Ethnographic Interview

Ethnographic Interview
Ethnographic Interview: Taiwan Culture Experience 1
Ethnographic Interview:
Taiwan Culture Experience
Vntge Jayne
Clark Atlanta University
Communication Cultural Diversity,
Professor Howell
March 14, 2011
2
PRECONCEPTIONS
Culture is defined as the traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, values and thought patterning passed
down from generation to generation (Jandt 2010). The world consists of many different cultures. In
this Ethnographic Interview, I was given the opportunity to explore and learn more about a culture
different from my own. Through observation I've have seen how people of different cultures differ
from mines. For example, the type of foods a person ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My informer also ordered a cucumber salad. I was familiar with the cucumber salad because I had
eaten it before and it found it to be a
4
tasteful salad. He also ordered lemonade to drink which so happened to be a common drink I
ordered when I ate out. I knew right than we shared some similarities. While waiting for our food to
arrive I started the interview off with some introductory background questions. His demeanor during
the interview was very comfortable. I felt he was being very open and honest with his answers. Our
conversations flowed very smoothly. I felt as if I was speaking to someone from a different culture
from mines, but the way he expressed his perceptions and experiences were not foreign to me.
Plainly, I could see how people all over the world could share the same dilemmas.
INTERVIEW
1. What was your initial reason to move to the United States? I have heard that united States have
the best education and the opportunity to do what I want.

2. Did anyone of your family members already stay in America before you moved here? My cousin's
whole family
3. If so what did they tell it would be like? They just told me the school is very easy over here in
United States and people are interesting about the foreigner that about it
4. Before moving to North America did you have an idea of what you thought it would be like? I
thought lifestyle would be interesting because I always
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ethnographic Essay
Imagine a trip to one of the most beautiful mountain sceneries in the world. Now imagine that this
scenic trip also includes sporting entertainment and historic landmarks. Welcome to the mountains
of the Pyrenees. There is absolutely nothing to lose and possibly everything to gain by booking a
summer vacation to this realm of marvelous and beautiful land. The Pyrenees is an exquisite range
of mountains located in southwestern Europe. This intensely beautiful mountain range is the barrier
dividing Spain and France. It is approximately 21,380 square miles and contains parts of twelve
French and Spanish provinces. Discover the beautiful significance of the Pyrenees National Park.
Witness the historical thrilling events of the Tour de France as it passes through the Pyrenees route.
The Pyrenees national park is a very beautiful and majestic area, home to many villages of isolated
mountain people. The Pyrenees is home to many elegant and pulchritudinous mountains and valleys
along with incommensurable flora and fauna. It has an area of 2,063 kilometers and encompasses 86
villages with 40,000 inhabitants with the intent to preserve mountain life. Along with being one of
the most beautifully scenic in the world, this national landmark is also home to the highest train
track in all of Europe (Pyrenees ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tradition began in 1910 and has taken place for over 100 years. This was, at the time, a very
questioned decision given the abhorrent state of the roads. This new route demanded a plethora of
unfamiliar and difficult tasks from its riders. Nevertheless, it provided very pleasing and exciting
entertainment for the fans. Some of the most important and exciting events happen during the steep
and difficult climbs of the Pyrenees route (History). A typical day for these racers lasts an average of
forty miles (Street,

Ethnographic Reflection
The theme in my painting is the obstacles people face when trying to achieve a goal. The message
my painting communicates is to be weary of the unseen dangers when attempting to reach an
objective. My intention was for the viewer to see an image that seems simple but in reality contains
a story that is up to the interpretation of whoever is looking at it. In my painting the seagulls are
intended to represent a plan or a vision, the person on the boat is supposed to represent the person
viewing the painting, the wind blowing the boat represents destiny, the animals and coconuts on the
island represents wealth, the anchor represents doubt, the ocean represents life, the island represents
success and the giant shark represents failure. I chose to represent this theme because I think it's
something many people can relate to. My love of the ocean and travel inspired me to make this
painting. This painting connects to other murals and street art because it involved the act of copying
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Warm colors can be found in the sun and the island, cool colors can be found in the ocean and the
sky, neutral colors were used when drawing the seagulls, the tree and debris on the island. I used
overlap when drawing things on the island and the man on his boat. I used value shifting on on the
ocean going top to bottom and the sky going left to right. I used complimentary colors when using
blue on the sky and ocean and orange on the sun and island. Using warm cool and neutral gives the
painting a more living realistic feel, this is because in reality there are never only warm colors or
only cool colors in an area. The use of overlap gives the illusion of of distance in a 2D image. I used
value shifting to make it look like the ocean gets darker the deeper it goes and the sky gets darker
the further you look from the

Ethnographic Study
METHODS
Introduction
This chapter presents the research methods/techniques I will use in this study. These include the
sampling methods, sampling units, study design and method, data collection techniques/instrument
[observation, Interview, autoethnography], data analysis and ethics. I will do 8 weeks in the field.
Both male and female participants will be interviewed.
The study design and methods This is an ethnographic study that will use both participant
observation and in–depth interviews to document the facilitators and obstacles in female athletes'
participation in sports. I will interview both active and passive participants. I will make observations
during games and training sessions of consenting teams, and conduct interviews at ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a qualitative research method that makes use of data concerning the self to provide an
understanding of the connection of the self and others in the same context [Ngunjiri et al 2010].
Autoethnographic writing sort to describe and thoroughly analyse personal experience in order to
have a better experience of the culture [Ellis et al 2000]. "Autoethnographers vary in their emphasis
on the research process (graphy), on culture (ethno), and on self (auto)" (Ellis and Bochner
2000:740). Autoethnography utilizes data about the self and others to gain a better understanding of
the connection between oneself and others. It provides a window through which the researcher
understands the world (Ngunjiri 2010)
The mind of the sporting person has largely been accessed imperfectly [McNamee 2005], as
indicated by Bain [1995], due to the fact that there is limited research into sports that
comprehensively recognizes subjective knowledge. In order to achieve subjective knowledge of
sport activity, Bain 1995 advocated auto ethnography as a means of enquiry into sports, physical
activity and health. The need for more subjective knowledge of sporting activity is a motivating
factor in my decision to do autoethnographic research of female sports

