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Fire fighting
- 1. FIRE FIGHTING TINA S. KEDIA ROLL NO- 19 SERVICES
- 2. FIRE FIGHTING INDEX • Concept of fire • Fire resistance period • Classifications of buildings 1 2 • Architecture planning- nbc norms 3- 12 • Fire detection 13 • Fire fighting systems 14-15 • bibliography 16
- 3. • Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light and other products related to combustion. • Combustion is a high temperature exothermic reaction redox reaction between a fuel and oxidant, normally with atmospheric oxygen. Combustion hot enough that light in the form of either glowing or a flame is produced. 1FIRE FIGHTING FIRE –CONCEPT –WHAT IS FIRE? https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fire_tetrahedron.svg/1063px- Fire_tetrahedron.svg.png FIRE RESISTANCE PERIOD • Several factors affect the standard fire resistance specified; Eg: • i) The amount of combustible material per unit of floor area in various types of buildings (the fire load density); • ii) The height of the top floor above ground, which has a bearing of ease of escape (evacuation) and fire fighting operations, and consequences should large scale collapse occur • iii) Occupancy types, which again reflects the speed of evacuation; • (iv) The existence of basements, since basement fires may lead to accumulation of smoke and heat build up, which may, in turn, affect the duration of fire as well as make fire fighting difficult; • (v) The number of storeys in the building; if a single storey, escape is direct and structural failure is unlikely.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS • GROUP ‘A’ –RESIDENTIAL –Apartments, Dwellings, Lodgings, Hotels etc. • GROUP ‘B’ –EDUCATIONAL –Schools, Colleges and Recreational facilities • GROUP ‘C’ –INSTITUTIONAL -Hospitals, Homes for aged, orphanages, Jails, Reformatories • GROUP ‘D’ –ASSEMBLY -Theatres, drama hall, Assembly Hall, Auditoria, Exhibition spaces, Restaurants, places of worship, Transport terminals etc. • GROUP ‘E’ –BUSINESS –Offices, Laboratories, computer installations, data servers etc. • GROUP ‘F’ –MERCENTILE -Shops, stores and markets • GROUP ‘G’ –INDUSTRIAL –Assembly plants, Labs, pumping stations, mills, refineries etc. • GROUP ‘H’–STORAGE -All storages, sheds, trucks and marine terminals, hangars, etc. • GROUP ‘J’ –HAZARDOUS –Storages of highly combustible or explosive materials, which may produce poisonous fumes, or explosions or toxic materials etc. 2FIRE FIGHTING
- 5. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –ROAD WIDTHS 3FIRE FIGHTING
- 6. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –ENTRANCE WIDTHS, HEIGHTS AND CLEARANCE • ENTRANCE GATE –Not less than 6m. Separate entry and exit gates preferred for continuous movement of fire tender • ENTRANCE GATE HEIGHT –Any portals/ arches above the entrance gate to be not less than 6m clear in height • CLEARANCE –9m width space is required for turning radius of the fire tender and for anchoring during fire fighting 4FIRE FIGHTING
- 7. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –OPEN SPACE REGULATIONS 5FIRE FIGHTING ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –BUILDING HEIGHTS Building heights are dependent on the following 1.Upto16m (G + 4) –No elevator required and No. fire rules in place. Open space required is 4.5m min on all sides 2.From 16m till 24m (Stilt + 7) –Elevators essential; Fire rules are not yet applicable as fireman’s ladder is enough to access the building terrace. Minimum side open spaces = (H / 3) = 8m but relaxed to 6m on all side open spaces 3.From 24m till 69.9m –Building is classified as mid-rise building; Elevators essential; fire rules are applicable in all respects including planning, services, signage, openings etc. 4.Above 70m –Building is classified as High rise structure. Approval from High rise committee is required and all fire regulations are to be implemented
- 8. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –SETBACK FOR OTHER BUILDINGS TYPES • GROUP ‘A’ –RESIDENTIAL –As mentioned in previous table • GROUP ‘B’ –EDUCATIONAL –Except nursery schools, open space not less than 6m • GROUP ‘C’ –INSTITUTIONAL -Not less than 6m • GROUP ‘D’ –ASSEMBLY -Front open space –not less than 12m and others not less than 6m • GROUP ‘E’ –BUSINESS –Not less than 4.5m. Can be relaxed on exceptions • GROUP ‘F’ –MERCENTILE -Front open space –not less than 12m and others not less than 6m • GROUP ‘G’ –INDUSTRIAL – Upto a height of 16m, 4.5m open space, beyond that, 0.25m addition for increase in building height by 1m • GROUP ‘H’–STORAGE –Not less than 9m • GROUP ‘J’ –HAZARDOUS – Upto a height of 16m, 4.5m open space, beyond that, 0.25m addition for increase in building height by 1m 6FIRE FIGHTING
- 9. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –CAR PARKING REGULATIONS - SECTION 4.6 (b) OF APPENDIX B OF PART III OF N.B.C. • If setback area is more than 12m , subject to a minimum of 14.5m, then car parking can be allowed in the set back area. • 6m motorable road is to be left for movement of fire tender. 7FIRE FIGHTING SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
