Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case study

FIRE SAFETY IN
OFFICE BUILDING
M.Arch
CPM
-Irene and Hamilton
2nd sem

2
FIRE SAFETY
1.INTRODUCTION
This assignment requires students to analyse the services in a public building of our choice. Each group is to perform an observational
study and analysis of the following service systems, and report them in response to the requirements of the service.
2.AIM
The project aims to provide an opportunity for students to learn the efficient planning of building services in high rise buildings. To have a
better knowledge about the fire safety protection on the office buildings and the coordination of services integrated in the particular
building and to know about the implementation of the national building codes, to know about the disaster management in the buildings in
case of fire accident how the building activates and runs.
3.OBJECTIVE
1. know about the basic standards and codes which has been implemented in the building fire safety system
2. identifying net and live case studies
3. look into the active and passive fire systems and check with NBC and other building codes
4.study about the fire and safety systems and derive a conclusion
5.know about the basic drawing details of building services
4.SCOPE OF PROJECT
The project basically comprises of fire safety services which are contextual to building services To provide an adequate, controlled and
ideal environment for office employees. To fulfill the solitude environment required by employees, coherent with their way of working
style. To have a better knowledge about the fire safety systems.
5.Methodology
The group embarked on the project with the intention of conducting a thorough study of the fire safety service implemented at the infocity
building in chennai. The project was carried out in multiple phases, namely literature review, site visit and observation as well as data
recording and reporting throughout a period.
Literature review includes research gathered from publications, journals as well as online sources fire protection systems,
The group was then divided to work on the respective topics, in preparation for the site visit. The group visited the site with more thorough
research done during the visit.
With data collection done, the group then compiled all data for ease of access. The data was analyzed and presented.

3
FIRE SAFETY
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
• Buildings are classified based on occupancy and for the purpose
of the NBC Code, the following shall be the occupancy
classification.
• All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected shall be
classified according to the use or the character of occupancy in
one of the following groups:
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION
(a) Residential;
(b) Educational;
(c) Institutional;
(d) Assembly;
(e) Business;
(f) Mercantile (will include both retail and wholesale stores);
(g) Industrial (will include low, moderate and high fire hazards);
(h) Storage; and
(j) Hazardous.
Buildings under Group E shall be further subdivided
as follows:
Subdivision E-1 Offices, banks, professional establishments,
like offices of architects, engineers, doctors, lawyers, post
offices and police stations
Subdivision E-2 Laboratories, outpatient clinics, research
establishments, libraries and test houses
Subdivision E-3 Electronic data processing centre,
computer installations, information technology parks and
call center
Subdivision E-4 Telephone exchanges
Subdivision E-5 Broadcasting stations, T.V. stations and air
traffic control Towers
NBC Part 4 pg. 13

Type 1: Fire – Resistive construction
The structure is constructed of concrete and protected
steel.
Type 2: Non – combustible construction
The walls and roofs are constructed of non-combustible
materials.
Type 3: Ordinary construction
Type 4: Heavy – Timber construction
Type 5: Wood – Frame construction
Non-combustible materials should be used for
construction of buildings, and the internal walls of
staircase enclosures should be of brick work or
reinforced concrete or any other material of
construction with minimum of 120 min rating. The walls
for the chimney shall be of Type 1 or Type 2
Construction depending on whether the flue gas
temperature is above 200°C or less, respectively.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
NBC Part 4 pg. 19

6
Fire
protection
systems
Active Fire
protection
system
Passive Fire
protection
system

7
FIRE SAFETY
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

NBC Part 4 pg. 40
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM
a) Fire detection and alarm systems in buildings shall be so planned
and programmed so as to enable operations of various systems and
equipment to facilitate requirements leading to life safety,
compartmentation and fire protection.
b) Voice evacuation systems shall employ Hindi, English and
vernacular language using pre-recorded messages and integrate
with fire alarm panels for alerting the zone of fire and surrounding
zones/floors as required for annunciation.
c) Appropriate visual warning arrangement through visual may be
considered in appropriate situations particularly in public
buildings, at required locations to ensure visual as well as alarm
for persons with hearing impairment.
TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
1. Conventional system
A conventional fire alarm is a safety system designed to detect and
alert you to any signs of fire within your premises. Fire detection
devices are individually connected to conventional fire alarm panels
using wires. If a connected device detects signs of a fire (such as
smoke or heat), it will send a signal to the control panel and set off the
alarm. The panel will show you which 'zone' (or area) of your building
the fire has been detected.
2. Two-wire system
Two wire systems work by allowing detectors, call points and
alarm devices for each zone to be wired on the same set of two-core
zone cables back to the control panel. This enables it to use a single
circuit per zone without the need for a separate sounder circuit zone
3. Addressable system
An addressable fire alarm system is made up of a series of fire
detectors and devices that are connected back to a central control panel.
With addressable systems, each device has an address or location,
enabling the exact detector that was triggered to be quickly identified.
4. Wireless
Wireless Fire Alarm Systems are ideal for fire alarm systems
requiring a quick installation. These fire alarms require no cables
installing between the panel and devices
5. Aspirating smoke detection system
This fire alarm system is highly sensitive which can detect
smoldering or small fires quicker compared to other systems.

NBC Part 4 pg. 40
SMOKE CONTROL
The smoke exhaust fans in the mechanical ventilation system shall be
fire rated, that is, 250°C for 120 min.
For naturally cross-ventilated corridors or corridors with operable
windows, such smoke exhaust system or pressurization system will not
be required.
Doors provided in such exit passageway shall be fire rated doors of 120
min rating.
1) Structural aspects of beams and other down stands/services shall be
taken care of in the planning and provision of the jet fans.
2) Fans shall be fire rated, that is, 250°C for 120 min.
3) Fans shall be adequately supported to enable operations for the
duration as above.
4) Power supply panels for the fans shall be located in fire safe zone
to ensure continuity of power supply.
5) Power supply cabling shall meet circuit integrity requirement in
accordance with accepted standard
TYPES OF SMOKE DETECTORS
1. Ionization Smoke Detectors
Ionization smoke alarms are the most common type of smoke
alarm and are quicker at sensing flaming, fast moving fires.
Ionization-type smoke alarms have a small amount of radioactive
material between two electrically charged plates, which ionizes the
air and causes current to flow between the plates. When smoke
enters the chamber, it disrupts the flow of ions, thus reducing the
flow of current and activating the alarm.
2. Photoelectric Smoke Detectors
A photoelectric type smoke alarm consists of a light emitting
diode and a light sensitive sensor located in a sensing chamber.
The presence of suspended smoke particles in the chamber scatters
the light beam. This scattered light is detected by the light sensitive
sensor which sets off the alarm.

NBC Part 4 pg. 40
FIRE EXTINGUISHER/ FIXED FIREFIGHTING
INSTALLATIONS
a) The extinguishers shall be mounted at a convenient height to enable
its quick access and efficient use by all in the event of a fire
incidence.
b) First-aid firefighting appliances shall be provided and installed in
accordance with good practice .
c) The firefighting equipment and accessories to be installed in
buildings for use in firefighting shall also be in accordance with the
accepted standard and shall be maintained periodically so as to
ensure their perfect serviceability at all times.
d) Wet risers shall be interconnected at terrace level to form a ring
and cut-off shall be provided for each connection to enable repair/
e) maintenance without affecting rest of the system.
f) Pressure at the hydraulically remote hydrant and at the highest
hydrant shall not be less than 3.5 bar. The pressure at the hydrants
shall however not exceed 7.0 bar, considering the safety of
operators.
g) Hydrants for firefighting and hose reels shall be located in the lobby
in firefighting shaft. Those hydrants planned to be provided near
fire exit staircase on the floor shall be within 5 m from exit door in
exit access.
2.65 Wet Riser —An arrangement for firefighting within the building by
means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm nominal diameter
with landing valves on each floor/landing for firefighting purposes and
permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply.
2.10 Down-comer —An arrangement of firefighting within the building
by means of down-comer pipe connected to terrace tank through
terrace pump, gate valve and non-return valve and having mains not
less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on
each floor/landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground
level for charging with water by pumping from fire service appliances
and air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.
2.11 Dry Riser —An arrangement of firefighting within the building by
means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter
with landing valves on each floor/landing which is normally dry but is
capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire
service appliances.

THE CLASSES OF FIRE
There are six classes of fire: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D,
'Electrical', and Class F.
- Class A fires - combustible materials: caused by flammable solids,
such as wood, paper, and fabric
- Class B fires - flammable liquids: such as petrol, turpentine or paint
- Class C fires - flammable gases: like hydrogen, butane or methane
- Class D fires - combustible metals: chemicals such as magnesium,
aluminium or potassium
- Electrical fires - electrical equipment: once the electrical item is
removed, the fire changes class
- Class F fires - cooking oils: typically a chip-pan fire
TYPES OF EXTINGUISHER
1. Water
2. Dry Powder
3. Foam
4. CO2
5. Wet chemical
1. WATER
Overview:
Water extinguishers are the most common fire extinguisher type for
class A fire risk. Most premises will require either water or foam
extinguishers.
Label Color:
- Bright Red
Use for:
- Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
Do not use for:
- Fires involving electrical equipment
- Kitchen fires
- Flammable gas and liquids
How water extinguishers work:
The water has a cooling effect on the fuel, causing it to burn much
more slowly until the flames are eventually extinguished.
Where to locate water extinguishers:
- By the exits on a floor where a Class A fire risk has been identified

2. DRY POWDER
Overview:
Standard dry powder extinguishers are also called 'ABC' extinguishers
because they tackle class A, B and C fires, however they are not
recommended for use in enclosed spaces. This is because the powder can
be easily inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to clean up after.
ABC powder extinguishers can also be used on some electrical fires.
Specialist dry powder extinguishers are used for flammable metals.
Label Color:
- Blue
Use for:
o Wood and coal
Do not use for:
- Fires involving cooking oil
- Fires involving electrical equipment over 1000v
- or in enclosed spaces, such as offices or residential properties
How dry powder extinguishers work:
Dry powder extinguishers smother fires by forming a barrier between the
fuel and the source of oxygen.
Where to locate Dry Powder extinguishers:
- Place dry powder extinguishers near to the source of the fire risk.
3. FOAM
Overview:
Foam extinguishers are most common type of fire extinguisher for
Class B fires, but also work on Class A fires as they are water-based.
Label Color:
- Cream
Use for:
o Wood and coal
Plus:
- Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
Do not use for:
- Kitchen fires
- Fires involving electrical equipment
- Flammable metals
How foam extinguishers work:
As with water extinguishers, foam extinguishers have a cooling effect
on the fuel. On burning liquids, the foaming agent creates a barrier
between the flame and the fuel, extinguishing the fire.
Where to locate foam extinguishers:
- By the exits on a floor where a Class A or Class B fire risk has been
identified

