation so to speak that the United States has been dealing with
and is currently dealing with today is Taiwan. Taiwan, also known as theRepublic of China, faces several elements implicated by the U.S. foreign
policy. The first element of American foreign policy is that theUnited States only recognizes one China. Whether it's the China to the left of the Strait
or the Taiwan to the right, it is up to both sides. The second element of American foreign policy is that Washington encourages dialogue between...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To this day, the United States stands by its policy of only recognizing one China ("Taiwan: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts,
Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities | Infoplease.com", n.d.).
The Shanghai CommuniquГ©
The Shanghai CommuniquГ© was signed on the 27th of February in 1972 between our country and the Chinese. The communiquГ© was drafted by
Henry Kissinger the National Security Adviser at the time and Chou En–lai the Chinese Prime Minister. Ultimately the communiquГ© pledged China
and the United States to work towards normalizing their relations, expanding "people–to–people contacts" and trade opportunities. This is where
Taiwan came into play. Neither side wanted to broach the subject of Taiwan, but this tiny island was a massive block throughout the negotiations.
However, neither China nor the United States was going to let China hinder the start of their developing new relationship.
The Normalization CommuniquГ© The Normalization CommuniquГ© was announced by President Jimmy Carter and went into effect on January 1,
1979. Prior to this announcement, Western nations had been selling military equipment to Beijing permitted by President Jimmy Carter. However,
President Carter vetoed a proposal to see 50 F–4 fighter–bombers to Taiwan. Taiwan took this as a slap to the face and interpreted this action as a

U.s. Foreign Policy Of Containment
–George Kennan George Kennan was a major factor in the U.S. foreign policy of containment, which was created during the Cold War in order to
prevent the spread of Communist ideology of the Soviet Union in other countries. After World War II, George Kennan, "...a career diplomat and expert
on Russia..."(Roark, Pg.867), had anticipated that the Soviet Union wanted to gain power and expand Communism throughout other countries, so in
order to provide a counterforce and protect American capitalism, Kennan developed the idea of containment that defended threaten countries from
Communist power with American atomic weapons, economic aid, espionage, propaganda, and army alliances. Eventually, the containment policy was
significant in America and around the world because it was "...a critical turning point in the development of the Cold War, providing a compelling
rationale for wielding U.S. power throughout the world."(Roark, Pg.870) (Roark, Pg.867) –Keynesian Economics Keynesian economics, derived from
the ideology of John Maynard Keynes', was a strategy used during post World War II that would prevent economic decline in the United States by
incorporating government spending. Keynesian economics would work by using "...deficit spending to stimulate the economy when in the down cycle
and increased taxes to retire the debt during the upswing."(Lecture A, Week 5). Some government spending programs that reflected the idea of
Keynesian economics in America included The Employment

U.s. Foreign Policy : Global Power For Recent History
The United States (US) has been the major global power for recent history – they have been labelled as the superpower and many smaller, developing
nations have looked to the US for assistance in times of crisis. Following this, it is no secret that US foreign policy revolves heavily on maintaining
its global influence and leadership so as to secure US interests and promote compatible values. However, today's world of globalisation has proved to
be difficult for the US – their 'superpower' status is being contested as national debt spiral upwards and the most devoted patriarchs of the US begin to
focus more closely on domestic affairs. The reality is that the US is drowning in national debt and excessive budget deficits, sparking heated debate
about government spending. According to Pentagon estimates, the corollary is that the US military budget will be cut by at least 8% in the next ten
years. This called for a re–evaluation of current foreign affairs strategies, and in 2010 resulted in President Obama's plan to 'Pivot to Asia' looking to
shift focus from the Middle East to Asia in order to bolster US defence ties within the region. It is argued that strategic thinkers who view Asia of
greater importance to the US than the Middle East have a skewed perception of the world and is unaware of the repercussions on US interests. This
essay will seek to outline by contrasting arguments that the 'Pivot' to Asia is one that is necessary but will require co–operation by the US to

The War on Drugs and U.S. Foreign Policy Essay
Introduction
The War on Drugs has been a common phrase in the United States for many decades. What exactly does this mean and how does it shape U.S. foreign
policy? The War on Drugs can be defined as the systematic and aggressive policy that is determined to undermine and stop the flow ofillegal drugs into
the United States. This policy is backed by several U.S. institutions including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, and U.S. Customs. Also, included in this list are the numerous local
law enforcement agencies across the country.
The U.S. government has instituted the following ways for enforcing its foreign drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This refers to the elimination of drug crops while they are still being grown. The U.S. has used this policy in several South American countries as a
means to limit drug trafficking before it has a chance to develop. However, significantly reducing crops has not always led to decreasing drug
trafficking. Reduction of drug crops in one country may lead to increased production in another. This is likely to happen when one country becomes
the focus of an eradication effort, while another country can increase its production to fill in the void. If there is one thing that the world market
can produce, it is its high demand of illegal drugs. The Drug Policy Alliance gives cites a specific instance verifying the problems that can be
associated with eradication procedures. During the mid 1990s, "eradication efforts in Bolivia and Peru created incentives to grow coca in Columbia.
While Peru experienced a 66% reduction in coca cultivation and Bolivia experienced a 53% reduction, coca cultivation in Columbia doubled. In
addition, more potent strains of coca have been developed, leading to higher yielding coca crops." This example shows the adverse effects of the
policy of eradication. Main Cocaine Producing Countries
Finally, the last way that the United States enforces is foreign policy on drugs is legislative reform. Legislative reform entails the laws passed to
combat drug trafficking. The laws that will be looked at are not local laws such