Ethnographic Report Sample
Due to these successes, I was elected to the New College Student Alliance as Food Service
Representative to advocate for social justice, ecological consciousness and equity in the campus'
food supply. I attended weekly meetings with faculty, administrators, and food service staff to
develop a call for campus dining service proposals that reflected our community's values. During
meetings and press releases, I was an active panel discussant that continuously had to negotiate
multiple identities– student, teacher, staff, boss, colleague and subordinate. Through these
experiences, I learned the art and challenges of shifting between multiple identities when negotiating
access to stakeholders, informants and gatekeepers. I successfully built rapport ... Show more
Marit Ostebo. Dr. Ostebo, who has extensive and long term experience conducting ethnographic
research among the Oromo ethnic group in Bale, will accompany me during the initial fieldwork,
and assist me in locating research assistants and gatekeepers. Her recent research on cooperatives in
Ethiopia will also prove invaluable when navigating methodological limitations and understanding
how interactions operate on the ground. I have also established relationships with Dr. Brenda
Chalfin and Dr. John Richard Stepp to further work in political economy and environmental
anthropology. Both professors offer unique expertise that will compliment this interdisciplinary
research, prompt me in new directions and situate my findings in a global context. This support will
help ensure success in all aspects of my research and has already been invaluable in guiding the
refinement of my

Ethnographic Interview
The goal of this assignment was to interview someone who was culturally different than me and
help me reflect on biases I had before and after the meeting. Through administering this
ethnographic interview, I learned about a culture from the worldview of my interviewee. Before
starting the interview, I was unaware of the "white privilege," which is the culture who encompasses
the tools and opportunities in society. Now after conducting the interview, I am aware this is not a
bias, not everyone is granted the same opportunities. People from different cultures are not given the
same opportunities in their country or in the United States. According to Sue and Sue (2016),
problems encountered by clients are often due to organizational or systematic factors. Thus, through
the counseling profession, it is essential that I advocate for my multicultural clients and their cultural
groups. Not only on a client–therapist level but on local and state levels as well. It is important as a
therapist to put yourself in the position of the client to be empathetic toward their lived experiences.
Before this interview, I considered myself a multicultural competent therapist, yet I learned a lot
about Venezuelan culture and about myself as a therapist. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As I begin my journey as a novice clinician I will need to continuously look at myself as a therapist
to avoid harming my client by being unaccepting to their needs. Being able to identify my biases
will help me be less susceptible to cultural errors in therapy. To practice as a culturally competent
therapist means to not ignore the evident differences between the therapist and the client and to not
be afraid to ask questions. Similarly, acknowledging we are all different in some aspect and learning
more about their culture and roles, thus, avoiding making bias diagnosis and treatment

Ethnographic Study
According to the Government of Indonesia (2004), Indonesian migrant workers are Indonesian
citizens who are eligible to work abroad with an employment contract for a set period of time. In
Malaysia, over 250,000 Indonesian women are brought to the country to provide domestic services
in the private homes of middle–class Malaysians (Killias, 2014). These migrant domestic workers
often take up residence with their employers for a minimum contractually defined period of two
years (UN Women, 2013). They perform household tasks delegated by their employers, including
cleaning the house, cooking family meals and looking after children, the elderly or sick members of
the family. This paper discusses, using the occupational rights approach, factors that impact the
psychosocial well–being of these transnational domestic workers as a community and briefly
proposes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because, as mentioned, the Malaysia government has not mandated a weekly day off for
domestic workers. However, a weekly rest day is not only a mental and emotional break from work,
but also an important time for the workers to connect with one another and to build social support
networks in a foreign country (Anjara et al., 2017). The restricted opportunity to engage in
enjoyable social interactions may induce feelings of isolation and loneliness (Loveband, 2004). As
an example, an ethnographic study has described a case in which two Indonesian domestic workers
who lived in two adjacent private homes for several years but had never met each other because they
had not departed the unit they worked in (Killias, 2009). Therefore, the lack of legalised rest days
for migrant domestic workers denies their access to occupations that could help them establish
relationships and connect them as a community, thereby undermining their health and social

Larping Ethnographic Essay
Project 3: Short Composition In The rise of live action role–playing, the author provided many
interesting information about LARPing to the audience. Some questions one might ask about live–
action role–playing were answered. The article provides its readers with valuable detail about the
LARP community, making it a well–developed research paper. However, it is missing one of the
three key points that make a good ethnographic essay. According to the article, LARP is an activity
performed by a diverse group of individuals. It varies from people of different backgrounds and
occupations. In LARPing, the members consider themselves as a community that comes together to
act out a fantasy. It is mentioned that the people involved in LARPing see what they are doing as
interactive storytelling, but society think differently; they see it as a way for geeks to dress up and
play–fight with each other. "Outsiders" are most likely uninterested and, as a result, associate a
negative misconception with LARPing. They also view LARPers as people who are anti–social and
are not out–going. The ritual of LARPing consists of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It brought up the LARP group's ritual, which is a festival where many people with the same hobby
come together. The common artifacts that they use, such as latex weapons and armory, were also
mentioned. The author also distinguished between others' perception of LARP and LARP members'
perception of themselves. These information were gathered by interviews and research, for the
author used quotes that came directly from the people in the LARP community and gave
background information about the group. However, the author did not go in–depth with how they
communicate with each other. Given these points, although the article consists of good details about
LARP, it missed out on some information, making it an incomplete ethnographic

The Wolfpack Is A 2015 Documentary That Tells The Story Of...
The Wolfpack is a 2015 documentary that tells the story of the Angulo family, specifically the six
movie obsessed brothers, and their life in a tiny New York City apartment. The Angulo brothers, all
named by their Hare Krishna father for different iterations of the god Krishna, shared a six room
apartment with their parents and older sister, Visnu. Their tight knit relationship developed in part
from the isolation the family experienced during the boys childhood. During the film, they tell the
camera how their father had the only key to the apartment and controlled their excursions into the
outside world. "Sometimes we got out once a year," says Mukunda Angulo, "and one particular year
we never got out at all" (The Wolfpack 2015). To compensate for this lack of interaction with the
outside world, the brothers turned to movies, watching thousands of films during the years they
stayed inside the apartment. Their story is unique and compelling. These brothers, despite– or
perhaps because of– the conditions they were raised in, developed a strength and resiliency that
allows them to be surprisingly well adjusted to modern American life. They now have Facebook
pages and Instagram accounts, friends, love interests, and some have picked up Americanized names
(Krisna is now Glenn, and Jagadisa goes by Eddie). The Wolfpack offers viewers a glimpse into
their world, as filmmaker Crystal Moselle was given unprecedented access to their apartment and
their lives. Moselle has

