Homeland Security Risk Management

Homeland Security Risk Management
Introduction On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 radical militants associated with the Islamic terrorist group al–Qaeda, set a series of
coordinated terrorist attacks into motion on American soil. These events resulted in almost 3000 casualties, including thousands of civilians and several
hundred firefighters and law enforcement officers: Making these attacks the deadliest terror event on American soil in the history of the United States
(Bergen, 2018). The unprecedented and horrific experience of these events profoundly changed the way Americans live their lives and their
Government manages their society and protects their country. This event was the turning point, which triggered major U.S. initiatives regarding how
to prevent, respond, and recover from incidents of national crisis, including acts of terror, as well as natural and man–made disasters. The purpose of
this essay is to provide an overview of the Department of Homeland Security and its emergency management strategies for preventing, mitigating,
responding, and recovering from threats and hazards. Creation of the Department of Homeland Security In response to the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Risk is what may occur or, that which is likely to occur, as a result of a particular incident. Risk is part of everyday life and it exists in every
activity undertaken by humanity. However, some risks can be avoided and are not as grave as others. To evaluate a risk, careful consideration is
given to its nature and consequences. Risk is calculated relative to the damage an incident causes and the level, size, and extent of exposure to said
damage. Hazard is the apparatus that causes the damage or harm, and exposure is the degree, depth, and scope of the risk as influenced by the nature
of the source of danger. In other words, risk can be determined by multiplying hazard by exposure (Nemeth,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Emergency Operations in the United States
Emergency Operations in the United States are governed by the National Incident Management System and its sub component Incident Command
System. The ICS is an organizational planning tool that helps sort and define incident command responsibilities to aid in the prompt mitigation of
disasters and its effects. The primary staff positions govern other subsets of skills and together form a scalable organization that in theory can
operate given an incident of any size and still perform the same functions. The primary design of the ICS structure is flawed in that it does not hold
medical planning as its primary staff position but regulates it to a lower level. This is the Achilles heel of disaster management, medical operations
are vital to the success of any disaster mitigation and management plan. Medical staff planning should be a primary staff position under the ICS
structure. Disasters are broadly defined and rely on context and technical acumen of those assessing an incident to correctly or most accurately decide
on what is a disaster. The consensus in the disaster management field is that a solid, clear definition of disaster does not exist, but rather gave many
examples do. Members of the professions of emergency response and planning, and governance have developed a lexicon adequately describe an event.
Those terms largely fall into three categories; natural hazards, technological hazards, and finally, context hazards. Natural hazards are extreme
geophysical and

The Nature And Moral Significance Of Disgust
What is one vital concept that drives the existence of humans in society? Every moment of every day humans experience a phenomenon that has
grasped the interest of psychologists and philosophers alike. This perplexing notion is the manifestation of emotions. There are hundreds of emotions
that one can experience, but one in particular has caused a debate. The emotion of disgust has induced a plethora of theories attempting to explain the
following normative question: Should disgust influence one's considered moral judgments? On one side, the advocates state that disgust influences a
person's moral judgments. On the other hand, the skeptics doubt the power that disgust has on a one's considered moral judgments. A philosopher
named Daniel Kelly reflects on this particular discourse in his novel "Yuck: The Nature and Moral Significance of Disgust" and defends the idea that
disgust does not impact a person's considered moral judgments. In order to support this position, Kelly expresses his opposition to multiple theories,
such as the Deep Wisdom Theory and Terror Management Theory, and utilizes the Entanglement Thesis and the Co
–Opt Thesis to substantiate his
claim. To begin, it is crucial to understand the controversy between the disgust advocates and disgust skeptics before presenting Kelly's own position
on the issue. Overall, advocates propose that an emotion, such as disgust, is a mechanism adequate enough to direct one's moral evaluations. Disgust
advocates support the

The Missing Plane, Malaysia Airlines Flight Mh370
In the modern democracy world, political game is no longer a game of one to many rather many to one. Many parties see the need of employing
communication professionals to develop a more efficient campaign with favourly publicity. These communication professionals are known as the spin
doctor or Public Relations (PR) expert in dealing with the mass media to mobilize and steer public opinion (Louw, 2010).
This article addresses the role and the relationship of spin doctoring with other players take part in mass media, with two case studies demonstrated:
one being successful and one being unsuccessful spin. The successful spin will be shown using the example of the Islamic State Group in Syria and
Iraq (ISIS). On the other hand, the unsuccessful one will be using the handling case of the missing plane, Malaysia Airlines flight MH370. A
summary of the key concepts relevant to this article will also be provided, followed by what led to the success and the failure of the two campaigns''
mentioned will be analyzed.
The term spin doctor consists of a symbolic relationship with journalists and mass media. Both need each other in order to generate and disseminate
information within the media machine. A good spin team knows what works is the best to hook the intended audiences, be it a mass audience or the
journalist (Louw, 2010). They write scripts for politicians or other performers and crafted favourbly stories as sources to their advantage for journalists
to find information

Black Mirror Stereotypes
In class, we watched an episode of Black Mirror that had to deal with a military system that overrode soldiers' views of human beings who the
system thought they were not allowed to live. One of the soldiers had his systems damaged on his first mission and started to see these people for
who they truly were, human beings. The human side of the system found out and gave him an option to live every day seeing that he killed humans
or continue to kill them and have his memory erased. There are many scenes in the episode that can relate to many different topics we covered in
class. I will be talking about how three topics that were discussed in class can be seen in this episode of Black Mirror There is a scene in the episode
that shows "terror... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary social categories are things that we notice first about a person such as race, age, and sex. It is an automatic thing to do to people because
we do it without really knowing it. We classify people's sex by shape, stature, and reproductive anatomy. We classify people as younger or older by
the color of hair and skin , whether it is smooth or wrinkled. We use the person's skin color and/or facial features to determine what race they are.
Social categories can cause individuals to guide their social judgments. The established social categories form has an influence on our thinking
about individuals from other groups. These set up expectations of individuals in these particular groups that we have categorized. The scene
showed primary social categorization which is seen throughout the entire episo de. They do not see the roaches as individuals but as a member
of the roach social group even though they are different individually. We can tell the soldiers go off facial features which tells them if they are a
roach or not, like how facial feature can usually tell you what race a person is if you cannot tell their race based off the color of skin. There is much
research that shows primary social categorization. The scene does show the primary social categorization that guides their social judgments. Primary
social categorization was seen as automatic when researchers were measuring brain activity in subjects and saw that it took seconds to recognize
another person's race. This can be because these features are visible and identifiable. There was a study done for social categorization guiding social
judgments. In that study, it showed that people only pay attention to the race which was the social information. They also saw that social categories
influence people's perceptions of individuals. This is something that you see in the episode on how the category of roach overrides any