American foreign policy relates to what is done in foreign countries by the United States of America. The foreign policies include controlling of the
governments of foreign countries or setting some rules in those countries. The foreign policy of America has always been changing all through the US
existence. The changes have stemmed from the dynamics of exogenous and substantial influences of watershed up to the international system and also
the effects and changes of endogenous inside the government of the United States. Outstanding assertions like the policies of Monroe, intercontinental
encounters such as the Second World War, War of the Spanish and Americans, and thecold war and also conflicts that were termed as local including
the Korean War and the Vietnam War considerably shaped the American foreign policy (Kissinger et al., 1969).
The recent occurrences such as the 11th September 2001, epitomized the important exogenous watershed which influenced the American Government's
foreign policy decision– making. Apart from the exogenous dynamics which have made the bulk of judgments in the policy of U.S. foreign matters,
there is also American government endogenous aspects. The elements include the Legislative body, the president, the public opinion Americans, and
the bureaucracy which greatly influence the decision making concerning the foreign policy (Peterson, 1994).
The purpose of this research paper is to review some important literature concerning the foreign policy

U.s. Bush 's Administration On Foreign Policy Over The...
Introduction (400 words)
Hook (80)
Argument (120)
This essay will critically review the understanding that G. W. Bush's administration had of 'unilateralism', and it will thereafter argue that this concept
was seemingly useful only in the short term, while proving to be unfavourable and hindering in advancing US national interests in the long term.
C. Structure (200)
Firstly, the essay will look at the general definition of unilateralism and its application to US foreign policy over the last forty years.
In defining the term, this essay will leave aside the debate between the competing concepts of unilateralism and multilateralism, which has occupied
extensive literature after the 9/11 attacks and the following military actions.
The essay will
Definition of unilateralism (800 words)
Meaning of unilateralism
Unilateralism in american foreign policy
Was Bush the first one? How long it has been used for.
Unilateralism can be essentially defined as the action of a state acting alone (Brooks 2011). The term has a wide range of applications in international
relations policy, from security affairs to global economy. When applied to foreign policy, the concept can suggest different implications.
Firstly, a unilateral action counts with a single participating state, whereas one that has three or more coordinating states may be multilateral. The
literature on this concept has concluded that the question is ultimately not how many countries

U.s Foreign Policy During The Nineteenth Century
Zakisha H.
U.S foreign policy
Through the nineteenth century, America concentrated on conquering the West from the Natives, and to remain in isolation from the foreign sectors of
the world. Once industrialized and more robust, it began looking for markets and colonies overseas. U.S foreign was designed to secure and open the
door for trading internationally. More importantly foreign policy secure alliance and defense to protect its national interests around the world.. Initially,
U.S foreign policy had great intentions because it favored self–determination of nations for independence. Also, it supported nations that were
democratic. Nevertheless, U.S foreign policy also at times contradicted and struggled with realities of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Americans often thought of themselves of the police of international affairs ,but, really they were the international bullies. Time and time again they
overthrown governments for no legit reason. For an example when Americans conspired and overthrew the Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani. Americans
were use to getting what they wanted. They had "influences" over king Kalakaua of Hawaii at the time into releasing land which no native Hawaiian
had the right to own. "A few dozen American and European families effectively controlled both the economy and the government, ruling through a
succession of native monarchs..." As long as they had a native monarch to protect their personal interests they were safe. When King Kalakaua died,
and his sister Liliuokalani took the throne she was "in an independent frame of mind" She made it known she wanted to restore the power of her
monarchy. As stated in Overthrown: America 's Century Of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq by Stephen Kinzer "high property qualifications for
voting would be eliminated, and the power of nonnative elite would be sharply curtailed." Restoring the power of the monarch meant no U.S influence
in Hawaii.
Though one must question why was the Nicaraguan President Jose Zelaya overthrown? Was it personal interests again as it was in Hawaii or was it
protecting the Nicaraguan citizens? As saw before in Hawaii, it