Ethnographic study
This essay is an ethnographic study of Whole Foods Market which is located in Kensington,
London. Whole Foods Market is a niche supermarket that sells high quality organic and natural
products at high prices. In this essay, I will provide a brief orientation of ethics with regards to the
concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility – macroethics and Business Ethics – microethics and
the theoretical frameworks of consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics. I will be using
deontology framework in ethics devised by Immanuel Kant to assess if the marketing strategy and
the products sold at Whole Foods Market support their principle of 'organic and natural'.
My ethnographic study took place at Whole Foods Market in Kensington, London. ... Show more
The furniture on the top floor was brown wooden benches following the theme of natural & organic.
Fresh and perishable foods like wines, cheese, pastries, chocolates and toiletries were displayed on
the middle and ground floors. Majority of food items sold are natural and organic and were sourced
from the best places in the world. For example, fair trade bananas were from Costa–Rica and
Venezuela, wines were from vineyards in France, Spain, Australia and cheese was from England and
France.
On entering the store, I came across the bakery section that had products ranging from gluten–free
bread, cookies, cakes, muffins, seasonal pies and buns. All products were freshly baked in store and
displayed for customers to purchase. One could see the bakers mixing the ingredients, rolling and
shaping the dough, placing it in the oven, packaging and labelling the fresh bread. The preparation
area was clean and visible for all customers to see. The breads were displayed on a brown rusty table
that gave the product a natural and organic feel. Product labels used for the bread were light brown
in colour adding to the rustic organic feel Whole Foods Market sells to their customers. All
ingredients used to make the bread were all natural organic ingredients.
In the wine section, although the wines have been bottled on delivery to the store, the sommeliers or
wine stewards in the store placed the wines in wooden boxes afterwards packaging and

Ethnographic Comparison
Ethnographic Comparison
Stephanie Bates
Argosy University
Diversity and World Cultures | HUM215 G02
Gerald Willis
8/19/2015
Introduction
African society is amazingly fascinating in light of the fact that it is so diverse. Each African nation
is a blend of tribes each with their own one of a kind dialect and society. Nations as little as Uganda
have more than 30 tribes. I have selected two nations of Africa to research for this assignment. I
choose Egypt and Nubia for their beautiful people and the diversities in each of these cultures. Also,
the history between these two countries is very tumultuous. It will be interesting to find all the
differences and similarities between the two. I'm going to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There aren't many affluent individuals and numerous destitute individuals. The wages of laborers
and working individuals climbed moderately between the mid–1970s and the end of the twentieth
century. The infrastructure of this country has been severely strained, included are the streets, sewer
frameworks, water supply, and utility lines. The middle class find it extremely hard to find
affordable housing. Urban life is becoming more difficult there has been a rise in violent crime.
Egypt's new constitution, which was passed not long ago with 98 percent of the vote in a dubious
submission, vows "to bring back the inhabitants of Nubia to their unique territories and create the
territories in about ten years." Nubian migration started in the twentieth century, due to the building
of dams built by the British along the Nile which uprooted a large number of Nubian ranchers and
fishermen from the banks of the Nile. The development of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s,
overwhelmed whatever is was left of Egyptian Nubia and started the mass migration of the
remaining

Ethnographic Essay
The problem of gaining access can provide important insights into the nature and organization of the
social setting under study. In what ways can issues influence the outcome of ethnographic research?
What strategies can researchers adopt to overcome obstacles to access?
'Ethnography is branch of anthropology which has aided social researchers in the quest for a deeper
understanding of different societies, social groups or cultures' (Hammersely, 1995p365). The
purpose this essay is to gain an insight into the problems that researchers encounter when the try to
gain access to certain fields they wish to investigate. There are many obstacles associated with this
research approach and invariably can impact on the outcome of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once you have gained their trust and an effective rapport with the interviewee has been established,
expressing your personal attitudes, revulsion or disgust at their opinions will only jeopardize the
purpose of the interview. "The right man for the right job" is also a key factor. When dealing with
sensitive issues for example like abortion and women's views on it, a female researcher would make
the interviewees more at ease and more likely to give an honest response. Likewise when
interviewing men and their bedroom antics, men would feel more at ease speaking to another male.
A famous character constructed in traditional ethnographies is that of the "gate keeper". This is
usually a person who opens the field for the researcher, introduces them to the tribe or community
They serve as mediator between group and the ethnographer, They will carefully step by step make
the researcher familiar with the new environment.
'To contact, meet, build rapport with, and interview a dealer, ethnographers need to be "properly
introduced" by a "trusted associate" who functions as a go between A "trusted associate" is
personally known by and has good relations with the potential subject,' (Qualitive research 1999)
The first step is to take the mystery out of the ethnographer 's role. Gaining access to a social group
through a sponsor or gatekeeper is a great strategy method in order to overcome obstacles in the
ethnographic research field. As it is often

Ethnographic Approach
Teaching has always been lauded as an altruistic and fulfilling career. What better can one do to
contribute to society than educate and prepare the future generation for success? At first glance,
there are many attractive characteristics regarding the job: work–free summers, plenty of holidays,
and the chance to impact a child's life forever. However, in recent years, enrollment in teacher
preparation programs have been on the decline. Headlines announcing "America's New Major
Teacher Shortage" have filled the news and papers, and Florida has been named as one of the states
impacted. More and more teachers seem to be leaving the field. The question, though, is "Why?".
Many might point to the poor pay that teachers are notorious for receiving, but teaching has never
been known for making big bucks in the first place. With both new teachers and longtime veterans
leaving the field, the problem seems to be something more internal. To find the root of this problem,
I plan on researching a community of teachers to find out what made teaching an attractive career
choice for them, and what factors have made the job less appealing over time. I plan on taking an
ethnographic approach–conducting my research primarily through interviews, and inquiring the
individuals as to why they got into education, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To account for this, I will make sure that all field–specific terms are used correctly, but also easy to
understand for those unfamiliar with it's jargon. I believe that my research could be beneficial for
those contemplating going into teaching as a career, as it will likely illuminate both positive and
negative aspects of the job that they will need to consider. It may also provide insight that could help
schools better communicate with their teachers to ensure that they are happy in their positions and
can perform to the best of their