Terror Management Theory
Introduction Psych 317
As humans, we are unique from animals in many ways. We have an internal guidance system called a conscience that allows us to think and act in a
way close to our deepest values. We have an independent will that does not allow genetic influences or the environment to dictate our actions. We have
an infinite creative imagination that allows us to create beyond our reality but perhaps the most uniquely human endowment we all possess is
self–awareness. Self–awareness is the recognition of how we feel and how we behave. It also allows us to examine why we exist and ultimately, that
we are going to die. While self–preservation is a characteristic to both humans and animals, the understanding of one's own ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While this study suggests that there is no need to be around similar people during times of vulnerability, the researchers recognize that the individuals
in these groups were mere observers and not actually interacting with each other.
Another hypothesis that emerged from TMT research is the anxiety–buffer hypothesis. This hypothesis stresses the importance of high self–esteem and
how it can shield individuals from experiencing death anxiety. Individuals with high self–esteem feel that they are an ideal example of their culture and
enjoy the protection from the mortality concerns that their culture offers (Hirschberger et al., 2002).
Studies that exemplify the anxiety–buffer hypothesis are those that link TMT and risky sexual behaviors. In a 2004 study, researchers noted that by
making mortality salient, a willingness to engage in life–threatening behaviors, such as unsafe sex, was reported (Orit Taubman, Ben–Ari). This study
suggests that engaging in risky sex represents two facets of vulnerability related to the threat of death. One is the absolute fear or extermination which is
associated to having the risky sex and the other is the need to love and have intimacy, a uniquely human trait that is related to self–esteem. Basically,
when faced with mortality, humans yearn to fulfill their basic needs of love, even if that means risking life itself (Orit Taubman,

Terror Management Theory: What Does It Means To Be Human
By nature we humans are scared of dying and leave everything behind. We are afraid of not know where our souls will go next, but our culture no
matter what culture gives us hope that nothing ends here. In many civilization humans have developed techniques or idea to stay alive. Throught
generations, art, or including reservation. Many religion like Christianity, Islam and Judaism have teach resurrection in their beliefs. Therefore we
humans create and support anything that makes us feel secure like myths, our religion and including our government to avoid mortality. Terror
Management Theory tells us that we humans have a desire to live but we know that we our mortals, that we can die anytime anywhere .The author
gives an example of a smoker

Guido's Psychic Conflict: Humor Or Defense Mechanism?
Guido's psychic conflict was attempting to ensure the safety of his family while not allowing the horrific events to psychologically traumatize his
son, Joshua. Guido used humor as a defense mechanism. Guido seemed fully aware of what was going on and why. I am going out on a ledge since
we never discussed humor as a defense mechanism and it is not in the book. However, I think Guido used humor as a defense mechanism to relieve
his own stress and the stress of others around him. The act of joking and laughter seems to calm the mind and body while decreasing the perceived
risk of the situation. It also worked magically with Joshua and maybe saved him from severe psychological issues in his future. Unfortunately, Guido
himself received no personal resolution, or knowledge that his defense mechanism worked well for his son Joshua. Guido made the ultimate sacrifice.
Dr. Lessing's psychic conflict was that he didn't want to help the Nazis, yet like many other Germans during the war, he was likely forced and/or
threatened to help them. If I had the option to describe his defense mechanism as a complete mental breakdown than I would, but honestly his defense
mechanism was displacement. Displacement redirects forbidden impulses (in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He lived in his wealthy Uncle's house and yes he needed a job, yet he was determined to open his own book store. He even offered to wait hours or
days in the application office to apply for a personal business permit. Guido even ends up getting this book store. Guido was also determined to
romance the wealthy Dora, yet didn't love her for her family's money. He was so persistent to keep seeing her that he risked being arrested after
impersonating the school's superintendant to ask her on a date. Numerous things Guido did seemed to be for the fun of it, he seemed like a man that
enjoyed life. Money didn't seem to motivate him, he was motivated by having fun and

The Cultural Theory Of Masako Odawa's Culture
Masako Odawa was Harvard and Oxford educated, spoke five languages and held a position as a career diplomat in Foreign Ministry with many
possibilities for a bright future. However, at 29 she gave all that up to marry Crown Prince Naruhito. Western observers criticized her decision, they
viewed her choice as an attack on her personal freedom since. However, to Japanese, Masako's decision was a natural consequence of her role, as a
daughter and as a member of the royal family. Culture, thus, plays a crucial role in interpreting a situation. The values of a society influence the creation
of the self–concept and choice of the individual. Masako's choice aligned with the values of her culture. Cultural differences are present when a choice
is made and the interpretation of it. However, to better understand this, this paper will explore the cultural differences found in self–esteem and
cognitive dissonance.
The self–esteem motive is people's need to see themselves as good, competent and descent. Self–esteem is constructed by the individual, a person's
self–concept develops in part by the thinking styles and values of the culture they belong or identify with. While maintaining a positive self–image is
the basic tenant, having a high self of esteem has a myriad of benefits; it protects people against thoughts of their mortality, let's them feel more
optimistic towards the future, motivates people to persevere in challenging situations, and allows them to set higher goals for