U.s. Foreign Policy Up
Imperialism Questions Describe US foreign policy up until 1890. What key events took place in US I in regards to expansion. Summarize them. In
the 1800s, there were many disputes over land borders involving Canada, Britain, and Mexico. The Aroostook War was a border dispute between
Canada and Maine that was settled by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842; both sides gained some concessions. There was a border dispute with
Britain in the Oregon Territory. In 1846, America and Britain agreed on the 49 parallel as the boundary. Furthermore, the Guadalupe Hidalgo, a treaty
as a result of the Mexican–American War, gave America Texas and parts of Mexico. The Monroe Doctrine stated that America was not to be
colonized. It also warned other nations not to intervene in the Americas. Americans did not treat the Native Americans very well. They constantly
battled with them over land. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the president to purchase tribe lands in the East in exchange for Western
lands. There were also many brutal battles such as the Battle of Tippecanoe; most of these ended in a victory for the whites. Americans also expanded
to find or create economic opportunities. In the California Gold Rush, people rushed to California to find gold and get rich. Also, in Gadsden
Purchase, the government purchased Mexican land in order to build a transcontinental railroad. The Treaty of Wingra of 1844 was an agreement
between China and U.S. in which America got trading terms with

The top two possible presidential major political party candidates for 2016 are Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, with Clinton at 42% and Trump at
40.9% (as of September 15,2016). Donald Trump, who is a successful businessman, turns to a different path to become a p A government's strategy in
dealing with other nations is important in today's world. The U.S. foreign policy is designed to achieve national objectives. There are many immigrated
citizens coming into the United States every year. However, we question the ones who are undocumented immigrants. The United States has concerns
about the Islamic State group who grows every day. Greenhouse gases or carbon is destroying the society by producing carbon, which traps heat into
our earth. Climate change and energy is a big factor in our economy, yet it damages our environment.
Clinton's proposal between the foreign relations is to build and reinforce alliances in the Asia–Pacific areas, including Japan and South Korea. Hillary
wants to increase cooperation with China and find some areas of common interest to build partnership and trust. In the South China sea and East China
sea, China has made a claim for certain parts of the sea, which countries like the Philippines, Japan, and Taiwan disputes. Tensions between China and
countries around it have risen as China increases their military capabilities. This is a problem because the United States have alliances with Japan,
Taiwan, and the Philippines and have an interest in

U.s. Foreign Policy Decisions
everyone, not only because of threats of terrorist attacks or the danger of war, but for far more mundane reasons." (Kaufman pg. 3). Here Kaufman
begins to unravel the differences between these two types of foreign policy. The extraordinary are the issues surrounding war, terrorist attacks, cyber
warfare. The mundane, is as simple as the labels on your clothing, but as complex as who is allowed entry into the U.S.. These topics do not elicit as
much of a reaction, because as Kaufman argues "the foreign policy decisions that most people know about and follow closely are those that are
extraordinary because the stakes appear to be so high." (Kaufman pg. 3). Although there appears to be strong evidence suggesting the importance of
foreign policy, that is not reflected in American culture.
As noted above, this is strongly related to the perceived value of the issues. In today's world we have more access to information than we have
ever had in the history of the world. One would think this would lead to a more informed and educated public. While this could be the case in some
areas of study, it is not the case in foreign policy. Mead addresses some of Americans views and the role they play throughout history. He makes
several strong and persuasive declarations about American foreign policy stating "one of the most remarkable features of contemporary U.S. foreign
policy is the ignorance of and contempt for the country's own foreign policy" he goes on to add "lack of interest is

U.S. Foreign Policy From 1890-1930. American Foreign Policy
U.S. Foreign policy from 1890–1930
American foreign policy from 1890–1930 was driven primarily by our businesslike economic and strategic considerations based on American
self–interest. With westward expansion over, there had to be a new way for the United States to continue expansion. In the name of maintaining our
innovative spirit and political ideology, our conquest for money, resources and trade took us outside of our borders for the first time. After all, how
could we continue this upward monetary and resource tick if we didn't expand? All countries are very self–centered and driven by their own success,
and ours is no different in this respect. Going from a country that could large in part be ignored, to a real world power ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1890 the government passed the Naval Act and began to build. Nearly ten years later our fleet had grown to 160 vessels, with 6 of those being
battleships. This aggressive approach to a bigger navy brought us from worst to third ranked world power, only behind Spain and Great Britain. During
this same time, another influential territory was Hawaii. With American businessman being captivated by its lucrative sugar industry, we quickly made
several trade agreements causing nearly all of Hawaii's sugar production to be exported to the United States.
The Spanish–American War was a war focused on control over Cuba. As previously stated, Spain touted a powerful navy, victory would cause the
entire world to notice and give the United States a seat at the international table. Americans took notice of Spanish brutality to Cuban uprisings
attempting to gain freedom and were sympathetic to the Cuban people. Fighting for our independence was fresh on the minds of Americans who
began to support Cuban freedom from Spain. Dispatching the USS Maine off the coast of Cuba proved to be a fateful strategic move made by
President McKinley because just days after on February 15th 1898 the ship was destroyed, killing over 250 sailors. Although believed to be an
accident, yellow journalists ran with the story of war receiving overwhelming support from the public. War was declared in April of 1898 and just after