4. CO2
Overview:
CO2 extinguishers are predominantly used for electrical fire risks and
are usually the main fire extinguisher type provided in computer server
rooms. They also put out Class B fires (flammable liquids, such as paint
and petroleum).
Label Color:
- Black
Use for:
- Electrical fires
Do not use for:
- Kitchen fires – especially chip-pan fires
- Combustible materials like paper, wood or textiles
- Flammable metals
How CO2 extinguishers work:
CO2 extinguishers suffocate fires by displacing the oxygen the fire
needs to burn.
Where to locate CO2 extinguishers:
- Place near to the source of the fire risk and/or near the fire exits.
5. WET CHEMICHAL
Overview:
Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for use on Class F fires,
involving cooking oils and fats. They can also be used on Class A fires
although it is more usual to have a foam or water extinguisher for this
type of fire risk.
Label Color:
- Yellow
Use for:
- Cooking oil/fat fires
o Wood and coal
Do not use for:
- Flammable liquid or gas fires
- Electrical fires
- Flammable metals
How wet chemical extinguishers work:
Wet chemical extinguishers create a layer of foam on the surface of the
burning oil or fat, preventing oxygen from fuelling the fire any further.
The spray also has a cooling effect.
Where to locate wet chemical extinguishers:
- Place near to the source of the fire risk.

TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
Wet pipe system
It contains pipes that are filled with water and sprinkler heads. During a
fire, the heat causes the core of the sprinkler head to burst discharging water.
Dry pipe system
In cold climates, the wet pipe sprinklers may be at risk of freezing. In this
case, the dry pipe system, which is filled with air as opposed to water in the
pipe system, is recommended.
Deluge system
This sprinkler system is designed without the heat sensing elements that
are contained in both wet and dry pipe systems. They have a common trigger
that causes the valves to open. Once the valve opens, the water is discharged
to the piping system and sprays on all the heads at once covering the whole
area.
Pre-action system
In a pre-action system, the water is held back by a pre-action valve.
The valve is opened when flame, heat, or smoke is detected. Two
things must happen before a pre-action sprinkler system releases
water. The first is that the detection system must detect a fire and the
valve must open, releasing water into the piping. The second event is
that individual sprinkler heads need to open to allow water to
discharge.
Foam fire sprinkler system
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler Systems work when water and foam
concentrate mix. This mixture then flows through the pipe to
extinguish the fire.
Foam is essential in putting out highly flammable solvent fires like
gas/alcohol because it suffocates the fire containing any combustible
fumes and eliminates any possibility of a re-flash.
Water spray system
Water Spray Fire Sprinkler Systems are often used in locations that
have turbo-generator bearings or electrical transformers that contain
oil. Not only are these systems used to put out active fires, but they
are also used to cool tanks containing flammable liquid to prevent an
explosion
Water mist system
A water mist system uses very fine water sprays The small water
droplets allow the water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires.
It is used in places to have less water damage

SPRINKLER HEADS
Fire sprinklers are composed of the same components: a sealing assembly or
‘plug’ that prevents water from escaping, a heat-sensitive element that
allows water to flow at a given temperature, a deflector that distributes water
effectively, and a frame.
When a sprinkler head has a glass bulb, that bulb typically contains a
glycerin-based liquid. Once the air around the sprinkler reaches a certain
temperature – often 155F or 200F (68C or 93C) – the liquid expands which
causes the glass to break. The water held back by the bulb then escapes and
flows toward the deflector, which disperses it throughout the room.
From the 2019 edition of NFPA 13 (Table 7.2.4.1)
Pendant Sprinkler Head
Pendant sprinkler heads hang down from the ceiling and spray water
in a circle pattern.
Concealed Pendant Sprinkler Head
Concealed pendant sprinkler heads are recessed in a ceiling and are
covered with a decorative cap. The cap will fall away about 20°F
prior to activation of the sprinkler. Once the sprinkler reaches its
rated activation temperature, the head will drop below the ceiling.
The water pattern of concealed sprinkler heads is a circle.
Upright Sprinkler Head
Upright sprinkler heads project up into a space and have deflectors
that spray the water downward. They are generally used in
mechanical rooms or other inaccessible areas to provide better
coverage between obstructions like beams or ducts. They also
provide a circle spray pattern.
Side Wall Sprinkler Head
Side wall sprinkler heads stand out from a wall and have a deflector
that sprays water away from the wall in a half-circle spray pattern. A
second deflector also sprays water back toward the wall so that the
wall is protected.

FIRE HYDRANTS
A fire hydrant is simply a point where people are able to tap into
a water supply. The most common use for them is to assist firefighters in
putting out fires. By connecting a hose to a hydrant, they gain access to all
the water they need to douse a burning building!
WET BARREL HYDRANT
Its mechanical parts are above ground, with a main valve to prevent any
debris from entering the hydrant. Easy-to-access outlet valves and nozzles
work independently so that firefighters can add more discharge lines without
causing the hydrant to shut down.
DRY BARREL HYDRANT
Dry barrel hydrants are pressurized and drained through the workings of a
main valve located in the base of the hydrant. When the main valve is
opened, the barrel is pressurized; when the main valve is closed
the barrel drains. ... The main valve is located below the normal frost line to
protect the hydrant from freezing.

OCCUPATION OF BUILDING UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
A high rise building during construction shall
be provided with the following fire protection measures,
which shall be maintained in good working condition
at all the times:
a) Dry riser of minimum 100 mm diameter pipe
with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed
with a fire service inlet to boost the water in
the dry riser and maintenance should be in
accordance with good practice.
b) Drums of 2 000 litre capacity filled with water
with two fire buckets on each floor;
c) A water storage tank of minimum 20 000 litre
capacity, which may be used for other construction purposes
also.
2.11 Dry Riser . An arrangement of firefighting within
the building by means of vertical rising mains not less
than 100 mm internal diameter with landing valves on
each floor/landing which is normally dry but
is capable of being charged with water usually by
pumping from fire service appliances.
NBC Part 4 pg. 19

FIRE ENGINE
Large fire trucks such as the tankers which carry water to the
scenes of fires are more than 8 feet wide, 11 feet tall, 35 feet
long, and weigh over 50,000 pounds when loaded. Even when
operated by highly trained drivers, fire trucks can only be useful
when they reach the scene of an emergency.
Known as a hydraulic platform, this special-application vehicle
can reach a height of 30 floors of a high-rise. A built-in, fire-
fighting pump on the vehicle is driven by a Power Take-Off
(PTO) shaft from the engine, and has a maximum capacity of
6,000 litres.
TYPES
1. Conventional fire apparatus
2. Aerial apparatus
3. Tiller truck
4. Technical rescue apparatus
5. Hazardous material apparatus
6. Logistical support apparatus
7. Tender truck
QUINT (FIRE APPARATUS)
A quint is a fire service apparatus that serves the dual
purpose of an engine and a ladder truck.
This apparatus perform 5 different jobs
Pump
Water tank
Fire hose
Aerial device
Ground ladder
Quint requirements
Fire pump with a min capacity of 1,000gallons
Water tank with a min capacity of 300 gallons

NBC Part 4 pg. 21
SERVICE DUCTS AND SHAFTS
• Openings in walls or floors which are necessary to be provided to
allow passages of all building services like cables, electrical wirings,
telephone cables, plumbing pipes, etc, shall be protected by
enclosure in the form of ducts/shafts having a fire resistance not less
than 120 min.
• The space between the electrical cables/conduits and the walls/slabs
shall be filled in by a fire stop material having fire resistance rating
of not less than 120 min.
• For plumbing shafts in the core of the building, with shaft door
opening inside the building, the shafts shall have inspection doors
having fire resistance rating not less than 30 min.
REFUSE CHUTES
• Refuse chutes, if any provided in a building, shall have opening at
least 1 m above roof level for venting purpose and they shall have
an enclosure wall of non-combustible material with fire resistance
of not less than 120 min.
• They shall not be located within the staircase enclosure or service
shafts, or air conditioning shafts. Refuse chutes inspection panel and
doors shall be tight fitting with 60 min fire resistance.
• Sprinkler protection system shall be provided for the refuse chutes.
Refuse chutes shall be at least 6 m away from exits.

NBC Part 4 pg. 57
2.64 Water Based Systems
2.64.1 Hydrant System —
A distribution system having a network of piping installed
underground/aboveground around and/or through inside of a building
with internal and/or external hydrants fitted with landing valves at
regular intervals according to the occupancy. The distribution system is
connected to water supply system for firefighting.
2.64.2 Automatic Sprinkler System —A system of water pipes fitted
with sprinkler heads at suitable intervals and heights and designed to
actuate automatically, control and extinguish a fire by the discharge of
water.
2.64.3 Automatic Water Spray Systems —A special fixed pipe system
connected to a reliable source of fire protection water supply and
equipped with water spray nozzles for specific water discharge and
distribution over the surface or area to be protected. The piping system is
connected to the water supply through an automatically actuated deluge
valve which initiates flow of water. Automatic actuation is achieved by
operation of automatic detecting equipment installed along with water
spray nozzles. There are two types of systems namely high velocity and
medium velocity systems.
2.64.4 Water Mist Systems —A distribution system connected to a
pumping and water supply system that is equipped with nozzles capable
of delivering water mist to the part/entire enclosure or area, intended to
control, suppress, or extinguish fire and is capable of meeting the
specified performance requirements.
2.64.5 Foam Protection System —Firefighting systems where foam is
made by mechanically mixing air with a solution consisting of fresh
water to which a foaming agent (liquid concentrate) has been added.
Firefighting foam is a stable aggregation of small bubbles of density
lower than oil or water, and shows tenacious qualities for covering
horizontal surfaces. There are three types of foam applications that is,
low, medium and high expansion foams depending upon the
application
Automatic Sprinkler Installation
The requirements shall be as given below:
a) Automatic sprinklers shall be installed wherever required in
terms of Table 7 throughout the building in accordance with
good practice.
b) If selective sprinklering is adopted, there is a real danger of a fire
starting in one of the unsprinklered area gathering momentum
spreading to other areas and reaching the sprinklered areas as a fully
developed fire. In such an event, the sprinklers can be rendered useless
or ineffective.
c) Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in false ceiling voids
exceeding 800 mm in height.
d) Installation of sprinklers may be excluded in any area to be used for
substation and DG set.
e) In areas having height 17 m or above such as in atria, sprinkler
installations may be rendered ineffective and hence may be avoided.
f) Pressure in sprinkler system shall not exceed 12 bar or else high
pressure sprinkler to be installed for above 12 bar operations.