The Mexican Culture And The Day Of The Dead
The experimentation and research that delves into the mind, social interactions, and the history of social cultures can all relate to why peoples and
groups partake in certain social cultural practices. Psychology relates to the study of the human mind. It also studies the brain's functions and uses said
functions to explain behavior. Sociology pertains to societies throughout time, being defined as the study of development, structure, and functioning
of human societies. Anthropology is defined as the study of human societies and cultures and their development. These three fields of study work to
explain behavior and its causes. As popular cultural practices and followings come and go, it is best to use reliable scientific means to attempt to
explain the seemingly ridiculous behaviors of those who partake in particular pop culture habits. While some social interactions are silly, such as the
obsession with celebrities, some may end up being useful for society. One such useful practice is the celebration of the Day of the Dead. The
Mexican culture relating to the Day of the Dead celebrations prove to be useful interactions and practices. In Mexican culture, the Day of the Dead is
a lively celebration often observed from November 1st until November 2nd. What is often misunderstood as a gruesome exaggeration of death is, in
reality, a wondrous celebration of lives, though passed. From the outside, onlookers view this celebration with horror and disbelief at how friendly

Ernest Becker Response To Death
Is Ernest Becker correct in arguing that the terror of death shapes societal attitudes? What are the different emotional and intellectual responses to
death and how significant do you think they are? Ernest Becker was a cultural anthropologist who believed that the characters of individuals in society
are shaped by a process of death denial and death anxiety. Due to the contradiction of humans' being an "emergent life that does not seem to have any
more meaning than a non–emergent life" (CITE birth and death). Through this process of mortality denial, an individual could continue to function and
tame the inevitability and the terror of death through the creation of systems and protective societal attitudes both emotional and intellectual. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CITE tmt) Terror management underlies the conflict human's face due to their desire to live and the terror and anxiety they feel due to their
knowledge of the certainty of death. They combat the terror of death by erecting "defences against death" (CITE denial of death ). Terror
management theory suggests that people learn to alleviate their fear of death by 'finding meaning in life and value in themselves" (CITE kindle).
Mortality salience is a product of the terror management theory its ideas are based in the existential anxiety that is kept at bay by an individuals
cultural worldview and sense of self–esteem.(Cite Ernest becker and pshcy) Mortality salience leads to negative attitudes and agressiveness against
other ideological worldviews. (Cite ernest becker psyc) Therefore, Terror managament theory provides evidence to the idea that humans build societies
through a variety of symbolic systems;laws, religion and culture are examples of ways in which meaning–making is applied to individuls to combat the
terror of death on a collective, large scale. On an individual level, terror managemnt theory helps to alleviate death anxiety and terror by bolstering
invidual self–esteem . Through this, we can escape the fear of "extinction with insignificance" (CITE Endings). However, due to culture being a
symbolic solution to

Social Construction Of Death Definition Essay
Death is the greatest challenge to humanity. There are different meanings we attach to death, which determine how we live and create our personal
choices."It is the single universal event that affects all of us in ways more than we care to know (Tomer, Wong,2011)." "Functional Death is defined by
an absence of heartbeat and breathing (Feldman,2011)". However, in the U.S.,the legal definition of death is the "absence of brain functioning"
(Feldman,2011). Brain death is when all brain activity has ceased and there's no way to restore the brain functions. Death can happen in the different
points of the lifespan as well; however the elderly are less anxious about dying than in earlier stages. Kubler–Ross also created certain steps toward the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terror management theory provides two different motivations health– and self–oriented. The health domain provides a basis for motivations that
parallel disparate influences on health decisions" (Goldenberg,Arndt.2008). "Understanding the effects of non–conscious death thought activation on
self–esteem striving may enable educators to promote health by exploiting health motivations" (Goldenberg,Arndt,2008). Therefore, it is crucial to
understanding how terror management theory influence self–esteem and eventually

The Importance Of Propaganda In The Afghanistan War
War has been ongoing for many years, but how does the government keep getting us to agree on these ongoing wars? What makes us partake in these
long–waged wars, costing taxpayers trillions of dollars overall? The government has learned how to play on our emotions, our psyche, to gain our
support for these wars as well as getting us to help fund them. The Afghanistan war has been the most profitable war to date, costing almost 4
trillion dollars and has been one of the longest wars. It has gone on since 2001 and is still going on to this day. Propaganda plays such a huge part in
our wanting and agreeing upon these wars. It increases our patriotism, and our need to "fight back" against anyone that has brought us any harm. The
government plays on our emotions to support there own agenda. Literature Review: On September 11, 2001, four planes were highjacked and
deliberately flown into the twin towers, the pentagon, and one crashed in Pennsylvania. This killed nearly 3000 people and injured many more. This
major event caused every person to get increasingly more invested in patriotism, leading to an increasing support for war. Propaganda gets used to
appeal to people's emotions in order to gain the support of the country to enter into wars. Many media outlets will lead a hatred filled attack, which will
cause more people to become increasingly committed and supportive on an attack against the enemy and that victory against the people who attacked
America. Patriotism became

Are We Happier Facing Death By Sora Song Analysis
In this article, "Are We Happier Facing Death," by the author Sora Song, she discusses that according to the November issue of Psychological
Science, when you are asked to think about the occasion of your own demise, you become happier than usual, instead of sadder. Researchers have said
it is like a psychological immune response, where you are faced with thoughts of death and the way your body automatically copes with feelings and
depression. DeWall, who is a psychologist at the University of Kentucky, and Roy Baumeister of Florida State University, tested a theory which was
called the "terror management theory" in multiple experiments which involved 432 undergraduate volunteers. Half of the students were asked to
contemplate dying and being