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies
As was laid out in the previous section, the United–States always had a 'hegemonic presumption', the conception that Latin America was inferior, a
supposition that gave the right to Washington to intervene in the region's political and economic affairs (LeoGrande, 2007:384). This second chapter
will explore how the U.S. intervened in Latin America, more specifically after the World War II. Indeed, the U.S. benefitted greatly from the aftermath
of the war. A subsection will be dedicated to the Pink Tide in Latin America, with a focus on the U.S. foreign policy under President GW Bush and
President Obama. The overthrown Presidents of Honduras and Paraguay were part of this movement and their outset signals a reversal in the region.
The different policies set by the U.S. must be understood with the imperialist framework developed in the previous section: the U.S. never intervened
or designed their foreign policy out of good benevolence, but rather used different discourses and strategies with the same intention, ensuring their
global leadership. During the 19th century the United–States, already a regional power, slowly emerged as an imperial one (Slater, 2010; Steinmetz,
2005). Up until the 20th century, the country was mainly focused on fulfilling its 'manifest destiny' and centred its foreign policy on Latin America
(Kissinger, 1994). It was of great importance for the Americans not only to differentiate themselves from the colonialist Europe but also to assert their

Effects of U.S. Foreign Policy on Cuba
Britt Pendergrast
Dr. Cassell
AP Lang
4th period
Effects of U.S. Foreign Policy on Cuba
The foreign policy of the United States toward Cuba over the past fifty years has caused many problems for the Cuban society and its people, and
relations between the two nations have been at odds for decades due to the harsh foreign policy stance of the United States toward Cuba. The United
States has considered Cuba as its enemy ever since July 1960 when Fidel Castro's new revolutionary government changed everything. Castro seized
privately owned land in Cuba, nationalized several privately owned companies (most of which were subsidiaries of U.S. businesses), and heavily taxed
American products which led to U.S. exports being reduced greatly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the U.S. banned trade with and travels to Cuba and considered all countries who do engage in Cuban trade and travel to be an enemy to
the U.S." (Arcelaschi 1). When the United States learned of Cuba's communist affiliations they did not take time to analyze the situation and quickly
cut off all relations and access to the nation, which sent a message but did nothing to destroy communism. Even after a course of several decades with
the harsh isolationist policy in place, Castro's communist regime is still firmly in power. The U.S. was too quick in its decision and attempt to take
out the communist government and took drastic measures by imposing a full embargo to try to solve a problem that could have been solved in a much
more effective and ethical way.
The relatively short distance between Cuba and the U.S. naturally led to a long and involved history of relations between the two nations, but relations
between the two nations over the past fifty years have been unhealthy and harmful to both nations. The embargo imposed by the U.S. has only been
damaging and unhelpful to the situation. "As a result of the new government's nationalization policy, American investors suffered major losses and the
U.S. retaliated in July 1960 by canceling planned purchases of Cuban sugar" (Crouch 70). This was the first act of neglect toward Cuba that would
only quickly progress until all trade and relations were cut off with Cuba.

U.s. National Security And Foreign Policy
Abstract: The theoretical and qualitative research findings discussed in this paper support the claim that the cases of Aldrich Ames and Edward
Snowden led to monumental changes in U.S. national security and foreign policy. The effects of these cases extend beyond domestic change and have
instigated international repercussions in both intelligence practices and diplomatic relations between the United States and multiple countries.
Moreover, research acquired from journals, academic books, congressional documents, and scholarly articles will be used to strengthen the argument
that the ramifications of whistleblowing and espionage in the Information Age have heightened the potential for damage to U.S. foreign relations and
national security.
The infamous cases of Aldrich Ames and Edward Snowden have been highly publicized and extensively researched by the intelligence community,
media, and academics alike. Consequently, a plethora of articles, biographies, and documentaries have been written and produced on the lives and
controversial actions of both Ames and Snowden. While leading experts on these cases have thoroughly analyzed the motivations behind Ames and
Snowden 's actions, and provided extensive details on their particular cases, few researchers have focused exclusively on the effects Ames and
Snowden's cases had on U.S. national security and foreign policy. Thus, the specific question that will be addressed in this thesis paper is "how have
the cases of Aldrich Ames

U.s. Foreign Policy During World War II Essay
The turn of the twentieth century brought about changes in all aspects of American domestic society and especially in the course of U.S. Foreign
Policy. The factors leading up to American involvement in the Spanish–American War of 1898 and in World War II, respectively, mark drastic shifts in
domestic attitudes towards America's role in the world. Ostensibly, the decisions to intervene in Cuba in 1898 and in Europe in 1917 were both
products of aggressions against Americans at sea, endangered economic interests, and the fear of European encroachment upon the Western
Hemisphere. Domestically, however, the hyper masculinity and expansionist fervor precipitating the U.S. decision to intervene in Cuba contrasts
sharply with the reform–driven decision–making process which preceded U.S. entry into WWI. Both cases of military intervention constitute acts of
imperialism, albeit in different senses, as the underlying goal of the United States' 1898 intervention in Cuba was physical expansion, while America's
longstanding quest for an Ideological Empire was born with entrance into WWI.
Indeed, contemporaries frequently pointed to violations of U.S. neutrality at sea as the most shocking hostility of belligerents. The sensationalist
newspapers of the 1890s quickly published dramatized accounts of Spain's alleged involvement in the sinking of the USS Maine, which resulted in the
deaths of 261 American crewmembers. The battleship had been sent to Havana Harbor in order to monitor the