- 10. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –CAR PARKING REGULATIONS • If the structure has a basement, then it is advisable to have minimum 2 exit ramps that lead to the basement for ease of evacuation as per section of appendix ‘B’ of part III of N.B.C. 8FIRE FIGHTING SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
- 11. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –CAR PARKING DESIGN Car parking areas and ramps to follow the following guidelines • For perpendicular parking, the car bay size to be 2.5m x 5.5m; if there is a column in between the car parking bays, then those bays to be 2.75mx For parallel parking (along roads), then the car parking bays to be 2.5m x • One way driveway width –not less than 4.5m; two way driveway width –not less than 6m • Access Ramp –Same as above; but slope is critical. Ideal slope to be 1:12, but 1:10is acceptable • If Ramp is straight, then 2 way ramp width can be 6m, but if in circular form, the width to be 7m • If fire fighter is to come in the basement, the CLEAR HEIGHT (after all services) under beams, drop panels, column capitals to be 6.0m, else can be 2.4mminimum 9FIRE FIGHTING ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –PLANNING OF LIFTS Lifts and lift lobbies are to be designed keeping in mind the following rules • Minimum 1 lift of 8 persons capacity or 545 kgs shall be provided for every high rise building • Fire escape passage and lift lobbies not to be the same. They have to be separated by a fire resistant material of atleast2 hrs. • Landing doors of lifts shall open into a ventilated lobby and shall have a fire resistance of 1 hr. No collapsible doors to be provided. • 1 lift shall be designated as a ‘fire lift’. It will be used by the fireman and shall be operated by the fireman. Fireman’s switch shall be provided for each lift. This lift will have an alternate source of power supply can be from DG set. • Lifts shall not be used as a means of evacuation. • Lift should not go to the basement. Even if it does go, it should have a fire check lobby under positive pressure.
- 12. ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –PLANNING OF FIRE FIGHTING STAIRCASES 10FIRE FIGHTING
- 13. 1.Refuge area –Space for people to seek ‘refuge’ in case of outbreak of fire 2.First refuge area to be proposed at 24m from the level which can be accessed by fire tender. 3.Next refuge area to be proposed every 15m. 4.Area of refuge area = 4% of BUA the floors above it till the next refuge area. 5.Area in excess is to be taken in 6.Terrace and Open ground can be considered as refuge area 7.The space is to be open from the sides; No grills to be proposed, no service shafts to be accessed from here, no combustible materials to be kept here; not to be used as 11FIRE FIGHTING ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –REFUGE AREA ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING –UNDERGROUND TANK AND PUMP ROOM
- 14. 12FIRE FIGHTING BUILDING MATERIALS AND FIRE RATING/ RESISTANCE FIRE DETECTION • FIRE PREVENTION–By conforming to local rules and regulations. Constructing the buildings as per local fire codes. Informing local authorities in case of storage of hazardous materials. Latest eg: -Fire and resultant explosion in Tianjin, China • FIRE DETECTION–By use of smoke detectors, heat detectors, beam detectors & manual observation • FIRE FIGHTING’ –By use of hand held fire extinguishers like chemical extinguishers, water sprinklers, sand bucket, carbon dioxide cylinders etc.
- 15. 13FIRE FIGHTING SMOKE DETECTORS HEAT DETECTORS SMOKE DETECTOR –TYPE 1 –IONISATION SMOKE DETECTOR SMOKE DETECTOR –TYPE 2 –OPTICAL SMOKE DETECTOR
- 16. 14FIRE FIGHTING FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS • WET RISER–It is a vertical pipe connecting the U.G. Tank and it constantly filled with water due to hydro-pneumatic system hence the name ‘wet riser’. • DRY RISER–It is a vertical pipe connecting the U.G. Tank but water will start flowing for fire fighting only when triggered by fire alarm system. DOWN COMMER–It is a vertical pipe connecting the O.H.Tankand it constantly filled with water, due to gravity and is pressuriseddue to ‘head’ height. • HYDRANT–It is a horizontal pipe running around the periphery of the building property at the ground floor level for external fire fighting system which is connected to the U.G. Tank. • SPRINKLER SYSTEMS–It is a network/ branching of pipes filled with water covering every square inch of the building premises except fire fighting staircases, electrical rooms, UPS rooms, sub stations and other areas where water would aid in spread of fire. It terminates into a sprinkler which sprinkles water in the area affected by fire. • HALON–Halonis a liquefied, compressed gas that stops the spread of fire by chemically disrupting combustion. Halon1211 (a liquid streaming agent) and Halon1301 (a gaseous flooding agent) leave no residue and are remarkably safe for human exposure. Halonis rated for class "B" (flammable liquids) and "C" (electrical fires), but it is also effective on class "A" (common combustibles) fires. Halon1211 and Halon1301 are low-toxicity, chemically stable compounds that, as long as they remain contained in cylinders, are easily recyclable. sprinklers
- 17. 15FIRE FIGHTING FIRE FIGHTING: SAND BUCKET AND PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Fire extinguishers Sand bucket EXTERNAL FIRE FIGHTING : YARD HYDRANTS Yard hydrant