Should Disgust Influence Our Considered Moral Judgments?
This paper will examine the normative question "should disgust influence our considered moral judgments?" Daniel Kelly addresses in chapter five
of his book, Yuck!, in two profoundly opposite views. These two views are between the moral disgust advocate who say, "yes" to the question and the
moral disgust skeptics who say "no". We will discuss these two very different views in depth, what Kelly's views are, his account of the nature of
disgust, and lastly, how he uses the Entanglement thesis and Co–opt thesis view to debunk the moral disgust advocates view on disgust. Before this
paper can examine moral disgust in depth we must first define core disgust and how core disgust transformed into moral disgust. Core disgust is an
emotional response of revulsion at the prospect of something that is considered to be offensive, distasteful or unpleasant. This emotional response
was created to protect our bodies from harm and originally was developed to serve as an oral defense, a function to protect people from poisonous
plants and disease avoidance. However core disgust has evolved along side with civilization and has now grown into elaborated disgust. Disgust is
now not just protecting us from food, animals, or body products it has now evolved to include poor hygiene, sexual violations, body envelope
violations, and any contact with death or dead bodies. Additional triggers of disgust are interpersonal contamination and socio–moral disgust, which is
defined as disgust around

The Simpsons ' Worst Running Tv Series Of All Time
One of the longest running TV series of all time is the Simpsons. The Simpsons is an animated sitcom that uses satire to depict the "average" American
family. The Simpson Family consists of Homer (father), Marge (mother), Bart (son), Lisa (daughter), and Maggie (baby). In 2007 The Simpsons hit the
big screen. This major motion picture about Springfield, the home of the Simpson Family, and has just about everything possibly imaginable.
Springfield however has a very large problem, they pollute like no other place in the United States. It was not until Lisa Simpson proved to the town
how polluted the local lake was that change was instituted. After Lisa "saves" the lake the city institutes wide spread trash and recycling procedures.
However Homer doesn't want to wait in one of the lines and instead dumps his trash in the lake. This is the straw that broke the camel's back because
after this the lake became toxic. At this point the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) steps in and with the authorization of the President.
Springfield becomes encapsulated in a large dome. At this point it becomes a life or death situation. The Simpsons then manage to escape and go on a
wild journey. Only to eventually get caught. Once the Simpsons are returned to the dome, a massive bomb is placed in an effort to prevent Springfield
from further pollution. (The Simpsons Movie). The looming threat that in a short matter of time everyone could be dead. It is at this point that Terror
Management

The Suspense Genre Of The Walking Dead
The suspense genre has drastically changed over time. From visual effects to the story telling, society has taken up a completely new form of
television that has impacted many viewers. When "The Walking Dead" came out, it brought out a side to television shows that had never been seen
before; it started out as another television show but it turned into something bigger. It is something that viewers never want to end. The way these
people had to live their lives brought a certain understanding of what would happen in a post–apocalyptic scenario. The reason so many people are
drawn into this show is not only for the blood and gore but because viewers can see an aspect of themselves in the show. Psychologically, it is very
simple and many people... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first one Tenga and Basset describe as the Terror Management Theory which details the factor of death and the toll it takes into a human's psych
and then there is the Moral Foundation Theory which describes the moral options one must take in order to live (how far one is willing to go). "Terror
Management Theory posits that humans have developed elaborate psychological defenses to mitigate the potentially overwhelming anxiety engendered
by the terrifying awareness of personal mortality. Attempts to suppress thoughts of death and to extend longevity are insufficient, but cultural
worldviews provide comfort by offering the perception of an orderly, meaningful world and by defining the means through which individuals can
literally or symbolically extend identity and existence. Terror Management Theory seems particularly applicable to the behavior of the characters in
"The Walking Dead", who live with the relentless threat of impending death. The theory also seems well suited for analyzing viewers' reactions to the
series, given their emotional attachment to and identification with its characters" (Tenga, Basset). In other words, the theory states that for the audience
to come to terms with death and the realization that they will eventually die, their sub–conscious looks at the world as a

Social Stigma Examples
Stigma is usually attached to someone as a way to put labels on that person. These tags so call it are ways to identify that person. For example,
handicapped, disabled, veterans and doctors are titles in which might put them as at a disadvantage or advantage. Social stigma is the extreme
discontent with a person or group which allows others to approval or disapproval of them. The greater society is viewed as the norm and depending
what stigma is attached to you, the results can depict how you are treated. . For example a homeless person is shamed upon and automatically assumed
to have a mental disease or a drug / alcohol addiction leading to their homelessness. Attributes associated with social stigma are often having political
motives and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The discredited is physical traits that would let other people know about their condition. For example, someone who is blind has a walking stick
or someone who is too weak to walk is in a wheelchair. These types of disabilities are not part of the norm in social settings. Discreditable is not
noticeable and doesn't interfere with their public image. Their disabilities are not easy to tell unless the person tells others. For example, someone
who has HIV/AIDS, mental illness or criminal backgrounds, these people can still blend in with society without people knowing their status or
past behaviors. The difference between discredited and discreditable is the characteristics of them, discredited is physical traits and discreditable
is more feelings and diseases that one isn't going to know unless they disclose this information to others. Goffman defines personal identity as the
person's history and attitude. Like an ID tells others what behaviors are appropriate to individuals. For example, someone who is under 18 can't
drink or smoke or be able to go to clubs. The owner of these things asks to see their ID to know if they can't or can have these things. But, someone
can get a fake ID and be able to do some things that he or she wouldn't be able to do normally without the fake ID. Personal identity is used as a way
to know who the person is. The information on an ID holds handful

Explain The Five Tenets Of Terror Management Theory
1.Five tenets of terror management theory are reminders of death, being reminded that death is possible to anyone who threatens one's cultural norms
which results in a positive interaction to those who agree with that same norms that should be held. Experiencing high self–esteem or having a feeling
of being in power creates a buffer from the anxiety that typically reminds us of death and threatening stimuli. The awareness that death is inevitable is
reduced when there are others that support a person's worldviews or there is a boost to the person's self–esteem. Another tenet is when there are threats
to a person's cultural worldview or self–esteem decreases the likelihood of a person being about to experience thoughts about death. Literature that
supports the idea of being able... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What puzzles me about terror management theory is the concept of a wide variety of less traumatic life stressors like job loss, divorce, death of a
loved one are shown to be associated with psychological disorders. Even though there is no research linked theses types of experiences to disruptions
in anxiety–buffer functioning. This concept puzzles me because if these low traumatic stressors are associated with psychological disorders then how
do they not affect a person ability to use anxiety–buffer functioning. Interruption in psychological functioning is present due to these life stressors, but
what makes it not enough to interfere with the anxiety–buffer functioning. 3.A question that I would like to ask the authors of this article is how big of
a role does death anxiety and terror management theory play a role in psychopathology of clients? This question is significant because if a client is
diagnosed with anxiety, could it be possible that it is strictly death anxiety instead of generalized anxiety disorder? I think it would be important to
know how much death anxiety and terror management plan a role in being about to examine a client's problems. Staring at the Sun– Chapter