21
FIRE SAFETY
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS
Fire-retardant materials are designed to burn slowly.
• Stone
• Wrought Iron
• Cast Iron
• Aluminum
• Mineral wool
• Gypsum boards
• Asbestos cement
• Perlite boards
• Corriboard
• Calcium silicate
• Sodium silicate
• Potassium silicate
• Treated lumber plywood
• Treated vegetable fiber (e.g., cotton, jute, kenaf, hemp, flax, etc..)
• Fire-retardant treated wood
• Brick
• Concrete
• Cement render
• Intumescent paint
• Glass
• Magnesium oxide (MgO)
STONE
The compact sandstone has better resistance against fire than limestone
as it can stand the exposure to moderate fire without serious cracks. It
will depend upon the temperature at which such stones will give in.
Stone has a higher capacity to withstand fire up to 13000C – 15000C.
BRICKS
First class bricks are practically fireproof as they can withstand the
exposure of fire for a considerable length of time. Being poor conductors
of heat, the bricks can withstand high temperatures up to 13000C
without causing serious effects. Fire bricks are best for use in fire-
resisting construction. Fire bricks have melting point about 28000C.
CONCRETE
In general, it is a bad conductor of heat and is a good fire-resistant
material. There is no loss of strength in concrete up to 2500C. The
actual degree of fire-resistance of concrete depends upon the nature of
aggregates used and its density. RCC structure can resist fire up to
10000C for one hour.
MINERAL WOOL
Mineral wool is any fibrous material formed by spinning or drawing
molten mineral or rock materials such as slag and ceramics.
The fire resistance of fiberglass, stone wool, and ceramic fibers makes
them common building materials when passive fire protection is
required, being used as spray fireproofing.

FIRE-RESISTANT GLASS
Fire-resistant glass is specialist glass that has been proven to provide a
period protection against fire during a Fire Resistance Test. The degree
of protection offered depends on the type of fire rated glass used but
generally speaking all fire rated glass acts as a barrier to help prevent the
spread of flames and smoke in the event of a fire.
There are three available classifications for fire-resistant glass:
• integrity (E),
• radiation control (EW) and
• insulation (EI).
INTEGRITY GLASS, E CLASSIFICATION
This is the most basic type of fire resistant glass. When exposed to a fire,
it prevents flames and hot gases from penetrating through to the
unexposed side. It does not, however, stop heat from penetrating through
the glass.
Wired glass: Wire is embedded into float glass while it is in a molten
state. The glass is made in sheets, with a typical thickness of 6-7mm,
and cut to size as needed.
Modified toughened glass: It is made to order and cannot be cut once it
has been through the toughening process. This type of glass typically has
a thickness of 5-12mm.
Laminated glass: Two or more layers of glass are bonded together to
form a laminated integrity glass, with a thickness of > 7mm. The glass is
made in sheet form and cut to size.
RADIATION CONTROL GLASS, EW CLASSIFICATION
Like integrity glass, this classification of glass stops both flames and hot
gases from penetrating through to the other side. It also prevents some
heat from penetrating through, due to the way in which its interlayers
react to fire.
Coated modified toughened glass A special coating is applied to the
outer layer of toughened glass to reflect some of the heat and therefore
reduce the amount transferred through the glass. The glass is made to
order and cannot be cut once put through the process.
Gel-filled glass Two or more layers of glass with a fire resistant gel. The
thickness of this type of glass can also vary, and is usually 13-20mm.
The glass is made to order and cannot be cut.

NBC Part 4 pg. 22
VERTICAL OPENING
Every vertical opening between the floors of a building shall be suitably
enclosed or protected, as necessary, to provide the following:
a) Reasonable safety to the occupants while using the means of egress
by preventing spread of fire, smoke, or fumes through vertical openings
from floor to floor to allow occupants to complete their use of the
means of egress. Further it shall be ensured to provide a clear height of
2 100 mm in the exit access.
b) Limitation of damage to the building and its contents.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
• In general, it is desirable that the wiring and cabling are with flame
retardant property.
• Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts, and within false
ceiling shall run in metal conduit.
• Any 230 V wiring for lighting or other services, above false ceiling,
shall have 660 V grade insulation.
• The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a separate
shaft. The shaft shall be sealed at every floor with fire stop materials
having the same fire resistance as that of the floor.
• High, medium and low voltage wiring running in shaft and in false
ceiling shall run in separate shaft/conduits.
• All metallic items like steel structural members, etc, shall be bonded
properly to the earthing system.

NBC Part 4 pg. 22
EMERGENCY POWER FOR FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
SYSTEMS
Emergency power supplying distribution system for critical requirement
for functioning of fire and life safety system and equipment shall be
planned for efficient and reliable power and control supply to the
following systems and equipment where provided:
a) Fire pumps.
b) Pressurization and smoke venting; including its ancillary systems
such as dampers and actuators.
c) Fireman’s lifts (including all lifts).
d) Exit signage lighting.
e) Emergency lighting.
f) Fire alarm system.
g) Public address (PA) system (relating to emergency voice
evacuation and annunciation).
h) Magnetic door hold open devices.
j) Lighting in fire command center and security room.
Power supply to these systems and equipment shall be
from normal and emergency (standby generator) power
sources with changeover facility.
Circuits of such emergency system shall be protected at origin by an
automatic circuit breaker with its no-volt coil removed.
Master switches controlling essential service circuits shall be clearly
labeled.
Cables for fire alarm and PA system shall be laid in metal conduits or
armored to provide physical segregation from the power cables.

NBC Part 4 pg. 23
SUBSTATION/TRANSFORMERS
• Areas in substation shall not be used as storage/dump areas or for
other utility purposes other than those required for the functioning of
the substation.
• The substation area should be adequately ventilated.
• This room shall be provided with access from outside (or through
exit passageway accessible from outside).
• The MV panel room shall be provided with fire resistant walls and
doors of fire resistance of not less than 120 min.
STANDBY SUPPLY
• Diesel generator set(s) shall not be installed at any floor other than
ground/first basement. If the same are installed indoors, proper
ventilation and exhaust shall be planned.
• The DG set room shall be separated by 120 min fire resistance
rated walls and doors.
ESCAPE LIGHTING AND EXIT SIGNAGE
Exit access, exits and exit discharge shall be properly identified, with
adequate lighting maintained in the elements of the egress systems so
that all occupants shall be able to leave the facility safely.
a) The exit, exit access and exit discharge systems shall be
illuminated continuously. The floors of the means of egress shall
be illuminated at all points, including angles and intersections, in
corridors and passageways, stairwells, landings of stairwells and exit.
b) Emergency lighting shall be powered from a source independent of
that supplying the normal lighting.
c) Escape lighting shall be capable of,
1) indicating clearly and unambiguously the escape routes;
2) providing adequate illumination along such routes to allow safe
movement of persons towards and through the exits; and
3) ensuring that fire alarm call points and firefighting equipment
provided along the escape routes can be readily located.

NBC Part 4 pg. 23
AIR CONDITIONING, VENTILATION
• Air conditioning and ventilating systems shall be so installed and
maintained as to minimize the danger of spread of fire, smoke or
fumes from one floor to other or from outside to any occupied
building or structure.
• Many high-rise buildings integrate smoke management systems into
their conventional HVAC systems. In such installation, it requires
special design considerations, including safe and adequate controls,
acceptable and documented testing and regular maintenance
systems.
• Wherever batteries are provided, the same shall be segregated by
120 min fire rated construction.
AIR HANDLING UNIT
• From fire safety point of view, separate air handling units (AHU) for
each floor shall be provided so as to avoid the hazards arising from
spread of fire and smoke through the air conditioning ducts.
• The air filters of the air handling units shall be made of non-
combustible materials.
• The air handling unit room shall not be used for storage of any
combustible materials.
DUCT WORK
• Air ducts serving main floor areas, corridors, etc, shall not pass
through the exits/exit passageway/exit enclosure. Exits and lift
lobbies, etc, shall not be used as return air passage.
• As far as possible, metallic ducts shall be used even for the return
air instead of space above the false ceiling.
• Wherever the ducts pass through fire walls or floors, the opening
around the ducts shall be sealed with materials having fire
resistance rating of the compartment. Such duct shall also be
provided with fire dampers at all fire walls and floors unless such
ducts are required to perform for fire safety operation; and in such
case fire damper may be avoided at fire wall and floor while
integrity of the duct shall be maintained with 120 min fire
resistance rating to allow the emergency operations for fire safety
requirements.
• The materials used for insulating the duct system (inside or
outside) shall be of non-combustible type. Any such insulating
material shall not be wrapped or secured by any material of
combustible nature.

NBC Part 4 pg. 23
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
SMOKE DAMPERS
Smoke dampers are passive fire protection products used in air
conditioning and ventilation ductwork or installed in physical smoke
barriers. This may be done to prevent the spread of smoke from the
space of fire origin to other spaces in the same building.
These dampers shall be evaluated to be located in supply air ducts, fresh
air and return air ducts/passages at the following points:
a) At the fire separation wall,
b) Where ducts/passages enter the vertical shaft,
c) Where the ducts pass through floors, and
d) At the inlet of supply air duct and the return
air duct of each compartment on every floor.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the
components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.
PFP includes compartmentalization of the overall building through
the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors. Organization into
smaller fire compartments, consisting of one or more rooms or
floors, prevents or slows the spread of fire from the room of fire
origin to other building spaces, limiting building damage and
providing more time to the building occupants for emergency
evacuation or to reach an area of refuge.
Fire prevention includes minimizing ignition sources, as well as
educating the occupants and operators of the facility, ship or
structure concerning operation and maintenance of fire-related
systems for correct function, and emergency procedures including
notification for fire service response and emergency evacuation.