Ethnographic Research Essay
In reviewing the Nine Central Topics of Educational Psychology, the topic under review is –
Motivation. "Why do students engage or not engage in certain activities/tasks? How can teachers
use student interest to facilitate learning? How can students self –regulate their learning and
behavior?" (Edmunds & Edmunds, 2010, p.11) This topic is of particular interest to me as it relates
to the instruction of adult learners. I am currently facilitating employment preparatory courses to
adult students and am observing differentiated learners with a very wide range of motivation. The
course outcomes are to prepare them for careers, however many have not indicated what, in fact, if
any, their career goals are. My initial question ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There may be an extrinsic reason to learn course material in order to remain in school, have a room
in residence, and have a modest income and provision of meals. Having identified a problem and
formulating an informal hypothesis with the problem, what research method would be the best
match for the question being asked? Educational psychology uses both qualitative and quantitative
research. Qualitative research involves the human factor and contains the methods of both
idiographic and ethnographic research. (Edmunds & Edmunds, 2010, p.16) Idiographic research
could be used in this case when examining the situation of specific individuals who have no clear
goals or career aspirations and are enrolled in a course for employment preparation. Ethnographic
research could also be used to determine if there are any cultural influences that would affect the
lack of stating a career goal. You could ask, "What's wrong with no goals?" Perhaps it is only certain
societies that are goal focused. I heard a Taoist quote that said, "A good traveller has not fixed plans,
and is not intent on arriving". In other word, if you have no ambitions you cannot fail; those who
never fail succeed? Qualitative methods use interviews, observation, and videos to gather data and
are very flexible and explorative in practice. In this case, there are differentiated learners,

Ethnographic Meta-Analysis
1) In your own words, what is this research project about? This research project investigates a
relationship between high worker autonomy and low workplace injury rates through an ethnographic
meta–analysis. The thesis proposes that there may be fewer injuries in work environments where
workers are awarded greater freedom in constructing their own safety practices. 2) What is your role
in this research? My role is to work as Dr. Turner's research assistant in documenting and analyzing
ethnographic cases from the meta–analysis that fall outside of the proposed thesis...? 3) How does
this project relate to health & wellness? This project focuses on worker injury rates in the workplace
and its findings may affect how future health and

Ethnographic Fieldwork
For my ethnographic fieldwork, I decided to do my research on the Jewish culture. I interviewed a
friend of mine at her house, which is the field site I decided to work in. To protect her identity I
changed her name to Rebecca. As soon as I got to her house I notice there was a small piece of metal
on the side of her doorpost with hebrew text written on it. I enter the house and she greeted me and
took me to her living room.In her living room I noticed she had a tray of bite size cookies for us and
a Snapple drink. The cookies were sweet and they did not have strong odor. My friend wore black
slacks a white blouse and a star necklace around her neck. After a while, her brother and father came
in and I noticed they had a little cap on the top of their heads. I asked her questions about her
religion and culture.
Rebecca explained to me that the religion she and her family follow is Judaism. Judaism is the
believe that there is one God who created the heavens and the earth. Their core belief is that God
made a special promise, also known as covenant, with their forefather Abraham to protect them and
blessed them, as long as they follow the commands and laws of God, and faithfully worship him.
Rebecca also explained to me that they considered themselves the "chosen people of God," because
out of all the people in the world the Israelites are chosen to receive all of God 's blessings. She also
explain to me that for a person to be Jewish they need to come from the

Essay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the...
Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the
Ethnographic Text
Anthropology 575
Postmodernism
In the late 1960's the social sciences (mainly anthropology and sociology) entered a crisis period in
which traditional ways of conducting the study of the Other were re–examined in the context of their
association with dominance–submission hierarchies and the objectification of the subjects of study.
There was seen to be an association between Western imperialism's objectification of the Third
World and the Western 'data imperialism' that objectified the subjects of study. Increasingly social
science research was called to task in the creation of new ways of conducting social science research
The Postmodernist view in ethnography, then, questions the basic assumptions underlying the
reportage of ethnographic information, noting that reporting ethnography is a distinct action from
doing ethnography, though equally important (Clifford and Marcus 1986); that there is not only one
single language or style able to convey the elusive 'truth' of the universe, in fact there are a
multiplicity of reporting modes or voices capable of conveying ethnographic information (Rorty
1982); and thus ethnography should not be based on the conveyed 'understanding' of the researcher
(which places him or her in a position of privileged interpreter), on a dialogic relationship between
the ethnographer and subject in which both participants within the dialogue are an integral part of
the study (Marcus and Fisher 1986).
The current debate concerning the validation and reporting of ethnographic material generally takes
the form rejection of all theoretical paradigms (Lyotard 1984), the deconstruction of texts (Derrida
1976), the removal of the authorial voice and sobriety in style (Marcus and Fisher 1986).
Counterpoised to the postmodernists are the traditionalists, such as Geertz, who assert that
ethnographic legitimacy is concomitant with the authors narrative ability and rejects

Ethnographic Observation
Ethnographic Observation TSL 4520
Grading Rubric
Background (Milde, R., 2001)
Common wisdom tells us that there are, in general, two kinds of writing: creative and expository.
Creative writing tells about feelings, opinions, points of view, things that originate inside the writer.
Expository essays tell about facts, things outside of the writer. Essays on literature examine a
literary text, a thing outside the writer. Lab reports describe experiments with chemicals and other
stuff that really exists and can be measured. Research is factual; fiction, poetry, and the personal
story are emotional.
Wrong. Writing is not that simple. The farther you go in your academic or professional career, the
less you are able to simply report what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are its rituals, credos, myths, symbols, taboos, deities/higher powers? What are its origins?
How does it tie into/affect/is affected by the politics, law, economy, ethics, history, and gender of the
encompassing society? Be aware of ethnocentrism; describe and understand but do not judge. Study
what people believe, not whether or not what they believe is true. Guiding question
Guiding questions are aimed at the basic point of ethnography: gaining the world view of a group of
people.
A common format for a guiding questions might be:
How do members of a particular group perceive of or understand a certain social or cultural
phenomenon? (This is often seen through behavior of some kind.)
Thesis statement Your thesis statement should contain a mini–outline of the paper; this outline
consists of several sub–claims for which evidence must be provided. How do you know what you
claimed to know.
Observing and taking notes:
It's best to take notes during the observation. If that is impractical, take notes immediately afterward.
Summarizing your memories of an event is not what ethnographic observation calls for (though it's
okay in journalism or memoir). You want to get down detailed, specific, observations, on details
such as: * examples of speech (see the warning below about privacy) * clothing * ways of greeting,
initiating conversation, beginning and ending an event * body language, gestures * the physical