Terror Management Analysis Of Psychological Functions Of...
Research Review #1 For my research review, I selected Puppy–Monkey–Baby (PMB) Terror Management Analysis of Psychological Functions of
Religion. This research article focuses on terror management theory, and more specifically how religion serves to manage the terror a human may
experience when confronted with the thought of death (Vail, 2010). Although non–religious beliefs can serve as a form of terror management, spiritual
beliefs are frequently used to alleviate anxiety caused by death because they are not easily negated and assure immortality (Vail, 2010). Scientists in this
study analyze research, which supports that mortality produces an increased belief in the afterlife, supernatural agency, human ascension from nature,
and spiritual distinctions between mind and body (Vail, 2010). The study also analyzes the social benefits ofreligion and how each religion will vary in
regards to terror management theory. Overall, this study is very detailed and makes several interesting points concerning the correlation between
religion and terror management theory. After reviewing the research article, I found it interesting that individuals use religion as a coping mechanism
when threatened with the thought of own death or mortality. This information makes me question if people subscribe to a religion for the right
reasons. Do they genuinely believe in God, or is it because they need a coping mechanism when faced with the thought of death or personal struggle.
Naturally, there

Introduction Psych 317
As humans, we are unique from animals in many ways. We have an internal guidance system called a conscience that allows us to think and act in a
way close to our deepest values. We have an independent will that does not allow genetic influences or the environment to dictate our actions. We have
an infinite creative imagination that allows us to create beyond our reality but perhaps the most uniquely human endowment we all possess is
self–awareness. Self–awareness is the recognition of how we feel and how we behave. It also allows us to examine why we exist and ultimately, that
we are going to die. While self–preservation is a characteristic to both humans and animals, the understanding of one's own ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another hypothesis that emerged from TMT research is the anxiety–buffer hypothesis. This hypothesis stresses the importance of high self–esteem and
how it can shield individuals from experiencing death anxiety. Individuals with high self–esteem feel that they are an ideal example of their culture and
enjoy the protection from the mortality concerns that their culture offers (Hirschberger et al., 2002).
Studies that exemplify the anxiety–buffer hypothesis are those that link TMT and risky sexual behaviors. In a 2004 study, researchers noted that by
making mortality salient, a willingness to engage in life–threatening behaviors, such as unsafe sex, was reported (Orit Taubman, Ben–Ari). This study
suggests that engaging in risky sex represents two facets of vulnerability related to the threat of death. One is the absolute fear or extermination which
is associated to having the risky sex and the other is the need to love and have intimacy, a uniquely human trait that is related to self–esteem. Basically,
when faced with mortality, humans yearn to fulfill their basic needs of love, even if that means risking life itself (Orit Taubman, Ben–Ari).
The studies mentioned above describe the role TerrorManagement Theory plays in

Terrorism in Kenya and the USA
Terrorism in Kenya and the USA
The events of September 11, 2001, changed the New York City skyline and changed the world with it irrevocably. For example, if one simply examines
the ways in which departments of the federal government changed after September 11, the changes are indeed staggering and dramatic: immediately
post–9/11 the Department of Homeland Security was created in coordination with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, creating essentially the
most comprehensive reorganization of government in the last fifty years (McEntire, 2004). The events of September 11th also caused the spotlight to
be thrust on people like Emergency manager, putting their jobs under greater scrutiny as well as granting them long overdue recognition from the
general public, creating pressure which has led to more funding for the vital profession. The more intensive and advanced technological arena has also
offered the field more challenges and more advantages. The events of September 11 opened theUnited States up to terrorism in a new way as terrorist
eventually discovered that one way of attacking the United State was via American presence abroad. Terrorists have selected Kenya as an object of
interest as they've readily found that attacking this country was one way to manipulate U.S. involvement and impact U.S. interests. The United States
and Kenya have long enjoyed a relationship of mutual respect. Kenya has respected U.S. achievements and policies, and the U.S. has

Weber's Theory Of Bureaucracy To The Holocaust
How does Rubenstein apply Weber's theory of bureaucracy to the Holocaust?
Rubenstein apply Weber's theory of bureaucracy to the Holocaust by providing us details on the meaning of the word bureaucracy in action rather than
a dictionary definition of the word. Rubenstein presented the Jews and the many others that perished in the Holocaust not only as the victim of a
historical heartbreaking event but also as the victim of bureaucracy. How can they be considered victim of a bureaucracy, and not victim of totalitarian
state? Since according to the definition on Merriam–Webster dictionary, the definition of totalitarian state "relating to centralized control by an
autocratic leader or hierarchy" (Merrian–Webster) will define the event more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He made us aware on how so many individuals knowingly participated in the atrocious acts of violence against humanity and without much hesitance.
He provided us the formula and a clear explanation on Max Weber views and how it was all possible for the bureaucratic domination ofGermany, and
the consequences of such power. Max Weber "was convinced that political domination would rest with whoever controlled the bureaucratic apparatus
because of its indisputable superiority as an instrument for the organization of human action". (Rubenstein, 23) Nazi Germany mastered the use of
power and the management principles, this can be observed in Hitler's organization of the concentration camps. Hitler replaced the existence camps
with a more impersonal, systematized terror" camps. (Rubenstein, 24) Hitler and Nazi Germany established order in the camps, by applying
bureaucracy principles. They established specialization, providing a meaning of set task and responsibilities each office and individual will handle
and follow, making their job simpler and more efficient in following directions. They appointed individuals to ensure the written rules and regulations
installed were being followed. This assured that individuals knew their responsibilities and made it easier for their assigned task to be completed. This
also created recordkeeping of the rules, procedures and disciplinary actions.