U.s. Foreign Policy Towards Belarus
To:Secretary of State John Kerry
From:Rob Foglia, country desk officer of Belarus
Re:Recommended U.S. foreign policy towards Belarus
Date:October 12, 2014
Oppression in Belarus
Breaking Free from Russia Belarus has the veil of a political stranglehold cast over it by the looming and neighboring Russia. Freedoms are
non–existent, a tyrant maintains control over the country, and democracy is nowhere in sight. I have a few recommendations on how U.S. foreign
policy towards Belarus can help fix many of these issues, and help direct the country towards Democracy. First, I will highlight some history on the so
called 'Republic" of Belarus to help put some context on the situation.
Belarus became one of the first members of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This led to elections in the early 1990's, and Belarus declared itself independent in July 27th, 1990, and wrote a Declaration of State Sovereignty.
The newly formed republic became primarily communist, mainly because of all the Russian integration that had already occurred. In 1994, The
Republic of Belarus elected Alexander Lukashenko as the President of Belarus. He was officially reelected in 2001, 2006 and 2010. However, the
United States (as well as other western Nations) does not recognize the results of the 2010 elections under which the Central Election Commission of
Belarus declared Lukashenko president. This is because Western countries decried the election as a farce and an egregious affront to democracy and
human rights. Many of Lukashenko's opposition leaders had mysterious disappearances. The United States and the European Union called for the
release of all imprisoned former candidates, but took no further action except a travel ban on Lukashenko. By contrast, countries such as Syria, Russia,
and China congratulated the re–elected incumbent. This is just a sample of the Dictatorship that is veiled as a Republic in Belarus.
Transitioning into Democracy
For a nation to truly be free, certain rights have to be available to the people. Freedom of speech, press, peaceful assembly, and religion are just a few
of these things.

U.s. Foreign Policy History
The course of U.S. foreign policy history can be understood through "watersheds," or critical points. These points can serve as dividing lines that
illuminate shifts in policy and opinion. However, thinking of this history in terms of critical moments or turning points can simplify the complex
actors, sentiments and tendencies that create and influence foreign policy. These critical points are not necessarily the sole cause of massive shifts in
policy, but often add impetus to pre–existing tendencies. Nonetheless, watersheds can help the public digest patterns in foreign policy, playing an
important role in how American's perceive their role in the world. According to Brzezinski, "America's relationship with the world has been
characterized by cycles of 'extroversion' and 'introversion'," or involvement and isolationism. Throughout the nation's history, Americans have
witnessed and influenced many shifts or turns in this cycle, caused, exacerbated or illuminated by several critical events. Through this lens, the
Spanish–American War, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and 9/11 are critical points that added the impetus to shift the cycle of U.S. foreign policy in
the other direction. The Spanish–American war paved the way for American Imperialism, illuminating a shift towards interventionist policies. Emerging
from post–WWI isolationism, the attack on Pearl Harbor created an immediate national consensus, realigning foreign policy towards international
involvement and

American Strategy For U.s. Foreign Policy
Walter Russel Mead, a Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, believes that "American strategy for U.S. foreign
policy is shaped from four distinct schools of thought: Hamilton and his protectionist toward commence, Wilson and his sense of moral principles;
Jefferson and his maintenance of our democratic system; and Jackson, the advocate of populist values and military might." Henry Kissinger argued that
one of these schools has dominated American strategy and stated, "It is above all to the drumbeat of Wilsonian idealism that American foreign Policy
has marched since his watershed presidency, and continues to march to this day." After reviewing many of the actions and statements made by the
presidencies since Woodrow Wilson, during and after theCold War, there is no doubt that Henry Kissinger is correct in his statement.
There are repeated examples of Wilsonian idealism in the presidencies and in their foreign policy from Wilson through the end of the Cold War.
Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman's administration supported the formation of the United Nations in order to promote human rights and freedom
around the world. In a speech to Congress, President Truman recommended assistance to Greece and Turkey when he stated, "The free peoples of the
world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world. And we shall
surely endanger the welfare of this nation." This