Ethnographic Research
topic of assignment: ethnography. submitted by Umair Ijaz.
(roll Number 1 BS English 4th semester) submitted to: Sir Waseem Akhtar. date of submission: 12–
06–2012.
OUTLINE
In this chapter, I shall define ethnography and describe its central characteristics and principles. I
shall also look at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography,
and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I
shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and
ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following questions:
– What do we mean by ethnography?
– What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research?
It fellows that if we want to find out about behaviour. we need to investigate it in the natural
contexts in which it occurs, rather than in the experimental laboratory. Arguments in favour of field
research as opposed to laboratory research are supported by studies of particular phenomena which
come up with different findings according to whether the research is conducted in a laboratory or in
the field. For example, Bellack, Hersen, and Turner (1978) found that subjects performed in a role–
play situation very differently from the way they performed in real–life social situations where the
same behaviours were observed. It has also been observed that parents and pupils respond
differently to questions according to whether they are posed in school or at home.
The dilemma, as we saw in Chapter 1, is that In dealing with the problem of generalisability (an
issue of external validity)and placing the research in the field, one increases the possibility of a
threat to the internal validity of the research, because intervening variables may make it imoossible
to ascribe a causal relation between the variables under investigation. However, not all ethnography
is out to ascribe such causal relationship and so the problems which beset the quantitative researcher
in a field setting become unimportant.
2. the qualitative–phenomenological hypothesis: The second hypothesis identified by Wilson is the
,qualitative

Ethnographic Observation
Produce procurement, a long–studied topic in cultural anthropology, defines the everyday
interactions relating to values and norms as well as power through a simple outlet: food. For this
ethnographic observation: produce procurement, I decided to observe one of the bigger grocery store
chains, Jewel. It was here, where I observed different views and concepts relating to food venues,
specifically grocery stores, that are important to both producer and consumer in aesthetic, type of
produce, demographic, and communication. Aesthetic is one of the numerous components that lead
consumers to shop where they shop. Aesthetic is especially important considering big chain grocery
stores that include attracting customers as one of their main goals. ... Show more content on
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The conversations between vendors and customers included both kinesics (body language) and
spoken language. For the most part, customers and vendors only interacted when needed such as
asking where a certain item was located or when vendors would take orders from the customers for
baked goods or deli meats. Often when customers would ask where a certain produce item is, the
vendors would tell them where and point in the direction or the aisle of the item. The conversations
between the vendors and producers were formal and polite consisting of "Excuse me," "Sorry,"
"Thank you," and "You're welcome." Though the interaction between the vendors and the customers
were friendly, the customers themselves tended to steer clear of each other unless they were
together. Every group or individual kept to themselves producing a more silent rather than noisy
environment. But, the interactions within the groups of consumers was a different story. Within
these groups, between significant others, family members or friends, the conversations were
elevated, yet informal. On one hand, since these groups were in the presence of others, they were
concerned with keeping up appearances, hence, producing the elevated language observed. On the
other hand, since they were comfortable with each other, they had not been too concerned speaking
in formal tone. Within these

Environmental Ethnographic
Environmental photography is not only concerned with land and wildlife, photographers also
advocate for vanishing cultures such as well–known Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado
(Amazonas Images, n.d.; Bogre, 2012; Ritchin, 2009). Initially an economist, Salgado switched to
photography in the 1970s. Like many photographers, he photographed stories of everyday
happenings. Yearning to do more, Salgado and his wife left Magnum Photo Agency in 1994 and
formed Amazonas Images. Since then, he has photographed numerous controversial stories in over
100 countries exposing the human condition. Despite Salgado's relentless efforts, he has been
criticized for the harsh reality portrayed in his images of famine in northern Africa and his
politically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Xi's photos have been instrumental in the way China photographs wildlife and his name is
synonymous with wildlife protection. Xi started by photographing migratory birds and documented
bird tagging. On assignment photographing the endangered Yunnan snub–nosed monkey in the
Bainmang Nature Reserve in the 1990s, Xi encountered the Deqin County government illegally
logging, which threatened to destroy the monkey habitat. He begged the government to intervene
through lettering writing campaigns, a documentary, and a media expedition of the Bainmang
Nature Reserve. The Chinese government relented and banned illegal logging. "This was the first
time that nongovernmental organizations and enthusiasts of environmental protection, with the aid
of the media, influenced the decision making of the government. These efforts also convinced the
government to ban the cutting of natural forests, exerting a far–reaching influence on the protection
of the ecological system on the middle and upper reaches of the Changjiang River and the
development of the nongovernmental movement of environmental protection in China" (Fang,
2002). In the years that followed, Xi established Wild China Film, the first and only wildlife film
and photography agency, at that time in China. In addition, Xi launched China's

Ethnographic Project
Life at the Mosque For my ethnographic project, I chose to experience the life at Islamic Center of
Tucson, which is placed near the university of Arizona. For the purpose of this project, I will point
to the Islamic center of Tucson as "The Mosque." Ethnography is exploring culture phenomena
which are the anthropologists understand societies from a research of a study. According to Eller,
"participant observation by definition puts researchers skin to skin, life to life, with "subjects" who
are living people. That fact demands a particularly self–conscious code of ethical behavior" (Eller
2013:37). The main focus of the paper is to observe the setting of the place from the outside, inside,
human social interaction and language use. First, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, we could descript a culture, but we can't define her. Culture is something we learn.
According to the author, "humans, then, are not born with a culture but acquire one" (Eller 2013:21).
It was thrilling to see how people interact with each other. Each one of them came with a different
culture, but in the mosque, they follow the Islamic culture as unite. Now I do understand what Eller
means in the

I love working as a wedding and engagement photographer. Have I mentioned that before? Anyway,
the enjoyment factor goes up at least a notch or two when the couple is fun, and they are themselves
during their engagement photography session. I just love working with genuine couples who aren't
afraid to let me get to know them and who really want their personalities to show through during the
session. That was definitely the case when I recently worked with Mindy Nicholson and Riley Webb
during their engagement photography session.
This couple, who first met in January 2013 and started dating almost right away, got engaged on
January 28, 2017, which also happens to be their fourth anniversary of dating. How great is that?
After dinner at Bonefish Grill, the couple came home, and Riley got down on his knee and proposed
in the living room. Of course, Mindy, who had known since June 2015 that she wanted to be with
Riley forever, said, "Yes."
When Mindy and Riley let me know that they wanted me to be their wedding photographer for their
Robin Hill Park engagement session, I was excited. After all, this is a beautiful park in Coraopolis,
and it has plenty of great places for pictures. I found my mind reeling. Where were we going to
start? How could capture this unique couple's personalities through the ... Show more content on
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The location and engagement photography session timing, I think, worked out perfectly for them.
While I was able to get some traditional photos of them kissing, looking lovingly at each other, and
laughing, I was also able to get some photos that really captured this couple's personalities beyond
just those traditional engagement photos. For example, the photo of Mindy sticking out her tongue
at Riley is one they are sure to treasure for years to