The Importance Of Artificial Disasters
Natural and artificial disasters have always posed a threat to the development of countries across the world. In that regard, different governments have
already established strategies that can be implemented to deal effectively with the disasters, which occur. It has been observed that the developing
countries are slightly behind than the developed ones regarding dealing effectively with the disasters that occur abruptly. When adisaster occurs, the
priority is to reduce the vulnerability of people to hazards such as terror attacks and natural disasters. Therefore, to save human lives and also reduce
property damage, in the long run, disaster analysis is a very important part in disaster management. In a given society, disasters can ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human activity such as deforestation has led to global warming. Due to the event, there has been significant changes weather to extreme conditions.
Extreme weather has adverse effects on the functional and structural infrastructure that the community depends on. For this reason, steps should be
taken to mitigate these disasters from occurring and even during management and recovery efforts. The other disaster theory relates to the entire body
of knowledge and human behavior. That encompasses many areas to include physical and emotional activities and there are many different sources that
require further exploration such as, The United States has experienced high population growth rates, developments of tall buildings, rise in competition
for the use of the available natural resource; all these factors have been some of the human activities that have contributed to the increase in risk of
natural calamities. It has been observed that in the regions where there is an often–high population it difficult to respond to any disaster when it occurs,
and as a result they are often affected with increase casualties. In any community, the social consequences as a result of the natural and the man–made
disasters are larger than the physical effects, but the primary damage includes the destruction of buildings and roads while the secondary damages are
the social damages such as deaths, and also leaving individuals

The Effects Of Sleep On Children And Adolescents
Jordan DuBose
Ms Kap
ENG 101–027
26 October 2015
Parasomnias in Young Children and Adolescents Ten percent of the American population has recorded having a sleep parasomnia, most of them being
young children or adolescents. Parasomnias range from very common disorders such as sleepwalking, to a few some may have never heard of, for
instance: sleep paralysis. Sleep parasomnias are "disorders characterized by abnormal or unusual behavior of the nervous system during that occur
during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep" (Parasomnias). NREM sleep (also referred to as slow wave
sleep) contains more common parasomnias that involve the stimulation of the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes. Sleep
disorders most commonly present in children and young adults but tend to resolve as the patient ages. Sleep parasomnias affect the daily behavior and
lifestyle of young children and adolescents by altering their learning environment, stiffening the home life, and modifying their overall mood.
Parasomnias can occur at any point during the sleep cycle, if one experiences this while falling asleep they may encounter "disturbing hallucinations
or sleep paralysis" (Sleep and Parasomnias). Hallucinations may also occur as the person is waking up from a deep slumber. Sleep paralysis is when
the body is incapable of moving even though that person is conscious and aware of what is happening. If the person is awakened in an abrupt

Terrorism And International Business Research
Sadly, terrorism permeates everyday society, and the intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a global phenomenon with
heightening implications for both theory and practice. This research paper is a novel exploratory study of how international businesses apply past
terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to endure future
terrorist attacks. The unique firm level research provides a theoretical contribution by building upon n the literature calling from Vogus and Sutcliffe,
(2007) for developing a theory of organizational resilience which would enhance understanding and insights into how resilient organizations rebound
faster from disastrous disruptions than less pliable organizations (Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007; Jain & Grosse, 2009). A significant academic contribution is
addressing a specific research gap identified by leading scholars (Czinkota, Knight, Liesch, & Steen, 2010) in the international business literature
concerning the organizational preparedness of firms to deal with terrorism. Furthermore, the paper identifies business continuity planning as practical
fundamental solution to improve organizational preparedness to terrorism and enhance performance resilience.
Introduction: Terrorism & International Business
The increasing effect of terrorism on international business is at once a tragedy and a serious challenge to executives and researchers struggling

Terror Management Theory Applied To Ageism In Film
Terror Management Theory applied to Ageism in Film
Frida Ramirez
Lone Star College – University Park
Terror Management Theory applied to Ageism in Film
Ageism (prejudice toward the elderly) is becoming a pressing issue as the population of adults over sixty proliferates (Levy & Macdonald, 2016, p. 5).
Enforcers of ageist stereotypes include the mainstream film industry. By enforcing a negative stereotype, the media subconsciously implements fear of
growing old and ultimately dying among its viewers. To begin eliminating stereotypes research of origins of these ageist views must take place. Terror
Management Theory (TMT) has been a leading theory in ageist attitudes research (Martens, Goldenberg & Greenberg, 2005; O'Connor & McFadden, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
224). These symbolic solutions may also create a sense of mortality for the individual by contributing to a culture that will continue after their death,
i.e., they are immortal (Popham, Kennison & Bradley, 2011, 752). Research shows that putting faith in religion makes individuals less vulnerable to
mortality salience and death–thoughts (Wojtkowiak, Rutjens, 2011). Therefore, the solution of immortality creates a resolution for death–thoughts but
in turn is a coping mechanism to avoid thoughts of our mortality as well.
Ageism in Young–Adults
Ageism, in correlation with TMT, stems from an innate fear of death causing individuals to distance themselves from the elderly. Ageism refers to the
discrimination and prejudice to a specific age group, mainly used to describe discrimination toward the elderly. When coupled with TMT, ageism
develops in people via coping against mortality salience and denying the body's physicality (Martens, Goldenberg & Greenberg, 2005, p. 226;
O'Connor & McFadden, 629, 2012). Humans innately fear to die, and aging is the path toward death thus, the fear of aging results. When individuals
interact with the elderly, they see an inescapable fate of their own. Now, ageism, coupled with TMT, is a culmination of many fears toward aging.
Martens, Goldenberg and Greenberg (2005) propose the main factors contributing toward ageism include the threat