NBC Part 4 pg. 25
BOILER ROOMS
The following additional aspects may be taken into account in the
location of boiler room:
a) The boilers shall be installed in a fire resisting room of 180 min fire
resistance rating.
b) Entry to this room shall be provided with a composite door of 120
min fire resistance rating.
c) The boiler room shall be provided with its dedicated natural or
mechanical ventilation system. Mechanical ventilation system for the
boiler room would be accepted with 120 min fire resistance rating
ductwork, if it has interface with other mechanical areas.
GLAZING
Glass facade shall be in accordance with the following:
a) For fully sprinklered buildings having fire separation of 9 m or
more, tempered glass in a non-combustible assembly, with ability to
hold the glass in place, shall be provided. It shall be ensured that
sprinklers are located within 600 mm of the glass facade providing
full coverage to the glass.
b) All gaps between floor-slabs and façade assembly shall be sealed
at all levels by approved fire resistant sealant material of equal fire
rating as that of floor slab to prevent fire and smoke
propagation from one floor to another.
c) Openable panels shall be provided on each floor and shall be spaced
not more than 10 m apart measured along the external wall from
centre-to-centre of the access openings. Such openings shall be
operable at a height between 1.2 m and 1.5 m from the floor, and
shall be in the form of openable panels (fire access panels) of size not
less than 1 000 mm × 1 000 mm opening outwards. The wordings,
.FIRE
OPENABLE PANEL . OPEN IN CASE OF FIRE, DO NOT
OBSTRUCT. of at least 25 mm letter height shall be marked on the
internal side.

NBC Part 4 pg. 26
SURFACE INTERIOR FINISHES
The susceptibility of various types of wall surfaces to fire is determined
in terms of the rate of spread of flame. Based on the rate of spread of
flame, surfacing material shall be considered as divided into
four classes as follows :
a) Class 1 Surfaces of very low flame spread.
b) Class 2 Surfaces of low flame spread.
c) Class 3 Surfaces of medium flame spread.
d) Class 4 Surfaces of rapid flame spread.
The uses for which surface materials falling into various classes shall
be adopted in building construction are given below:
FIRE COMMAND CENTER
a)Fire command centre shall be on the entrance floor of the building
having direct access. The control room shall have the main fire alarm
panel with communication system (suitable public address system)
to aid floors and facilities for receiving the message from
different floors.
b) Fire command centre shall be constructed with 120 min rating
walls with a fire door and shall be provided with emergency lighting.
Interior finishes shall not use any flammable materials.
c) Details of all floor plans along with the details of firefighting
equipment and installations shall be maintained in fire command
centre.
d) The fire staff in charge of the fire command centre shall be
responsible for the maintenance of the various services and
firefighting equipment and installations in coordination with security,
electrical and civil staff of the building.

NBC Part 4 pg. 30
EGRESS COMPONENTS
Egress components to be considered are the number of exits to which
access is provided, capacity of exit access, travel distance to an exit.
An exit may be a doorway, corridor, passageways, to an internal
staircase or external staircase or to a verandah or terraces which have
access to the street , or to the roof of a building or a refuge area. An exit
leading to an adjoining building at the same level.
Arrangement of exits
a) Exits shall be so located that the travel distance on the floor shall not
exceed the distance 30m.
b) Travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point
within a storey or a mezzanine floor along the natural and un
obstructed path of horizontal or vertical egress travel to the door to an
exit.
c) The dead end corridor length in exit access shall not exceed 6 m
for educational, institutional and assembly occupancies. For other
occupancies, the same shall be 15 m
d) Exits shall be placed as remote from each other as possible and shall
be arranged to provide direct access in separate directions from any
point in the area served.

NBC Part 4 pg. 32
DOOR WAY
• Every doorway shall be open into an enclosed stairway or a horizontal
exit corridor or passageway provided .
• No exit doorway shall be less then 1000mm in width except assembly
building where door width shall ne not less then 2000mm. Doorway
height not less then 2000m.
• Exit doorways shall open outward that is away from room but shall not
obstruct the travel along any Exit.
• Exit door shall not open immediately upon a flight of Stairs; landing
equal to at least the width of the door to be provided.
• Exit door shall open able without use of any key.
CORRIDOR AND PASSAGEWAY
Exit corridor and passage way shall be of width not less then the aggregate
required width of exit doorway leading from them in the direction of travel to
the exterior.
All means of exits including staircase lift lobbies and corridor shall be
adequately ventilated.
INTETRNAL STAIRCASE
• Internal stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials
throughout, and shall have fire resistant rating of minimum 120 min..
• A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft.
• No living space, store or other fire risk shall open directly into
staircases.
• No electrical shafts/air conditioning ducts or gas pipes, etc, shall pass
through or open in the staircases.
• Lifts shall not open in staircase.
• No combustible material shall be used for decoration/wall panelling in
the staircase.

NBC Part 4 pg. 30
EXTERNAL STAIRCASE
The external staircases are the staircases provided on the external
wall/facade, and shall comply with the following:
a) External stairs shall always be kept in sound and usable condition.
b) All external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
c) Entrance to the external stairs shall be separate and remote from the
internal staircase.
d) Where an external staircase is provided, it shall be ensured that the
use of it at the time of fire is not prejudiced by smoke and flame
from openings (for example, windows, doors)
e) The external stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials,
and any doorway leading to it shall have minimum 120 min fire
resistance.
f) No external staircase, shall be inclined at an angle greater than 45°
from the horizontal.
g) External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1 500 mm wide.
h) Handrails, to be provided on both sides, shall be of a height not less
than 1 000 mm and not exceeding 1 200 mm. There shall be
provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.
RAMPS
a) Ramp(s) shall be surfaced with approved slip resistant materials that
are securely attached. No perforations are permissible on ramp
floors.
b) Any changes in travel direction in ramp shall be preceded by
landings of 1.5 m × 1.5 m size.
c) Ramps shall have landings located at the top, at the bottom, and at
doors opening onto the ramp.
d) Every landing shall be not less than 1 500 mm long in the direction
of travel.

NBC Part 4 pg. 30
SMOKE AND CONTROL OF EXIT
• Pressurization is a method adopted for protecting the exits from
ingress of smoke, especially in high-rise buildings.
• In pressurization, air is injected into the staircases, lobbies, etc, as
applicable, to raise their pressure slightly above the pressure in
adjacent parts of the building.
• As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic gases into the exits will be
prevented.
• The pressure difference for staircases shall be 50 Pa.
• Pressure differences for lobbies (or corridors) shall be between 25
Pa and 30 Pa.
• Further, the pressure differential for enclosed staircase adjacent to
such lobby (or corridors) shall be 50 Pa.
• For enclosed staircases adjacent to non-pressurized lobby (or
corridors), the pressure differential shall be 50 Pa.
Equipment and ductwork for staircase pressurization shall be in
accordance with one of the following:
1) Directly connected to the stairway by ductwork enclosed in non
combustible construction.
2) If ducts used to pressurize the system are passed through shafts and
grills are provided at each level, it shall be ensured that hot gases and
smoke from the building cannot ingress into the staircases under any
circumstances.

SAFE ASSEMBLY POINT
Emergency Assembly Points (EAPs) are designated areas on campus,
which are to be used in the case of emergency situations. They are
intended to provide a safe area for individuals to stand, while waiting for
emergency personnel to respond.
Location
The fundamental factor for deciding on the location of your assembly
point should be its distance from the building. Keeping all persons well
away from flames and smoke is paramount, and a gap of 50 feet between
property and assembly point is ideal to avoid debris from collapsing
structures.
Evacuation Route
The route taken to reach your assembly point is also an important
consideration. Although the way needs to be as direct as possible, there
should be no potential obstructions for those with mobility issues, and
the need to cross roads should be avoided to prevent panicked occupants
of a building from stepping into oncoming traffic.
Clearly signposted directions (particularly for fire exits, which should be
illuminated at all times with emergency lighting) are a must – even
though fire marshals should be guiding people to assembly points, this
may not always be possible.
Register/Roll Call
Once fully assembled, it is vital that a register of all building occupants
is taken to ensure that none are left inside. This should be done by a
single fire marshal to avoid duplication, with any managers accounting
for the presence of their team members.
Emergency Services
The assembly point must not obstruct access for emergency services –
most obviously fire engines. Trained fire marshals or the designated
‘Responsible Person’should be on hand to communicate with fire
services, informing them of any potential hazards or persons
unaccounted for.
Re-entry
If the alarm that triggered the evacuation turns out to be false, then it is
up to the designated fire marshals to determine whether it is safe to re-
enter the building. On no account should re-entry occur with a fire alarm
still sounding.

Fire Drills and Fire Orders
Fire notices/orders shall be prepared to fulfill the requirements of
firefighting and evacuation from the buildings in the event of fire and
other emergency. The occupants shall be made thoroughly conversant
with their action in the event of emergency, by displaying fire notices at
vantage points and also through regular training. Such notices should be
displayed prominent in bold lettering.
D-3 DRILLS
D-3.1 Fire drills shall be conducted, in accordance with the Fire Safety
Plan, at least once every three months for buildings during the first
two years. Thereafter, fire drills shall be conducted at least once every
six months.
D-3.2 All occupants of the building shall participate in the fire drill.
However, occupants of the building, other than building service
employees, are not required to leave the floor or use the exits during the
drill.
D-3.3 A written record of such drills shall be kept on the premises for a
three years period and shall be readily available for fire brigade
inspection.