Ethnographic Method Essay
Culture is the group behavior of a society passed down through generations, often implicitly.
Implicit culture includes ideals and values of a society that are generally agreed upon, despite never
speaking about them. For example, an implicit facet of culture in the United States is the fact we
often shake hands when meeting others, rather than hugging or even kissing which is popular in
other cultures. There was never a meeting of people who all sat down and decided we would shake
hands, it just happened. On the other hand, we have explicit culture as well, which is considered
both stable and dynamic. Explicit culture is any facet of culture we can see and talk about, which
includes the way in which we dress, eat, or the activities we participate in. The everyday clothes in
the United States are different than that of the everyday clothes of a small village in Africa.
However, everyday clothes change quickly and often. If we saw someone wearing clothes that were
popular in the 1990's we would think that's odd because that's how quickly culture changes.
Additionally, due to social and ethnic mixing, cultures are often ... Show more content on
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Basically, it's when an anthropologist conducts research by immersing themselves into a community
instead of just reading about a society. The ethnographic method employs what is known as
"participant observation," which is fieldwork done by both observing and participating in an event.
To gain information through the ethnographic method, an anthropologist can conduct both formal
and informal interviews, and gain both qualitative and quantitative data. An example of a formal
interview would be a sit down interview with a town official with structured questions, whereas an
informal interview might be a dinner with a local family and gaining information by just talking to
them and holding a

Auto-Ethnographic Study
Education has always been an universal matter of discussion for those who teach and and even for
those who learn. This discussion has now become urgent especially since the advent of new
technologies and their implications for education. Today there are many studies, ideas and
experiences ongoing in education.
Design and its teaching are no exception. It can be said that most of the global discussions on
Education establishes a common diagnosis: the failure of educational models based on formal
learning, pre–programmed and pre–formatted approaches, disconnected from "doing", off of digital
technologies and new paradigms that these imply.
Along with education, the labor market also undergoes profound changes. The flexibility and
dematerialization of work, through the ubiquity of the Internet and the portability of the machines
generates new kinds of professionals. One of the most obvious consequences is the contamination
that work has on all areas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This investigation requires an ethnographic study, auto–ethnographic (ie from the investigator's own
experience) and cyber–ethnographic, watching and participating in online communities of these
spaces.
Ideally, this study should include various geographical realities. We propose a draft itinerary visiting
coworking spaces located on the same cities where there is Laureate Universities Design Schools,
thus resulting pairs of University and Coworking space. BERLIN: BTK Academy of Design +
Betahaus Coworking LISBON: IADE–U + Coworklisboa MADRID: Universidad Europea +
Utopic_US Coworking SAN DIEGO: NewSchool of Architecture & Design + Co–Merge
SALVADOR: Salvador University + RedeMais Coworking SIDNEY: Think Education Group +
Desk x

Ethnographic Forces
Demographic Forces – companies and people are shifting locations, most recently to the West and
South, thus more job openings should be available in these locations. What about other factors, such
as the aging of the population and the increasingly higher educated society? Will baby boomers take
early retirement or work late into their lives – and who will their decision affect your career path?
And as the U.S. becomes more diverse, so does the workplace. Are you prepared to deal with
supervisors, co–workers, and other employees who are from a different race, ethnicity, or country–
of–origin?
Economic Forces – compensation packages (including both salary and benefits) are increasingly
coming under budget scrutiny as companies continue to search for ways to cut the budget. What are
the salary and benefits trends in the career path you've chosen. What about the boarder economic
issues such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the environmental focus of this decade? How will the increased costs of energy, waste
management, and pollution affect your ability to succeed in your career?
Technological Forces – probably the most rapidly changing environmental force for all industries.
How important is technology in your career choice? Do you have the most current technical skills
that employers in your career field are seeking? Do the companies you are targeting have the
resources to stay technologically competitive? How can you continually improve your technological
skills to both avoid being replaced as well as keep your skills as marketable as possible?
Political Forces – with the apparent meltdown of corporate ethics and fiscal responsibility, how will
new legislation regulating business affect your career choice – and the companies you've targeted?
Will there now again be a trend toward an increased emphasis on ethics and social

Ethnographic Analysis Paper
Sometimes the research question of inquirers require benefits more from a qualitative data collection
approach than a quantitative approach as they explore groups of people, in such cases ethnographic
designs are best suited for their needs. Ethnographic research is designed for the collection of
qualitative data because it goal is to write about groups of people in a cultural context such as
"language, rituals, economic and political structures, life stages, interactions and communication
styles" (Creswell, 2008, p.473). A design such as ethnographic research that requires researchers to
observe and interact with the focus group or individuals opens new doors to understanding the
cultural groups and their characteristics that appear over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, cultural groups may be narrow to include "teachers, students, or staff members" or broad
to include "entire schools and their success, innovation, or violence" (Creswell, 2008, p. 473). In
addition, a characteristic of realist ethnographies as the name itself describes it provides real and
authentic information regarding the cultural groups. Providing real and factual information is
possible because the report is in third person and it is written using a neutral tone while discussing
the observations of the cultural group thus lacking "personal bias, political goals, and judgment"
(Creswell, 2008, p. 475). Because research is known for influencing policy making, researchers may
find it difficult to use a neutral tone when presenting the findings of research in their final report,
however by leaving the data in its raw form and undisturbed in cultural group studies provides a
better insight of the patterns observed. Presenting data objectively is of particular importance in
cultural groups because enough wrongful assumptions and judgments exist already Another form
ethnographic design is ethnographic case study characterized and differentiated from other case
studies through its focus in "analysis of a person, event, activity, or process within a cultural
perspective"

Once in my childhood, my father said to me that I have to give full of respect to whatever people I
am facing in, although to the people whom I disagree with. He said, "At least you show your respect
to him/her as human being". Later I know that Voltaire happened to say, "I disagree with your
opinion, however, I will defend your rights to speak ". His advice has been inspiring me until today,
when I have been trained to use participant's view in my PhD research. The importance of listening
to the voice of the people has been illuminated me as an Economist who has been taught mostly by
quantitative approaches, particularly during my bachelors and master studies. I also remember that
once during my childhood, my mother once gathered my brothers, my sisters and myself. We were
received manisan, an Indigenous food from our grandmother. We were so happy as we were not
living and grown as a rich family. Therefore, the present from our grandmother became something
I started to read about my own people and culture: Sundanese, Sundanese people and culture, and its
institutions. It was quite strange at the beginning, but also fascinating. It is strange because I am
searching for something, which I used to take it for granted: my own culture. I did not believe that
although I has been growing up as a Sundanese, however, I have less knowledge about it. It is
fascinating, because it brought me to such a way that I am searching my own culture, finding my
self–identity and searching for myself. The PhD journey became a combination between
professional and personal journeys. The combination process between my PhD research with the
IMM project, was implemented until 2013. During that time, I found so many interesting subjects
from the importance of cosmology and development, local participations, as well traditional–
modern cultural