The Social Structures Of A Destroyed World Essay
In hindsight, all humans are different and have distinctive traits that make them an individual. In the genre Science Fiction, apocalyptic text is
extensive as it explores the social structures of a destroyed world. Thus, the human mind is an important aspect to explore when creating apocalyptic
material. Remember, every person is unique and handle situations differently. In theory,humans are biologically designed to survive by all means
necessary, in a broad sense to continue the protection of life. The way a person's behavior switch from nonviolent to violent, can be a means of
survival of their situation. To shed light on, the change in human behavior is based on the reality of their setting. This is an important outlook on
humanity because of the possibilities of an apocalyptic world becoming a reality. All things considered, the behavior of human beings change during the
post–apocalypse as a way to cope and survive the destruction of their norm.
In the event of total destruction, people are known to act differently because of fear and confusion. The psychology of human behavior switches from
empathic to aggressive. Because human share the trait of fear, they are triggered to react erratically as a way to adjust to the situation. In this case, the
situation being the post–apocalypse, everyday society will not react the same way in a post–apocalyptic world as they would in normalcy. In addition,
disconnecting from reality will cause humans to behave outside of their

The Science Behind Sleep : The Physics Of Sleep Essay
The Science Behind Sleep One thing that has stuck with people all throughout the evolution of time is sleep. While the patterns of sleep may have
changed, the need for sleep has not. With sleep playing a big role in the daily lives of people, scientists have come great lengths to understanding the
science behind it. They've discovered the stages of sleep, the disruptions of sleep, and even theorized about the dreams that happen during sleep. It is
without a doubt that the science behind sleep is an important, complex way of life. The sleeping process is not just a one–and–done deal. There are
stages that the brain goes through during sleep. The first stage, also known as the confusing stage, is a light sleep. During this stage, the brain waves
are slowing down. The slowing of the waves is what causes strange, flashing images, otherwise known as hypnagogic imagery(Walcutt). Along with
sporadic images comes the jerking motion that many people experience. These jerks are called myoclonic jerks. After about five to ten minutes, the
brain carries on into the next stage. In the second stage of sleep, the brain waves slow down even more. On an EEG, the brain shows electrical
activity, known as sleep spindles(Walcutt). The EEG also shows occasional bursts of rising and falling waves known as K–complexes. Along with
these wave appearances, the body's temperature begins to decrease and the muscles start to relax. Unlike in stage one where the eyes are moving
horizontally back and

Terrorism Stereotypes
Within the twenty–first century, terrorism has sparked a global hysteria. In recent years the group ISIS or the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria seems
to be the cover of every newspaper and TV broadcasts headlines and breaking news. Since June of 2014 the group has inspired at least 90 different
terrorists attacks in 21 countries around the world, killing around 1,400 people and critically injuring 2,000 others (ISIS attacks). This trend has
pushed men and women from western cultures to research stereotypes many Westerners hold against Middle Easterners. Some examples of these
stereotypes include: "All Middle Easterners are Muslim." "All Muslims are terrorists." "Islam is a violent religion." "Muslims are all foreigners who
can not adapt to Western culture." (Typical Misperceptions and Stereotypes) This type of thinking is not only corrupt, but also damaging to those who
are being stereotyped. Terrorism is a bigger threat to our society today than it ever has been before; however, the hysteria and fear pointed at certain
ethnicities and religious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article "Framing Muslims..." authors Peter Morey and Amina Yaqin state, " Negative images of Muslims do not cause alienation or
radicalization. Nonetheless, substituting simplistic and politically manageable views of a sizeable portion of contemporary global citizenry in place of
unwieldy and complex realities must have a detrimental effect on the quality of political decision–making, community relations, and public debate." In
other words, Morey and Yaqin express stereotyping does not cause Middle Easterners to radicalize, but these false ideas about their people and
religion can have a big effect on the quality of political decision–making, relationships with other ethnicities and groups of people, and public debate.
(Framing

Clinical Approaches Of Treating Sleep Terror Disorder
Abstract Parasomnias are partial arousal states that disrupt sleep. Different phenomena that are closely related make up this spectrum of behavior,
described as complex behaviors or physiological events that manifest when an individual becomes stuck in the transition period of the sleep cycle.
Studies on partial arousal states have been more in depth within the last half century. In regards to sleep terror disorder, many effected individuals
only require assurance of their safety and accurate facts of the nature of sleep terror episodes. Additional management may be a consideration if violent
behavior becomes problematic or restricts daily functions. Research has indicated a number of features associated with sleep terror disorder but... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are currently over 80 different types of sleep disorders listed in the Third Edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders
(International Classification of Sleep Disorders – 3rd edition, ICSD–3, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014). Sleep disorders are divided into
six major groups in the ICSD–3: Insomnia , Sleep Related Breathing Disorders, Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence, Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake
Disorders, Parasomnias, and Sleep Related Movement Disorders (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014). Among the categories of disorders
recognized by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, those featuring abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and
dreams that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, between sleep stages or upon waking are identified as parasomnias (American Academy of
Sleep Medicine, 2014). Parasomnias are commonly experienced by most individuals during their lifetime. A Canadian study found that 88% of
children manifested at least one parasomnia between age five months and six years (Kotagal, 2008). The incidence of parasomnias begins to decline
after age 25 years. Almost all adults who experience parasomnias report a history of parasomnias during childhood (Kotagal, 2008). Parasomnia
consists of various individual conditions, each with a different etiology and epidemiology, and can occur

Terrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay
Sadly, terrorism permeates everyday society, and the intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a global phenomenon with
implications for both theory and practice. The research question addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past
terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and
endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the international business literature by addressing a gap in the literature how firms can prepare
for and respond to terrorism. The study contributes to a theory of organizational resilience by identifying antecedents and associated interactions. The
paper contributes to practice by exploring the role of business continuity planning as a bridge between terrorism experience and performance resilience.
Introduction: Terrorism and International Business
The increasing effect of terrorism on international business is at once a tragedy and a serious challenge to executives and researchers struggling to
identify the factors that shape a firm's ability to deal with both the threat and the reality of terrorism. Terrorism is very real for MNEs. As of 2014,
businesses ranked fourth in the table of targets, after the government and the police, but ahead of the military (United States Department of State
Country Reports on Terrorism, 2015). Between 1968 and 2009, there were 16,301 fatalities associated