Tamil Nadu - Obtain a Fire License
1.Applicant may approach the Office of “Divisional Fire Officer, located in
the Head Quarters of every district” to apply for this license.
2.Following link provides contact details: Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue
Service
3.Make sure that you have required documents to process your request.
4.Please confirm that you are eligible to apply.
5.Applicant must submit the completed form obtained from fire
station(across state) with required documents.
6.Your application will be accepted (if required applicant need to pay as
advised).
7.The filled in application form may be given to the nearest Fire Station, or
may also be sent directly to the Divisional Fire Officer, who is stationed at
every District Head Quarters.
8.This application will be processed further
9.Verification of document, Inspection of site and other scrutiny will be
carried out
10.If everything in place and upon satisfactory grounds the license will be
issued
11.The Fire License will be issued by the Divisional Fire Officer to the
applicant directly either at the Fire Station or at the Divisional Fire Office.
Note: Grant or rejection of permit depends on the department decision.
Apply through e-Sevai Centre:
Applicant can reach e-sevai centre to apply for fire license.
Link to locate e-sevai centre: e-sevai centers
Obtain the application from the office and submit the completed
application along with documents to the authority.
Once the documents are accepted, authority will process the
request through computer and the application will be made for
processing.
Applicant will get application number for future reference.
Applicant will get notification from processing department to
present the documents in person to complete the process.
Site inspection, verification of documents and issuance of
license will conclude.
Required Documents
Application form for applying. Applicant can collect application
form from fire stations. Link for fire station : Tamil Nadu Fire
and Rescue Service
Two Copies of Site Plan of the Warehouse or Work Shop drawn
to the scale of 1cm=1mtr.
A statement showing the name and maximum quantity of
hazardous substances to be stored or processed in the premises.

39
FIRE SAFETY
TAMIL NADU FIRE AND RESCUE
SERVICES DEPARTMENT

40
Sl.
No
Types of Fire Protection (required
(Active Measures)
Requirements
1. Fire Extinguishers Minimum 2 Nos per Floor
2. Hose Reel Assembly Provided at all floors (Per 1000
m2).
3. Wet riser Provided at all floors (Per 1000
m2).
4. Yard Hydrant At all around the building
5. Fire service inlets Provided at ground level
6. Manually operated Fire Alarm call
points (MCP)
For each Floor
7. Automatic detection and Alarm System For entire building
8. Automatic Sprinkler System To be installed in entire building
9. Underground water tank 200,000 Liters.
10. Terrace Level over head tank 20,000 Liters.
11. Fire Pump at Ground level 2 electric and 1 diesel pump of
each capacity 2850 LPM and 1
electric pump 180 LPM (Jockey
Pump).
Group E: Business Buildings (Above 30m in Height)
Requirements of Fire Safety Arrangements and Life Safety Measures

41
Group E: Business Buildings (Above 30 meter in Height)
Requirements of Fire Safety Arrangements and Life Safety Measures
Sl.
No
Life Safety (Passive Defense) Requirements
12. Staircase (2 meters width) Minimum of 2 Nos. Location
should not be adjacent, and should
be away from each other. (Remote
from each other)
13. Side Set Back area 7 meters all around the building
14. “Exit” Signage’s Shall be clearly visible and the root
to reach the exits shall be clearly
marked and signs posted to guide
the occupants of the floor.
15. Emergency Lights At staircase landing and exit
routes.
16. Lightning arrester Should be provided
17. Public Address System Should be provided for an
announcement during the
emergency
18. Smoke Vent System To be provided in the basement areas and other
enveloped areas in the floor.
19. Do’s and Don'ts laminated hanging pads Should be available in all floors in prominent places.

42
Sl.
No
Life Safety (Passive Defense) Requirements
20. Assembly Point Assembly points should be designed at the ground
floor occupants of each floor.
21. House Keeping Entire building should be maintained neat and clean.
22. Entrance gate width and height Not less than 4.5 meter and 5 meter respectively.
23. Fire Drill and Fire order Fire Drill should be conducted once in 6 months and
Fire order should be prepared kept ready.
24. Evacuation plan This plan should be displayed in each at prominent
places.
25. Training Staffs should be trained in preliminary fire fighting
and evacuation management during emergency.
26. Parking facility Separate provision should be made for parking of
vehicles. At any cost side set back area should not be
used for parking of vehicles.
27. Fire lift 1 No.(per 1200 m2) with a provision for evacuation
28. Compartmentalization Area more than 750m2 on individual floor shall be
segregated by fire resistance wall to contain the
spread of fire, smoke and heat.
29. Means of escape and exit Staircases should be pressurized to prevent spread of
smoke in the escape routes
30. Refuge Area Refuge area to be provided at 24th meter level

1. (KLK) KUALA LUMPUR KEPONG BERHAD
• Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad ("KLK"), a company incorporated in
Malaysia, is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad
with a market capitalisation of approximately RM 26.5 billion at the end of
June 2017.
• whereby it is a 12-story high building. All through this contextual analysis, it
is investigated that the KLK building is contained a few building
administrations; which is the mechanical ventilation, fire assurance, cooling
and mechanical transportation framework.
• The Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad is picked as a contextual analysis working
as it is one of the main development office in Malaysia that started as a
plantation company more than 100 years ago, plantations (oil palm and
rubber) still lead as KLK's core business activity.
• Through various strategic acquisitions and sound management, the Group's
plantation land bank now stands at over 270,000 hectares spread across
Malaysia (Peninsular and Sabah), Indonesia (Belitung Island, Sumatra, central
and east Kalimantan) and Liberia (Palm Bay and Butaw). , the KLK is a well
qualified building that can give us adequate information with respect to our
investigation. Information in the following report will be referred to the UBBL
(Uniform Building By-Laws 1984); as to comprehend if the building
requirements are met by the building services, based on our observance.

2.ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES IN KLK BUILDING
2.1 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
2.1.1SMOKE DETECTOR
• Break Glass Fire Alarm System is a type of trigger for Fire Alarm System.
It is designed for the purpose of raising when verification of fire or emergency
conditions occur. Breaking the glass will trigger the fire alarm therefore alarm
signal can be raised.
• In Menara KLK, Breaking Glass Fire Alarm System is located at the
emergency staircase exit on each of every floors, where the fire alarm signal
is triggered and will be transferred to the control room when fire
occurred.
2.1.2BREAK GLASS FIRE ALARM SYSTEM•
Smoke Detector are designed to identify a fire while
in its smoldering or early flame stages, replicating the
human sense of smell
• The most common smoke detectors are spot type
units, that are placed along ceilings or high on walls in
a manner similar to spot thermal units. They operate
on either an ionization or photoelectric principle, with
each type having advantages in different applications.
• Menara KLK utilises the Photoelectric Smoke
Detector to detect smoke of the fire, which is installed
on the ceilings at each of every floors.

2.2FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (AUTOMATIC
AND MANUAL)
2.2.1 ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM (AUTOMATIC)
• An Addressable Fire Alarm System is made up of a series
of fire detectors and devices that are connected back to a
central control panel.
• With addressable systans, each device has an address or
location, enabling the exact detector that was triggered to
be quickly identified. This makes addressable alarm
systems ideal for large buildings, particularly commercial
premises spread over a wide area.
•
The Addressable Fire Alarm System is located at the
control room of Menara KLK (Figure 3.10). It controls all
of the fire alarm system's component in the building and
will notify the control room if any component is triggered
automatically.
•

2.2FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
(AUTOMATIC AND
MANUAL)

AND MANUAL)
2.2.2 FIRE STROBE (AUTOMATIC)
• Fire Strobe light is designated to deliver cost-efficient
installation time. Usually this light will be provided along with
alarm bell to produce visual-audio system to alert the
occupants during the fire.
• There are few choices available in the market, but the most
common colours that can be found are red and white.
• Voltages that usually involved in the operation of this devices
are 12 or 24 volts. It Provides light by giving 1 or 2 flashes per
second, which creates greater attention compared to constant
lighting.
• Fire strobes used in Menara KLK were in red-green colour. It
is located outside of control room at Ground Floor (Figure
3.13) and outside of electric room at Basement 1 (3.14). It is
connected along with alarm bell.

AND MANUAL)
2.2.2 FIRE STROBE (AUTOMATIC)

AND MANUAL)
2.2.3 FIREMAN SWITCH (MANUAL)
2.2.4 FIREMAN
INTERCOM SYSTEM
(MANUAL)
• Fireman Switch is a switch-disconnector or isolator for
special applications. The fireman switches are located
on the outside wall of buildings. They are designed to
by easy to spot and are used by firermn to disconnect
power from high voltage devices that may cause danger
during fire.
• In Menara KLK, the fireman's switch is located every
floors at the fire escape staircase. The fireman's switch
will only disconnect the individual floors.
• Fireman Intercom System provides direct communication from master fire
control room and Remote Headset (3.17). All remote headset have
continuous supervision for any faulty with fast maintenance. Usually
remote headset is located at the fire escape staircase and it only has one
button which is easy to understand the operation way.
• Menara KLK has remote headset at the fire escape staircase on every floors
which is located nearby the Fireman's Switch. All the remote headset are
connected to the control room at the ground floor. The Control Room
(Figure 3.18) will received the fire alarm signal on the control panel and the
security can directly inform the fire station on the intercom system.

AND MANUAL)
2.2.4 FIREMAN
INTERCOM SYSTEM
(MANUAL)

2.3PUMP CONTROLLING SYSTEM
2.3.1 DRY RISER
The Pump Controlling System plays a crucial
part in order for a fire fighting system to actually
work during a fire breakout.
It houses all the pump systems and water
storage tanks. The main systems that function
through the fire pump are the sprinkler and hose
reel system.
The fire pumps can be powered by diesel,
electronic or steam. Fire pumps are used to boost
the water pressure in sprinkler and standpipe
systems and to deliver the required amount of
water.
The pipe supplying water to the hoses are
pressurized all the time. 3 pumps supply of water
from the tank to the hoses. The pumps are
sprinkle pump duty, sprinkle pump standby, and
sprinkle pump jockey.
• Dry rising systems provided in building in which the topmost floor is
more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance
access level.
• A hose connection is provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
• Dry risers contains "Class C" pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient
strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.
• Dry risers are tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of
pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.
• All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems are pitched at the rate of 6.35
millimetres in 3.05 metres.