Ethnographic Differences
A connection I saw through this was the difference between a normal map of our countries and
contents to this one. The differences were very clear and made me wonder. As a noticed this I saw
that the smaller countries that were not as populated were in the shape and same spot as Africa. The
larger countries that I am used to seeing in the same spot shifted to different parts of the map.
Unlike, a normal map China, Indonesia, Russia, India, and the United States had a star next to them
to show that these were some of the more settled areas. Well, I saw a ton of differences as I
explained I also saw some similarities such as all the countries were labeled and there were still blue
to represent the bodies of water that remain around them. Countries

Ethnographic Studies
By focusing on teaching process rather than its outcomes, this ethnographic case study represented a
conceptual change in research approach to teaching speaking. This study also provided new insights
into the behavioral and psychological dimensions of teaching speaking. As a result, such
ethnographic studies can provide realistic accounts of what occurs while teachers are involved in
teaching speaking.
The purpose of this case study was not to look for best teaching practices; rather, it was an attempt
to explain the implicitly held beliefs of these five EFL teachers and explore the degree to which their
beliefs influence their teaching practices and uncover the obstacles prevented them from putting
their beliefs into practice. All five teachers in this case study stated that the stimulated recall
sessions and reflections raised their awareness of their own beliefs and had them review their own
beliefs and teaching practices. Many scholars (Richards, 2003) call for the need to make teachers'
beliefs explicit, so that those beliefs that are detrimental to learning can be challenged and modified
during the course of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study also supports previous research (e.g. Borg, 2006) by revealing the difficulties teachers
face in implementing their beliefs due to contextual factors. The study also suggests a compelling
need for teacher education programs to provide opportunities and techniques for EFL teachers to
reflect on their beliefs with regard to their actions. Because as the findings of this study indicates the
process of reflection was a new and informative experience for teachers in this case study who
undertook it. Since reflections encouraged these EFL teachers to open up and be flexible with
respect to their beliefs and teaching practices in the area of teaching

Ethnographic Essay
One of the most exciting places to go is The Pyrenees in Europe. The converse, it is extreme with a
bunch of amusing activities that residents And tourist like. With Nature, including its course, the
landscapes bring tourist attraction. Most importantly, facts are important, like how many geologists
know many different factors to this National Park, which is why it brings out the beauty, the
prehistoric times that went on, including how the transformation of the park was made. "The whole
object of travel is not to set foot on foreign land; it is at last to set foot on one's own country as a
foreign land," (G.K. Chesterton) the Pyrenees is crossed by two rails, one from Spain, the other
connecting France. So basically, Spain, France, and Europe are somewhat connected (Pyrenees
Crossing).
To be precise the Pyrenees National Park, is a must see. The National Park was established in 1967,
to safeguard and preserve the natural heritage of one of the last remaining wild landscapes in Europe
(Pyrenees National Park). Another fact, why not learn more about the Activities. Activities that
residents and tourist enjoy such as rock climbing, horse riding, mountain biking, fishing, and vulture
spotting. The ultimate activity utmost enjoyed is hiking. Hiking to see the scenic views and admire
the scenery of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The timing is unsatisfactory at all, in fact, it is actually a fifty–minute ride. The train ride is
surprisingly faster than driving a vehicle. Subsequently, it is preferable than walking or running as
well. Another phenomenon, with the ride, why not take your children on the train ride so they won't
be compelled of exhaustion walking along the trails. More importantly, the scenery is stunningly
beautiful and full of excitement (Pyrenees Train Track). Prices for the train ride start at 76 Euros for
a family –– 23 Euros for an individual. The train leaves every half hour between 9a.m. and

The Ethnographic Project
In the film "The Human Family Tree," the Genographic Project traces the human journey
throughout the world, from our origins from Africa. The Genographic Project is a genetic
anthropology study. The project's goal is to map historical human migration patterns by collecting
and analyzing DNA samples from people from around the world. In this specific film, with the help
of science we can see how people from New York each have their own unique genetic history. To
begin with, deep ancestry can be traced, based off of either your mitochondria or y–chromosome.
Because women do not have a y–chromosome, it only shows the maternal line of descent when
studying their mitochondrial DNA, while for men it shows both maternal and paternal. In the film
we

John Marshall's An Argument About A Marriage
1) To what does the term 'event sequence film' refer, and where and why was this developed? In
your response provide at least two examples of this filmmaking practice. The term event sequence
film refers to a work of cinema which is centered around a single discrete event from beginning to
end, as opposed to focusing on abstract concepts or impressions (MacDougall 126). This style of
film was developed initially at the Harvard Film School by Timothy Asch and John Marshall to
represent the daily lives of its subjects, which in turn, attempts to exhibit the ethnography of a place
or culture. A pioneering event sequence film is Marshall's an Argument About a Marriage (1969).
Although the film presents a single verbal fight about infidelity between a ... Show more content on
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Although it is a common practice, it is not the only way to construct an ethnographic film. In Night
Cries:a Rural Tragedy, creator Tracey Moffatt departs from traditional ethnographic realism by
adding elements of fantasy and exaggerated representation to her production. The film itself is not a
live–shot documentary, but attempts to represent a different form of truth through piece of fiction
with a script and set. Despite its lack of placement in legitimate history, Night Cries still represents
an ethnography. Similarly, Leviathan (2012) does not attempt to showcase a cultural story. Using
unconventional camera shots and sci–fi like effects, it exhibits an ethnography in a nonlinear way
which exaggerates its violent and haunting qualities. The producers of these films may have
diverged from ethnographic realism because traditional tendencies tend to depict ethnography as
though it were stagnant and exotic. By using contemporary and non–objective forms of filmmaking,
they aimed to represent a genuine ethnographic experience, even if the "genuine experience" never
actually occurred within the culture's