U.s. Foreign Policy During The Middle East
For over the last two decades the Middle East has gradually gathered attention and has come to the forefront of U.S. foreign policy. The focus on this
region began primarily after the attacks on the two World Trade Center's in New York City on September 11th, 2001. Iraq was the initial target in the
response to the devastating tragedy. This "response" involved an indefinite occupation with the intention of eliminating "weapons of mass destruction",
with intelligence under the Bush Administration allegedly confirming their existence. As this undeclared war onIraq took place, U.S. foreign policy was
initiated. It consisted of bringing down an authoritarian regime and establishing democracy within the state of Iraq, along with decimating any
potential threats to the U.S. homeland. The major threat lying with terrorist organizations in the region such as Al–Qaeda, who were to blame for the 9
/11 attacks on U.S. soil. Eventually the deployment of troops into Iraq was left without any particular cause, due to the revelation that Saddam
Hussein's regime had no possession of any nuclear weapons. And as U.S. troops struggled to figure out exactly what they were fighting for, an
insurgency began to emerge. Is the U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East the cause of insurgency in the region along with the eventual formation of
militant groups such as ISIS? The policies carried out by the United States consisted of establishing order and democracy in a state while also
preventing any

The Approach of U.S. Foreign Policy and Terrorism Essay
The Approach of U.S. Foreign Policy and Terrorism
U.S. foreign policy is plunging head first in its war on terrorism. Our focus is expanding and including various dynamics that harbor American
interests. By broadening our focus in our war on terrorism, we are beginning to spread ourselves too thin. Therefore, we risk the danger of fighting too
many battles at once. Terrorism is a large issue that Americanforeign policy will not be able to tackle in the manner it has set out to do.
Recently, Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle voiced his concern over the direction the U.S. is taking in its war on terrorism. He was criticized
because his statements are "one of the most critical assessments to date of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The war is beginning to be an excuse for the U.S. to go after its enemies. With the all–encompassing threat of terrorism, foreign policy is able to use
play on words in order to have a justified reason to get directly involved with other regions of the world. Our interests are at stake and there is not a
better time to assert such force. Congress is generously agreeing to aid the war and the world's support is on our side. Under our foreign policy
initiatives, we are able to manipulate reasons to include new aspects that fall under threats of terrorism, thus threats to the national security of the
United States.
The United State's consideration of deploying troops to the former Soviet Union republic of Georgia aims to provide training and equipment to
Georgian forces to patrol and combat the border shared with Chechnya. There is evidence that fleeing Al Qaeda fighters, particularly in the Pinski
Gorge area, have joined Chechen rebels. Interestingly enough, " Before September 11, Russia had faced regular and harsh criticism from the West for
alleged human rights violations and the use of excessive force in Chechnya. After the attacks on the United States, the criticism was largely muted,"
("Georgia"). The events of September 11 have caused the State Department to now accuse the Russian government of not doing enough to control
Chechen rebels. Foreign policy has expanded to directly addressing the Chechen conflict

Essay on U.S. Foreign Policy Regarding El Salvador
Located on the Pacific Coastline, El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America, and the most populated. The United States of America
foreign policy on El Salvador is best explained by President Obama's approach on Latin America where the United States is focused on economic
growth and equality, energy and climate control, and regional and citizen security (Foreign Policy, 2012). This is best explained using the international
level of analysis and neo–liberalism where the global structure and economic interdependence provides the foundation of America's foreign policy. To
ensure that one can see the transparency in United States methodology I will provide the history of El Salvador, the creation of United States interest in
El ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The domestic level of analysis will exemplify the inner workings of the nation by focusing on how the history, political institutions and society affect
the nation in the international setting.
In the 1500s the first settlers settled in an area near the Gulf of Fonseca this territory would later be known as El Salvador. Soon after the territory was
conquered by Spanish rule in 1524 and ruled by King Charles I of Spain until their independence in 1838 (Background, 2012). Struggling with the new
found independence this new nation was curse with constant revolutions and over–turning of governments (Background, 2012). Situated in the middle
of the fresh region called Central America this sovereign state had neither major resources nor growing economy, whereas other nations had an industry
to depend on once the colonial power leaves this nation was forced to start from scratch.
Start of the twentieth century it seemed like El Salvador finally establishes a viable government and began building an economy (Background, 2012).
Then, the economic crisis of the 1930s occurs and the international markets plummeted and so did El Salvador. Externally, El Salvador was not a huge
contender in global markets, but internally the social, political and economic environment in El Salvador was becoming tense and in 1932 the peasant
workers in the rural countryside raised up against the land elites (Benavides, 2008). The