2.3PUMP CONTROLLING SYSTEM
2.3.1 WET RISER
• Wet Riser Systems are installed in a buildings for
fire fighting purposes by trained personnel and
which are permanently charged with water from a
pumped source.
• A hose connection is provided in each fire fighting
access lobby.
• Wet risers are minimum 152.4 millimetres
diameter and hydrostatically tested at a pressure
50% above the working pressure required and not
less than 14 bars for at least twenty-four hours.
• Each wet riser outlet comprises standard 63.5
millimeters instantaneous coupling fitted with a
hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter
equipped with an approved typed cradle and a
variable fog nozzle.
• A wet riser is provided in every staircase which
extends from the ground floor level to the roof and
they are equipped with a three-way 63.5
millimeters outlet above the roofline.
2.3.1.1DUTY PUMP
Duty Pump pressurizes the water in the system in order to maintain the system in
running order when the pressure pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault
where duty pump fails to work, the Standby Pump will be activated automatically.
2.3.1.2 STANDBY PUMP
Standby Pump functions in the same way as the Duty Pump. When the Duty
Pump is under maintenance or stop working, the Standby Pump will act as a
backup where it is usually can be controlled by a control panel where it can be
switched off manually.
2.3.1.3 JOCKEY PUMP
The Jockey Pump usually are connect and work together with a Fire Pump.
Therefore, to prevent the Fire Pump from running all the time, Jockey Pump is
there to maintain and control a certain amount of pressure by elevating it to a
specific level when not in used. The Jockey Pump will also prevent water drainage
during a fire emergency when water rushes into the pipe
2.3.1.4 CONTROL VALVE
Control Valve is to control the flow of water from the pump, which it is located at
the primary water pipe

2.4 WATER TANK & SUCTION TANK
• The Water Tank and Suction Tank
stores the water which provide by the
government SYABAS for all the
existing sprinklers and wet risers in
the building.
• The water level indicate the level of
water in the water tank to ensure
there is enough capacity of water
inside ion case for emergency usage.
• During a fire emergency, when the
sprinklers are triggered, water will be
transferred from the suction tank to
the pumps and the pumps will
pressurize the water to all the
sprinklers.
• In Menara KLK, the Water Tank &
Suction Tank located at the rooftop

2.4 WATER TANK & SUCTION TANK

2.5 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
2.5.1 WET PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• Wet Pipe Sprinkler System is a sprinkler system operates automatic
sprinkler heads attached to a piping system containing water and
connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately
from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire.
• This allows for a quick reaction to a fire and is the most common
type of sprinkler installed in buildings. Types of building that are
using the wet pipe system are high-rise or office building with few
floors. This fire sprinkler system is cost efficient and low
maintenance.
• In Menara KLK, Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System is located at each
of every floors, where a temperature at or reaches above the
temperature rating of the heat sensitive element, lead to a drop in
pressure within the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve,
which will also activate the alarm pressure switch, which in tum
will activate an alarm calling the fire brigade.

2.6. ARGONITE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
• Argonite Fire Suppression System) monitoring the space,
activates both visual and audio alarms before releasing the gas. It
is based in the principle of reducing the oxygen concentration
inside the protected hazard. The oxygen concentration is
minimized by the application of Argonite until it reaches a level
where combustion is no longer supported. Each system is
designed so as to decrease oxygen to a specific level.
• In Menara KLK, such system is provided at the Control Rooms,
which is located at the ground floor
2.7. CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM
• Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System monitoring the space,
activates both visual and audio alarms before releasing the gas. It is
based in the principle of reducing the oxygen concentration inside
the protected hazard. The oxygen concentration is minimized by the
application of Carbon Dioxide until it reaches a level where
combustion is no longer supported. Each systern is designed so as to
decrease oxygen to a specific level.
• Analysis: In Menara KLK, such system is provided at the electric
room and mechanic room that consist of electrical apparatus, which
is located at the basement 1

2.6. ARGONITE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 2.7. CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM

2.8 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
2.8.1 FIRE HOSE REEL SYSTEM
Fire Hose Reel System is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages
of a fire. Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose
reels located strategically in a building
2.8.2 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT
In this case study, the distance between the fire hydrant and the building is around
51m. It is located at the southeastern part of the outdoor car park of Menara KLK.
2.8.3 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Portable Fire Extinguisher are elementary fire fighting equipment intended for
first-aid fire fighting during the initial outbreak of fire incident to prevent
escalation into a full scale fire because they are not supposed to be used against a
large scale fire.

Site Plan
EXTERNAL HYDRANT

3.PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES IN KLK BUILDING
3.1 CONTROL ROOM
• Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a
building through the use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors.
Compartmentalizing your building into smaller sections helps to slow or
prevent the spread of fire/smoke from one room to the next.
• The Control Room in Menara KLK is located at Ground Floor near the
podium. It is integrated with security alarm, CCTV, mechanical ventilation,
mechanic transportation and air conditioning system.
Ground Floor Plan
3.2 LIGHTED EXIT SIGN
• In Menara KLK, lighted 'Keluar / Exit' signs are installed on top of every door
frames at every floor exits.
•3.3 FIRE RATED DOOR
• A Fire Door with a fire-resistance rating to reduce the spread of fire and smoke
between separate compartments of a building.
3.4 EMERGENCY LIGHTING
• All fire doors are fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring
operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in
the case of sliding doors.

3.5 EMERGENCY FLOOR PLAN
3.6 FIRE STAIRCASE
3.7 FIRE RATED WALL
• Emergency Floor Plans are found on the wall at the entrance of lifts on every
floors. The floor plan stated that mechanical transportation systems such as
lifts cannot be used during fire due to risk of power failure and occupants get
trapped inside the lift. The yellow area indicates escape routes and grey area
indicates fire exit staircase. The floor plan also indicates the location of fire
extinguisher and break glass system.
• In Menara KLK, 2 fire staircases can be found near the toilet and another one
located at northem part of the building
• In Menara KLK, firewall is used for the whole building and it can provide up
to 1 hour fire resistance.

Ground Floor Plan
FIRE STAIRCASE EVACUATION ROUTE

3.8 EMERGENCY LOUDSPEAKER
3.9 SMOKE CURTAIN
3.10 FIRE EVACUATION ROUTE
• Emergency Loudspeaker offers emergency voice
communication and tone to warn people when fire occur.
• It is installed at each floor, but is hidden for the aesthetic
purpose.
• In Menara KLK, smoke curtain is installed in the utility rooms Each mechanical
ventilation in the utility room has its own smoke curtain to prevent smoke coming
in. The smoke curtain is triggered automatically if the alarm rang, the string that
holds the smoke will be cut off and it will cover the mechanical ventilation.
ELEVATOR
DOORS
• There are 2 exits in Menara KLK, 1 is the main entrance
and another one is at the second drop off point to allow
occupants to escape the building as fast as possible and
prevent the circulation is congested. There are 2 fire
staircase which will leads them to the nearest exit.

1.PERTUBUHAN AKITEK MALAYSIA (PAM CENTER)
• The New PAM Centre, located on Jalan Tandok
in Bangsar is the current head office of
Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia. It was designed by
Mohd Heikal Hasan of HMA & Associates and
completed in 2016. The building is striking in its
liberal use of raw finishes and clever spatial
organisation on a limited land area
• Noted for its Platinum certification for Green
Building Index, the New PAM Centre's
minimalist, grid design promotes passive
strategies in fulfilling the requirements of fire
safety and ventilation. Some of the features that
afforded the building its Platinum certification
include a rainwater harvesting system that is used
for irrigation and flushing purposes, a 25 kWp
photovoltaic system to make use of solar energy,
and a vertical greenery to maximise use of the
limited space.
• The interior is industrial, constructed of exposed
brick walls, flat concrete slabs and hidden steel
columns.

2.ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES IN PAM BUILDING
2.1 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
2.1.1Optical Heat Detectors
• The ones installed in the new PAM centre, are able to
reduce false alarms while increasing the speed of
detection.
• They are located at the hallways, offices and lift
lobbies. Each room contains at least one detector and
the distance between each detector is approximately
5m, with a minimum distance of 0.5m from walls and
partitions.
• The detectors are also installed with emergency lights
but no sprinklers.
• Smoking inside the building is prohibited so as not to
trigger any of the smoke alarms.
AND MANUAL)
• The alarm bell is a device that creates loud alert sounds. It functions by
means of an electromagnet, consisting of coils of insulated wire wound round
iron rods. Once electricity is applied, the current will flow through the coils
causing the rods to become magnetised and attract a piece of iron that is
attached to a clapper. When the clapper hits the bell, it will create a repetitive
loud ringing sound to alert the occupants of an emergency.
• The main alarm bell in the PAM building is located at the car park area,
right above the fire department connection and the post indicator valve.
• When the fire alarm bell sounds, it quickly directs firefighters to the right
location for connecting their hose to the hydrant.
2.2.1Fire Alarm Bell

AND MANUAL)
2.2.2 Fire Emergency Light
• Open area lighting — provided to minimise panic and
ensure sufficient illumination to allow the occupants of a
building to reach a place where an escape route can be
identified.
. The two types of emergency lights used in the PAM centre
are:
• External areas in immediate vicinity of exits
• Escape route lighting — provided to easily identify escape
routes.
• The emergency lightings in the PAM building can be found in:
• Emergency exits and escape routes
• Open areas
2.2.3 Manual Call Point
• The new PAM building is also equipped with
manual alarm call points.
• These are designed for the purpose of raising
an alarm manually once verification of a fire
or emergency condition exists, by operating
the push button or breaking the glass. Since it
is manual, it requires human intervention for
its activation.
• In this case study, the call points are located
on all storey exits and all exits to open air
with travel distance to a call point not more
than 45m within the building and positioned
approximately 1.4 m above the floor.

AND MANUAL)
2.2.4 Fire Alarm Control Panel 2.2.5 Fireman Intercom System
The fire alarm control panel in the PAM building is located in the security/ control
room.. Its purpose is to monitor and control the input devices found in the PAM
centre such as:
• Detectors and sensors.
• Manual call points.
•• Notification Appliances.
• The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of
the fireman's switch.
• In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall retum in sequence directly to
the designated floor and operate under emergency power
• Fireman intercom system used in the PAM centre is
a two way emergency voice communication
system.
• . The master control panel which is installed at the
ground floor level in the security/ control room.
• The intercom handset stations are located at the
staircases of every level. At the master control
panel, a call alert lamp shall flash with audible
signal when there is incoming call.
• Upon lifting the handset, the audible signal will be
silenced. The master control panel is also equipped
with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type of
fault.