Ethnographic Research Essay
Ethnographic research is the scientific description of specific human cultures, foreign to the
ethnographer. Each ethnographer has his or her own way of conducting research and all of these
different ideas can be transmitted and understood in a number of different ways. Because there is no
one set idea of how an ethnographer should go about his or her research, conflicts arise. In
Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco, Paul Rabinow uses a story like process to discuss his
experiences during his research in Morocco. This makes it easier for the reader to understand his
ideas then just having a technical book about the many different aspects of Moroccan life that he
may have discovered. In Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of ... Show more content on
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Once I had become comfortable with myself and the language I would pick a part of the society that
I would like to focus on. Similar to what Paul Willis's study, which Marcus described in his paper, of
a group of twelve boys in a working class school, I would first go straight to the primary source. In
Rabinow's book he takes the opposite approach and goes from place to place not focusing on one
certain aspect of culture but a broad range of different ideas of society. I think that this approach
may be more difficult because there os so much more that has to be looked at and understood. For
instance, Rabinow must learn two different languages, French and Arabic just to understand the
people around him. Then travel all around Morocco and obtain information on a numerous amount
of different cultures. Though this practice of fieldwork has its benefits, describing one aspect of a
society goes more in depth. Focusing on one aspect of a culture, I would want to obtain an exact
understanding of what these people were doing and how they felt they fit into society. After
obtaining as much information as I could from my informants, I would go back to my notes and try
to make some sense of them without trying to distort their views of themselves in any way. I would
then go to another source of information, in Willis's example this would be the teachers. By getting
more then one perspective of a certain

Ethnographic Study
Seeking to understand the meaning that is produced in the 4th grade classroom as students interact
with each other on a regular basis, an ethnographic approached was pursued. According to Creswell
(2013), "ethnography is a design of inquiry coming from anthropology and sociology in which the
researcher studies the shared patterns of behaviors, language, and actions of an intact cultural group
in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time" (p. 14). Using ethnography as a methodology is
appropriate for this study as I sought to gain a holistic picture of the everyday experiences of the 4th
grade students, an intact cultural group, in their natural setting, their classroom. A defining
characteristic of ethnographies is the "focus on

Ethnographic Study
In the world, most societies, fermented food, beverages and condiments have a unique place because
of their economic and cultural value and for the development of fermentation technologies that
deeply rooted in their history. Indeed, gathering Africa's wild–cereal grains were probably the oldest
tradition for the organized food production and had found anywhere in the world (Ruskin, 1993).
The archaeological (McGovern, 1997), Ethnographic studies and historical documents (Haaland,
2007) evidenced for the beginnings of fermentation in Africa had consanguineous to ceramics, cattle
and cereal domestication. In addition, the African pottery appeared around 2000 years earlier than
cultivated cereals (Haaland, 2007).
Archaeobotanical studies in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The early man (Steinkraus, 2002) very likely of our Paleolithic ancestors (Selhub et al., 2014) had
plenty of opportunity for the consumption of food products (for example, honey, fruits or berries,
and their juices) that had been unknowingly subjected to natural microbial fermentation. The Selhub
et al., 2014 and Steinkraus, 2002 further noted that, without knowledge of microbes, our ancestors
recognized, over time, the palatability, preservative, analgesic, and mentally stimulating or sedating
qualities of fermented foods and beverages. Consequently, the stage was set as the purposeful
commencement of the application of fermentation to provide value in the areas of human nutrition,
traditional medicine, culture (ceremonies, and so

Ethnographic Fieldwork
INTRODUCTION
I am going to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among a women's volleyball teams in order to explore
the facilitators and obstacles to women's participation in sports. Sports have different meanings for
different people and across societies (Laker 2001:4) and the way one engages in sports is influenced
by the cultural or ethnic group one belongs to (Sever 2005:4). There are numerous barriers (Women
2000 and Beyond 2007:3; Women's Sports Foundation 2007) and benefits (Women 2000 and
Beyond 2007:2) to women's participation in sports.
Worldwide, there has been an increase in participation in sports (Silvers and Mandelbaum
2012:357). However, there are inequality gaps resulting in fewer women participating in sports
(Heagreaves 2000:184) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the increased opportunity, female participation in sports is still low (Environmental Scan
2010:18). An important concern in sports research is ''developing an understanding'' of what
encourages or discourages participants. Sports research that concentrates on sports participation is
minimal while research that links drive to participate in sports is ''sparse'' (Kilpatrick et al 2005:87).
Unlike other research methods, in ethnography, the researcher ''become immersed into a group''
(Jones 2012:231) leading to better understanding of behaviors in natural settings Skinner et al
(2015:168). Studies by Holt et al (2013) on sports opportunities in Canada established that the best
method to collecting data is through participation. This approach helped the researchers collect
'hidden' data which otherwise would go unnoticed (Jones 2012:230).This paper sets out to ascertain
what influences women's participation in sports. The initial section of this paper will tackle the
research question and objectives. The main research question for this paper is; what are the obstacles
and facilitators to women's participation in sports? The objectives will be able to establish what the
participants identify and what I observe as the facilitators and obstacles to women's participation in
sports. In the second section of this paper, I will cover theoretical models and ethnographic
background. The theories I will discuss include feminism, habitus, globalization and nationalization.
I will use these theories to address the questions of how (Molnar and Kelly 2013:10) and why (Horn
2008:116) obstacles and facilitators impact on women participating in sports. I will outline how the
theories will help me connect my data to existing knowledge. I will also identify the success and
limitations of the theories in

Ethnographic Study Of Dance
Professional ballet dancer's perspective of their own senses while dancing on daily practice of
training/class remains unexplored in dance scholarship. This is the gap in scientific research that
remains to be uncovered by empricial research. From this research the dance world could benefit on
better understanding on the senses and embodiment of dance in training.
Ethnographic method was used in important social cultural studies by Loïc Wacquant (1998)
reflecting upon the embodiment of boxers, in sociological studies and rugby players decision
making while emdoying knowledge (Downley, 2010). In dance studies ethnography is the method
mostly used on relevant works guiding this research, as for example: ballet dancer's habitus by
Wainwright, Williams and Turner (2006), in dance studies focused on dancer's senses by Potter
(2007) and Roses Thema (2007) in contemporary dance, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Ethnography offers the opportunity to understand cultural differences between human beings as "it
reveals what people think and show us the cultural meanings they use daily [...]" (Spradley, 1979,
p.vii). Besides that, the differentiation of such proposal of study is the inclusion of my own
experiences as a professional ballet dancer for the last twenty three years as insight to investigate
professional ballet dancer's senses at these

Ethnographic Interview

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