U.s. Foreign Policy And Defense Advisers
Bush 's foreign policy and defense advisers were trying to define a strategic framework and adapt U.S. armed forces to the revolution in military
affairs. The president was beginning to speak more about free trade and remaking U.S. foreign aid. During the presidential campaign, Bush had talked
about the importance of foreign policy and to strengthen our defenses.
After the attacks on 9/11 the administration launched a "global war on terror." This focused on worldwide terrorist threats instead of justal–Qaeda. To
get intelligence from terrorist, they kept them in custody, sent them over to be interrogated, and sometimes tortured them.
Later on, The 9/11 Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, which was the 10th anniversary of the attacks.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plaza is lined with cobblestones and will eventually have more than 400 trees making it separate from the sights and sounds of the surrounding
city. The trees were selected around New York, Pennsylvania, and near Washington, DC, to symbolize areas impacted on 9/11.
The 9/11 Memorial Museum opened on May 21, 2014. It is located beneath the Memorial plaza. The main exhibition space is located seven stories
below the 9/11 Memorial at the bedrock foundations of the World Trade Center. A memorial exhibition honors the individual victims of the attacks.
On October 2014, the One World Trade Center opened. The Architects that built the building were Skidmore, Owing & Merril. The One World
Trade center is the tallest building of the new World Trade Center Complex. It is 104 stories high which is 1,776 feet high, symbolizing the year
America became independent. The cubic base of the One World Trade Center is similar to the Twin Towers. This skyscraper has roughly 49,000
cubic yards of concrete, which is enough to pave 200 miles of New York City's sidewalks.
The developers of the One World Trade Center designed the tower to be the safest in the world. Instead of standard concrete, they used high–strength
concrete, which is seven times stronger. Even the reinforcement steel bars are larger than normal to make the One World Trade Center stronger. The
One World Trade Center exceeds New York City's building safety code

U.s. Foreign Policy During The Cold War
Introduction
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by
outside pressures." This declaration, made by former President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, is part of the Truman Doctrine, and was the basis
for U.S. involvement in Western Europe throughout theCold War. Although the North Atlantic Treaty, and the resulting North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), was established during the Cold War "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down," NATO has
persisted since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990. This essay will seek to examine the U.S. decision to create and participate in NATO. It
will begin by providing a history of NATO and the U.S. decision to participate in NATO before considering how this decision is both an instance of
continuity and change in U.S. foreign policy since former President George Washington's Farewell Address. The essay will conclude by considering
the legacy of this decision and its impact on U.S. foreign policy. While this essay will consider the period of time leading up to the formation of
NATO and will briefly touch on the present day, greatest consideration will be paid to the time period immediately preceding and following the
formation of NATO in 1949.
Formation of NATO
Following the end of World War II, theUnited States became increasingly concerned with the perceived threat of Soviet aggression in

The U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of expanding its national interests over the national
boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign
policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S. intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy
witnessed a tremendous economic growth, nearly elimination of the unemployment, rapid urbanization and overall growth of the standards of living
across the country. Decisive foreign policy has always been providing the U.S. economy with the sustainable and rapid economic growth, unlike the
policy aimed at isolation of the U.S. According to Kaufman and Joyce (2010), preoccupation with the domestic issues never resulted in the long–term
economic growth for the U.S. Isolationist policies impeded the U.S. territorial expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Kaufman & Joyce
71). While some presidents indeed preferred isolationism like FDR during his first tenures as the U.S. President, he then abolished isolationist policies
after the 1941 Pearl Harbor disaster. The U.S. witnessed that isolationist policies for the U.S. turned out to be extremely unproductive and even
dangerous. Militarist Japan brutally attacked the U.S. fleet on Hawaii during the WWII, totally ignoring the U.S. neutral isolationist status in 1941.
FDR had to confess

U.s. Foreign Policies During The Arab Spring
Review of U.S. Foreign Policies to Egypt after the Arab Spring
Our initial response to the 2011 revolution was appropriate. You suggested Mubarak to resign and declared U.S. support for the revolutionists. The
decision reversed our long–time Middle East policy favoring stability over democracy, but it served our national interest. It forestalled a Syria–style
civil war as we dissuaded the Egyptian Army from suppression. Such a war can jeopardize our use of the Suez Canal as a crucial route to deploy our
naval forces.
Unfortunately, our subsequent policies only undermined the stability in Egypt and our influence in this area. We have used the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) loans to persuade both the SCAF and President Morsi to accelerate their political and economic reform. However, this project was not
accepted by the Egyptian leaders who were reluctant to initiate political reforms that may undermine their domestic support and increase their national
debt. The delay of IMF aid weakened the Egyptians' power to stabilize its rickety economy and pacify its poor civilians. Consequently, the Egyptian
leaders sought alternative sources of funding from Libya and the Gulf States, which decreased our voice in the politics of Egypt.
When President Morsi was abdicated in the 2013 coup d'Г©tat by the military, the U.S. took an ambiguous policy. You condemned the coup and
demanded the power to be returned to democratically elected leaders. To materialize your criticism, we

U.s. Vietnam War On American Culture, Politics, And...
Regarded as one of the most controversial and polarizing military conflicts in U.S. history, the Vietnam War has left a deep and lasting impact on
American culture, politics, and foreign policy. From 1964 to the present day, the Vietnam War redefined the scope of U.S. influence both at home and
abroad, and caused a fundamental shift in American society that dramatically changed the way in which Americans viewed their government and the
role of the United States as a world power. For an entire generation of Americans, who watched as the horrors of the war in Vietnam unfold before the
spotlight of the national media, the Vietnam War directly challenged the superiority of the American way and the infallibility of U.S military
dominance. In truth, the U.S government, U.S. military, and the American people as a whole struggled to accept the lessons of America's greatest
military failure and the sobering reality of the war's consequences. To this day, the legacy of this so–called "American War" continues to resonate
throughout the fabric of American society as a cautionary tale of U.S foreign intervention and blind acceptance of open–ended conflict.
For the United States government, the failure of U.S intervention in Vietnam provided lessons about where and under what circumstances the United
States should intervene in foreign conflicts. Throughout the mid–twentieth century, U.S. foreign policy was characterized by the idea of "containment".
Coined by George Kennan in 1946,