AND MANUAL)
2.2.6 Fireman Switch 2.3.1 Fire Extinguisher
• The fireman's switch for the PAM centre is
clearly location and the ground floor, right
below the alarm bell and the fire control
panel.
• Every floor or zone of any floor with a net
area exceeding 929 square metres shall be
provided with an electrical isolation switch
located within a staircase enclosure to
permit the disconnection of electrical power
supply to the relevant floor or zone sewed.
• The switch shall be of a type similar to the
fireman's switch specified in theInstitution
of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in
force.
• The PAM centre is well equipped with
ABC Fire Extinguishers.
• Most of the fire extinguishers are
strategically located in the hallways and
also at the fire staircases, other rooms
such as the auditorium and the
exhibition room.
• Portable extinguisher shall be provided
in accordance with the relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited in prominent
positions on exit routes to be visible
from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the
same method of operation.

2.3.2 Dry Riser and Dry Hydrant
• Dry risers have to allow access to a fire engine
within 18 m of the dry riser inlet box and have
to be within a fire-resistant shaft.
• In the case of the PAM building, the term "dry
riser" may also refer to a standpipe, which is
intended to provide water to fire hose
connections.
• The dry standpipe comprises of a fire
department connection, which is an external
access point at ground level through which
water can be pumped from the fire department's
fire engine pump to the fire hose attachments on
each floor.
• The dry hydrants and fire hoses are found at the
emergency staircases of each level as well as in
the car park which is a semi-open area.
2.3.3 Hose Reel System
• in the PAM building the fire hose reels used in our
case study consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and
hose reels.
• This whole system is placed at strategic areas in the
centre in order to ensure proper coverage of water
supply throughout the entire building.
• in case of fire to operate the hose, a valve is opened
that allows water to flow through the hose with a jet
stream of approximately 10m from the nozzle.
• The length of the hose is 45m maximum and made of
reinforced rubber.
• These type of hose reels are also found mainly at
each floor of the emergency staircases and also a few
other strategic points in the building.

3.PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES IN PAM BUILDING
3.1 FIRE DOORS
• A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating
used to reduce the spread of fire and smoke
between separate compartments of a structure and
to enable safe egress from a building. All fire
doors must be installed with the appropriate fire
resistant fittings, such as the frame and door
hardware, for it to fully comply with any fire
regulations.
• Fire doors may be made of a combination of
materials, such as glass sections, gypsum (as an
endothermic fill), steel, timber vermiculite-boards
and aluminium. Both the door leaf and the frame
are required to meet the guidelines of the testing
agency which provides the product listing. The
door frame includes the fire or smoke seals, door
hardware, and the structure that holds the fire
door assembly in place. Together, these
components form an assembly, typically called a
"doorset" which holds a numerical rating,
quantified in hours of resistance to a test fire.
• All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door
closers of the hydraulically spring operated type
in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and
weight type in the case of sliding doors.
• Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall
be provided with coordinating device to ensure
that leafs close in the proper sequence.
• Fire doors may be held open provided the hold
open device incorporates a heat actuated device to
release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not
be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to
protected corridors or protected staircases.
• Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be
provided.
• Openings in companment walls and separating
walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP
in accordance with the requirements for that wall
specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

3.2 FIRE RATED BUILDING MATERIAL
Ignition resistant materials have passed a 30-minute
flame spread test after being subjected to an
accelerated weathering cycle that consists of 12
weeks of alternate wetting and drying exposures.
Ignition resistant materials are combustible.
• The degree of fire resistance required depends on the type of occupancy, the
size of the building, its location (proximity to property lines and within
established fire zones), and in some cases, the amount and type of fire
detection and extinguishing equipment available in the structure.
• Precast concrete members are inherently noncombustible and can be
designed to meet any degree of fire resistance that may be required by
building codes, insurance companies, and other authorities.
• The floors, exterior walls, columns, beams and roof in the PAM Centre are
made up of four hour fire rated precast concrete members.
• The change in concrete properties due to high temperature depends on the
type of coarse aggregate used.
• Aggregate used in concrete can be classified into three types: carbonate,
siliceous and lightweight.
• Carbonate aggregates include limestone and dolomite. Siliceous aggregate
includes materials consisting of silica and include granite and sandstone.
Lightweight aggregates are usually manufactured by heating shale, slate, or
clay.

3.2.1 HOT-DIP GALVANIZED STEEL
There are two types of fireproofing can be successfully used on hot-dip galvanized steel; cement-bonded concrete and fire-retardant coatings
Cement-bonded concrete can be of either the dense or lightweight varieties.
The dense version is most commonly used on outdoor structural members that may be subjected to impact, such as by vehicle bumpers.
Lightweight cement-bonded concrete is most commonly used when weight is a consideration or for areas where impact is not likely.
Moisture can penetrate lightweight fireproofing material easier than dense material, so it is important lightweight material completely covers
the area it is applied to, and in the thicknesses recommended by the manufacturer.
Fire-retardant coatings are reactive materials and begin foaming once a certain temperature threshold is exceeded. The foam reduces the heat
transfer to the steel, and ceramic binders further protect the steel from excessive heat.
The use of hot-dip galvanized steel is seen in the material of stairs and conduits that run through the entire building.

3.3. COMPARTMENTALIZATION
• Compartmentation is basically the division of a building
into cells, using construction materials that will prevent
the passage of fire from one cell to another for a given
period of time.
• The most common feature of compartmentation that we
use and see on a day to day basis is a fire door.
• However, most building users forget that the surrounding
construction will also be fire rated.
• Firestopping is the generic term given to various components that are used
to seal openings in fire compartmentation.
• The method adopted will differ greatly, depending on the type and size of
the opening as well as the material that is passing through. Other systems,
such as fire dampers are used where ductwork passes through fire walls.
• Technology and industry advances mean that fire separation (if installed
properly) can have an enviable success rate, however, it is the weaknesses
that must be continually considered, particularly with the constant
changing environment in buildings requiring service alterations.
Ground floor plan of the PAM Centre indicating the compartments, fire staircases
and exits
First floor plan of the PAM Centre indicating the compartments,
fire staircases and exits

LIVE CASE STUDY
GLOBAL INFOCITY

GLOBAL INFOCITY
• Global Infocity - Developed by Shapoorji Pallonji Group.
• It is a multi- tenanted block
• Built in the year 2015.
• The total development size of this building is 7,80,000 sft.
• The A grade property offers spacious and skilfuly designed commercial office
space.
BUILDING NAME - GLOBAL INFOCITY
MICROMARKET - OMR PRE- TOLL
LOCALITY - PERUNGUDI
YEAR BUILT - 2015
STOREY - 14
TYPICAL FLOOR AREA - 60,000sq.ft
TOTAL AREA - 7,80,000sq.ft
PARKING RATIO - 1:1000

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES IN GLOBAL INFOCITY
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
SMOKE DETECTOR –GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (GSS)
• Gaseous fire suppression, also called clean agent fire suppression, is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to
extinguish a fire. These agents are governed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard for Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems – NFPA 2001.
• Inert gas suppression systems use argon and nitrogen gases and their mixtures as an extinguishing agent and are based in the principle of
reducing the oxygen concentration inside the protected hazard. The oxygen concentration is minimized by the application of inert gas until
it reaches a level where combustion is no longer supported. Each system is designed so as to decrease oxygen to a specific level. When
discharged, inert gas is quickly and uniformly distributed within the enclosure, achieving design concentration in 60 seconds.
• Gas suppression system is used in global infocity in battery rooms.

SMOKE DETECTOR –
GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (GSS)
• Two methods for applying an extinguishing agent: total flooding
and local application:
• Systems working on a total flooding principle apply an
extinguishing agent to a three dimensional enclosed space in
order to achieve a concentration of the agent to extinguish the
fire. These types of systems may be operated automatically by
detection and related controls or manually by the operation of a
system actuator.
• Systems working on a local application principle apply an
extinguishing agent directly onto a fire immediately
surrounding the substance or object on fire.
Features and Benefits
Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
We simply borrow Nitrogen and Argon from nature. When released,
they automatically return to their natural place in the environment.
Zero Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Nitrogen and Argon have no atmospheric lifetime and zero GWP, so
they pose no risk to the environment.
Weight Similar To Air
The weight of inert gas agents corresponds closely to that of normal
air and will evacuate a protected area slower than halocarbon agents
after a discharge.
No Combustion By-Products
Inert gasses do not decompose into toxic or corrosive elements in a
fire, making it a safe choice for people and assets.
No Fogging
inert gas systems is ideal for occupied spaces because escape routes
remain visible during, and after a discharge.
No Residue
That means no damage to your equipment and no clean up required
Electrically Non-conductive
It is electrically non-conductive and is therefore highly recommended
for protecting electrical and electronic materials.
Minimal Thermal Shock
When discharged, inert gasses cause the least amount of thermal
shock (sudden temperature drop), compared to other clean agents.

SMOKE DETECTOR –VESDA SYSTEM
• VESDA (Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus) is a laser
based smoke detection system placed in HUB room.
• A VESDA detector sucks air from the protected environment
via purpose built aspirating pipe and fittings and samples the
quality of air passing through the VESDA detection laser
chamber.
• VESDA aspirating smoke detectors buy the critical time needed
to investigate an alarm and initiate an appropriate response to
prevent injury, property damage or business disruption. VESDA
detectors have multi-level warnings and a wide range of
sensitivity that does not degrade or change over time, so even
minute levels of smoke can be detected before a fire has time to
escalate.
Benefits
• The key benefit of aspirating smoke detectors is that they can
detect smoke before it is visible to the human eye. Standard
point detectors generally do not detect smoke until it is visible,
meaning that a fire can be well underway before any action is
taken.
• Another problem with standard point detectors is that they
cannot be positioned too close to electronic equipment such as
computer servers because of the negative electromagnetic
effects they cause.
• The VESDA detector on the other hand, can be run directly
above the server, or even inside a sealed server cabinet. In the
event of a server overheating and an electronic component
beginning to smoke the VESDA detects the problem in less than
thirty seconds, alerting staff that there is a problem before it
becomes a bigger threat.