The Importance of Oil in U.S. Foreign Policy Essay
The Importance of Oil in U.S. Foreign Policy
During the oil and energy crisis of the mid–1970s
Americans became painfully aware of the consequences of the
United States dependence on foreign sources of oil.
Unfortunately, research and exploration for alternative sources of oil in North America has not been pursued vigorously enough to cease such foreign
dependence. As a result, in the mid–1990s Americans find themselves in the same precarious position as they were during the
1970s. The Persian–Gulf War in 1991 was all the proof needed to convince the United States of how strongly oil still influences our foreign policy and
international relations in general. Oil and U.S. Foreign Policy: Historical Issues The United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the issues surrounding oil did become more clearly defined. According to Beaver
(1991), "the availability and cost of conventional energy sources; national security concerns; the technical, legal, and economic uncertainties related to
synthetic fuels; and the emergence of large oil companies as major forces in shaping energy policy. These issues that became salient in the 1920s
remain relevant to the 1990s" (Beaver, 1991, p.
241).
Both the Wilson and Harding administrations took proactive foreign policy actions in order to ensure adequate supplies of oil for the booming
economy. Both administrations assisted major U.S. companies in their attempts to secure foreign oil agreements. For example, the government tried to
persuade Great Britain and the
Netherlands to allow U.S. oil companies into the Middle East and Pacific regions where they controlled most of the oil reserves. The U.S. government
hoped to gain an open door policy in oil exploration. However, U.S. diplomacy failed to secure this from either the British or the Dutch. According to
Beaver, "Such failures frustrated U.S. officials. Frank
G. Lane, secretary of the interior, called British control of Middle Eastern oil "a menace." In fact, anti–British sentiments prompted Congress to pass
retaliatory legislation barring foreigners from acquiring oil leases on public lands" (Beaver, 1991, p. 241).

Doctrine of Foreign Policy Constructed by U.S. Presidents
There were many presidents of the United States that were able to construct doctrines during their presidency terms in office that defined their
individual foreign policy goals and/or aims. Just to name a few there was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, Truman Doctrine 1947 and the Reagan
Doctrine of 1984. For example, the Monroe Doctrine was constructed for two main reasons: 1) John Adams, Secretary of State, suggested the principle
that the Western hemisphere was not an option for any further colonization by the European powers and 2) the U.S. would defend the freedom of other
nations. The Monroe Doctrine proved its power in the 1900's when President Roosevelt enforced the doctrine during the Venezuela Border Dispute as
well as securing the independence of Cuba from the abusive Spanish rule.
During his Presidency, The Ronald Reagan Doctrine was a foreign policy in the United States from 1980 to 1991. The doctrine was to help eliminate
communist governments such as Latin America, Africa and Asia which were supported by the Soviet Union (Lagon, 1994). The plan was to implement
support to private and open guerilla and resistance movements that were supported by the Soviet in communist countries. Containment was the official
policy towards communism and in creating the Reagan Doctrine, the focus started from keeping communism from spreading then it shifted to
eliminating existing communist governments. In addition to the eliminations of the communist governments, the United

he New York Times reported that the United States has refrained from systematically attacking Al Qaeda's franchise in Syria because US
–backed
fighters coordinate and are enmeshed with the outfit. The newspaper also reported that the Pentagon had refrained in 2015 from attacking ISIS
militants in and around the Syrian city of Palmyra in order to further the US foreign policy goal of regime change in Damascus.
The United States has a long history of forming tactical alliances with political Islam to counter secular Arab nationalists, whom it views as inimical to
its interests of dominating the Arab world, with its vast petroleum resources. Syria, whose constitution describes the country as "the beating heart of
Arabism" and "bedrock of resistance against colonial hegemony on the Arab world," is the last of the secular Arab nationalist states opposing US
domination and control of the region.
A frank discussion in a July 14, 2016 New York Times article [1] acknowledged that US irritation over the Kremlin's military intervention in Syria has
been prompted by Russia focussing its attacks on Al Qaeda's franchise in Syria, the Nusra Front, an outfit Washington views as an ally of convenience
in pursuit of its goal of toppling the pro–independence Arab nationalist Assad government, at the same time it props up client state dictatorships inEgypt
, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, while robustly providing military, economic and diplomatic support to the settler regime in

U.S. Foreign Policy Approaches

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Tina Mclellan

More from Tina Mclellan (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

U.S. Foreign Policy Approaches