SMOKE DETECTOR
• Smoke Detector are designed to identify a fire while in its
smoldering or early flame stages, replicating the human sense of
smell
• The most common smoke detectors are spot type units, that are
placed along ceilings or high on walls in a manner similar to
spot thermal units. They operate on either an ionization or
photoelectric principle, with each type having advantages in
different applications.
• Global infocity utilizes the Photoelectric Smoke Detector to
detect smoke of the fire, which is installed on the ceilings at
each of every floors.
MANUAL CALL POINT
• Break Glass Fire Alarm System is a type of trigger for Fire
Alarm System. It is designed for the purpose of raising when
verification of fire or emergency conditions occur. Breaking the
glass will trigger the fire alarm therefore alarm signal can be
raised.
• In Global city, Breaking Glass Fire Alarm System is located at
the emergency staircase exit on each of every floors, where the
fire alarm signal is triggered and will be transferred to the
control room when fire occurred.

SRINKLER SYSTEM
• Pendent sprinklers are used
at an interval of 3m.
• Upright sprinklers are used
where there is any hindrance
such as slabs.
• It covers a 30cm radius.
• The pipeline is placed at 3m
intervals throughout the
ceiling.

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
CO2 EXTINGUISHER POWDER TYPE EXTINGUISHER
Overview:
Standard dry powder extinguishers are also called 'ABC'
extinguishers because they tackle class A, B and C fires, however
they are not recommended for use in enclosed spaces. This is
because the powder can be easily inhaled, and also the residue is
very difficult to clean up after. ABC powder extinguishers can also
be used on some electrical fires. Specialist dry powder extinguishers
are used for flammable metals.
Label Color:
- Blue
Use for:
o Wood and coal
Located
It is placed at each floor at a distance of
18m
Overview:
CO2 extinguishers are predominantly used for electrical fire risks
and are usually the main fire extinguisher type provided in computer
server rooms. They also put out Class B fires (flammable liquids,
such as paint and petroleum).
Label Color:
- Black
Use for:
- Electrical fires
Located
It is placed at each floor at a distance
Of 18m

FIRE CONTROL PANEL
ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM PANEL
• An addressable fire alarm system is placed at every floor near
the reception area.
• It is made up of series of fire detectors and devices that are
connected back to a central control panel.
• With addressable systems, enabling the exact detector that was
triggered to be quickly identified.
ADVANTAGES OF ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARMS
• Quickly determine the location of a fire
• Specific actions can be programmed by the user
• Reduced like hood and better handling of false alarms
• More reliability, less likely to lose connection.
• Lower overall cost of wiring
• Ability to monitor integrity of the system, with detector health
checks
FIRE HOSE REEL SYSTEM
Fire Hose Reel System is placed around the building at an interval of
15m distance .It is intended for the occupant to use during the early
stages of a fire. Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water
supply and hose reels located strategically in a building

FIRE CONTROL PANEL
FIRE DAMPER CONTROL PANEL
• These Fire damper control panels are places in AHU rooms
• There are 4 AHU room in each floor of the building
• These panels constantly monitor for duct smoke
detector alarm signals and the internal power supply
regularly performs internal checks ensuring correct
operation.
• The standby batteries are monitored for charge and
condition.
• Normal operation is indicated by the system healthy
indicator illuminated green, any fault condition is
indicated by the fault indicator illuminated yellow.
• If one or more duct smoke detectors detect smoke the
relevant zone active indicator/s will illuminate green
and the panel will activate the damper release
mechanism/s for the appropriate zone/s.
• If any zone activation or fault condition occurs, these
panels will also trigger a zone fault indication on the
alarm and fault indication panel in the main reception.

93
S.NO FIGURE NAME OF
PRODUCT
UNIT QUANTITY PER
UNIT
RATE
TOTAL
AMOUNT
1 ADDRESABLE
FIRE ALARAM
PANEL
NOS 14 65000 910000
2 FIRE DAMBER
ALARM PANEL
NOS 46 3000 138000
3 EXTERNAL FIRE
HYDRANT
NOS 37 3900 144300
4 ABC FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
NOS 130 1200 156000
5 POWDER FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
NOS 113 2250 254250
6 VOICE ALARM
CONTROLLER
NOS 14 90000 1260000
7 CEILING
MOUNT
SPEAKER
NOS 975 1150 1121250
8 WALL MOUNT
SPEAKER
NOS 901 1560 1405560
9 PENDENT
SPRINKLER
BULB
NOS 3877 136 527272

94
13 PRESSURE
GAUGE
NOS 68 450 30600
14 BALL VALVE NOS 68 1200 81600
15 ABOVE SMOKE
DETECTOR
NOS 1736 800 1388800
16 BELOW SMOKE
DETECTOR
NOS 994 950 944300
17 MANUAL PULL
STATION
NOS 90 1500 135000
18 FLASH
SOUNDER
NOS 210 950 199500
19 ACCESS
CONTROL
PANEL
NOS 56 12000 672000
20 ACCESS CARD
READER
NOS 155 2500 387500
21 EMERGENCY
DOOR RELEASE
NOS 135 625 84375
22 ELECTRO
MAGNETIC
LOCK
NOS 135 1650 222750
OVERALL AMOUNT FOR PROCURING THESE PRODUCTS = 1, 05, 60,724 INR

95
SERVICES NBC INFOCITY
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS MINIMUM 2 NOS PER FLOOR PLACED EVERY 12m
HOSE REEL ASSEMBLY PROVIDED AT ALL FLOORS (PER 1000
M2).
PLACED IN ALL FLOORS MAX UPTO 30 METRES
WET RISER PROVIDED AT ALL FLOORS (PER 1000
M2).
-
YARD HYDRANT AT ALL AROUND THE BUILDING PLACED EVERY 10m AROUND THE BUILDING
FIRE SERVICE INLETS PROVIDED AT GROUND LEVEL PROVIDED AT BASEMENT PARKING AND GROUND FLOOR
MANUALLY OPERATED FIRE ALARM
CALL
POINTS (MCP)
FOR EACH FLOOR PLACED NEAR EACH EXTINGUISHERS
ALONG WITH DETECTORS IN EACH FLOOR
AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND ALARM
SYSTEM
FOR ENTIRE BUILDING GIVEN ON ALL FLOORS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM TO BE INSTALLED IN ENTIRE BUILDING PLACED AT INTERVALS OF 5 M
CO2-TYPE EXTINGUISHER MINIMUM 1 NO
PER FLOOR
CO2 EXTINGUISHER GIVEN ON EACH FLOOR
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

96
SERVICES NBC INFOCITY
SMOKE DETECTORS PLACED AT 10 M INTERVALS 10 M FROM EACH OTHER
FIRE PUMP AT GROUND
LEVEL
1 ELECTRIC AND 1 DIESEL PUMP OF EACH CAPACITY 2280 LPM AND 1
ELECTRIC PUMP 180 LPM (JOCKEY PUMP).
FIRE PUMP ROOM AT BASEMENT
STAIRCASE (2 METERS WIDTH) MINIMUM OF 2 NOS. LOCATION SHOULD NOT BE ADJACENT, AND
SHOULD BE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER. (REMOTE FROM EACH OTHER)
STEP WIDTH –1.2M
TREAD –0.3M
WITH 2M WIDTH
“EXIT” SIGNAGE’S SHALL BE CLEARLY VISIBLE AND THE ROOT TO REACH THE EXITS
SHALL BE CLEARLY MARKED AND SIGNS POSTED TO GUIDE THE
OCCUPANTS OF THE FLOOR.
EXIT SIGNAGE IS GIVEN WITH ADEQUATE
LIGHTS IN ALL FLOORS
LIGHTNING ARRESTER SHOULD BE PROVIDED PROVIDED
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR AN ANNOUNCEMENT DURING THE
EMERGENCY
PROVIDED IN EACH FLOOR
SMOKE VENT SYSTEM AUTOMATIC SYSTEM SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR VISIBILITY DURING
EMERGENCY
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

INFERENCE
• Both active and passive fire protection system plays an important role in protecting the building against an eventual fire
breakdown. The main goal of fire protection system are to protect lives, assets and property. The architects and designers
must design a building compliance with the National Building Code.
• Therefore, precautionary steps in active and passive fire protection are essential and should be done thoroughly to prevent
any possible encounter of any form of accidents.
• Active fire protection in the Infocity includes hose reel system, sprinkler system, fire detection systems and the fire alarm
system as their main system supported by portable fire extinguisher.
• Passive fire protection system in Infocity includes the planning of the proper evacuation routes for occupants, the
accessibility of the fire applications into the building, design of passive containment and compartmentalization using fire-
resistance rated wall and floors.
• Although the possibility of fire occurring may be minor, the building should maintain and examine all the fire protection
systems and equipment regularly to ensure all of them work perfectly fine during an emergency.
In conclusion, based on our case study, both active and passive fire protection systems in Global Infocity complies to the
requirements set by the National Building Code and has allocated the best features of passive and active fire protections to
provide swift and safe evacuation for the building occupants. This helps to assure the building, its occupants and contents are
well protected from any possibility of fire. Occupants will also be reassured of their safety as multiple active and passive fire
protection systems can be seen and located throughout each level.

98
SUGGESTIONS
Sound wave extinguisher
The Wave extinguisher is a device that uses acoustic waves to
suppress a flame/fire. Traditional fire extinguishers have
proven to be successful at extinguish flames but risk damaging
equipment and personal health. The Wave extinguisher is
designed to protect surrounding equipment. Using only low-
frequency sound waves to extinguish the flames, this way of
smothering the flames doesn’t leave any mess behind, like
normal fire extinguishers.
Based on the idea of quenching fires with heavy bass sound,
students from George Mason University in Virginia developed
an unusual fire extinguisher. When compared to the chemical
compound of classic fire extinguishers, their invention offers
the cleanest way to put out flames.

Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case study

Fire safety in Office building Literature, net and live case study

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