Crisis Management
European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450–216X Vol.27 No.3 (2009), pp.358–371 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http:/
/www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
Crisis Management– A Case Study on Mumbai Terrorist Attack
Manisha Shekhar Centre for Strategic Analysis & Research Deptt. of Electronics & Communication Dr. M. C. Saxena college of Engg. & Technology,
UPTU, Lucknow, India E–mail: manisha.shekhar123@gmail.com Tel: +91–0522–4095700; Fax: +91–0522–4095730 Abstract This paper examined
the Indian government intervention in crisis management during 2008, terrorist attack on MUMBAI. Empirical findings show that the intervention of
increasing external pressure and internal self awareness forced INDIAN Government to change its crisis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coombs (2007a) summaries the research and shows how practice improves a crisis team's decision making and related task performance.
Models and Theories Associated with Crisis Management
Crisis Management Model Successfully diffusing a crisis requires an understanding of how to handle a crisis – before it occurs. Gonzalez–Herrero and
Pratt created a four–phase crisis management model process that includes: issues management, planning–prevention, the crisis, and post–crisis
(Gonzalez–Herrero and Pratt, 1995). Management Crisis Planning No nation looks forward to facing a situation that causes a significant disruption to
their mass especially one that stimulates extensive media coverage. Public scrutiny can result in a negative financial, political, legal and government
impact. Crisis management planning deals with providing the best response to a crisis. (12Manage, 2007)
360 Contingency Planning
Manisha Shekhar
Preparing contingency plans in advance, as part of a crisis management plan, is the first step to ensuring a nation is appropriately prepared for a
crisis. Crisis management teams can rehearse a crisis plan by developing a simulated scenario to use as a drill. The plan should clearly stipulate that
the only people to speak publicly about the crisis are the designated persons, such as the nation spokesperson or crisis team members. The first hours
after a crisis breaks are the most

Everybody knows that death is inevitable, however people do not consciously think about their own deaths in everyday life. Usually, the average
person thinks about death when a tragedy strikes. After the attacks on the World Trade Buildings on September 11, 2011 Tom Pyszczynski, Sheldon
Solomon, and Jeff Greenberg developed the Terror Management Theory (TMT) in 2003 to explain what happens when people are reminded of their
deaths. This theory is still being investigated in current times and remains an important theory in a world full of crime and terror. Established in
reference to concepts from Fromm's theory, existential psychology, and evolutionary theory, the Terror Management theory seeks to find the reasons
why threats of deaths tend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a study by Guan (et al., 2015), the goal was to test how self–esteem affected people in regards to MS' effect on self–face processing. Participants
were primed with either MS or NA statements. Then they were briefly shown random faces on a screen (self–face and friend–faces) and asked to
identify the orientation of the face, left or right, but ignore self–face In another activity, they were told the same instructions but they should ignore
friend–face instead (Guan et al., 2015). To determine whether participants had high or low self–esteem, they were given the Rosenberg self–esteem
scale. In the end, Guan and associates (2015) concluded that MS could weaken self–face processing in low self–esteem individuals but not so much for
those with higher self–esteem. They suggests that "MS effect on self–processing is not the paradigm design, but of the consciousness of the self" (Guan
et al.,

Conformity And Terror Management Theory
Here is a question for you: How should you live your life? Should you live it like everyone else? Should you strive to be something more or not? Or
should you live in fear? These questions pose a theory, concept, or perspective within them. If you want to live a life like every other human being,
that is conformity. To strive or not to strive depends on the kind of mindset you have– fixed or growth. Lastly, if you are living in fear, you should
work on your terror management. Conformity, fixed/growth mindset, and terror management theory have impacted me in the past, and I know how it
will affect me in the future. The first concept that came to my mind is how much I conform. Conformity is defined as "a change in one's behavior due
to real... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory "holds that self–esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality" (Aronson et al., 2016).
Having a high self–esteem oversees that we will not have anxiety over our inevitable death. I can probably assume how low everyone's terror
management was after the 9/11. People must have stressed that they can die any day now thus also having low self–esteem. Freud had some good
ideas such as our coping mechanism to deny. We have denial everyday by not accepting that we might die from going outside, in a car, or on a plane.
I know that eventually I will die, and it is terrifying to me. My self esteem is not great, so I have poor terror management. I think about the future –
graduating college, marrying someone, getting a job, etc. I hope I will live a good life, but the idea that is always lurking in my mind is what
happens after I die? I am writing this paper, I will eat, then sleep, this is my life; it is a cycle. Time is infinite, but my time is not, I know that, but I
really do not want my time to stop, but it will happen. This sounds a bit philosophical, but I feel like I do resemble someone with a low terror
management. In the future, I should not think about this theory as much and live my life to the

Under The Veil Of Ignorance Research Paper
Initially, chaos engulfs the mind, in a state of complete innocence everything remains ambiguous. Under the veil of ignorance one can reasonably
presume that they have no control over the various events that transpire around them. In seeking control, people generalize, simplify, and associate the
causes of events affecting them. Individuals essentially have a desire to see patterns. To understand reality is to gain a sense of control. Without
control, an individual can feel a state of complete uncomfortable insecurity. This causes people to quickly accept things as truth without completely
analyzing the argument. This is scientifically termed as Patternicity and it can have a detrimental effect on a persons ideology. It causes people to
oversee

Dual Process Notion Essay
Psychology 5002 Final Examination: Spring, 2017
Number1
Moskowitz, Skurnik & Galinsky (1999). The History of Dual–Process Notions, and the Future of Preconscious Control – State that "in attempting to
demonstrate that automaticity is indeed limited when discussing social perception,..... researchers have attempted too zealously to assert the role of
free will (and to squash the image of humans as mindless automatons)"
A.Discuss this quote based on, at least, the above mentioned chapter.
Sensory experience comes before meaning. Some researchers like Devine will argue that stereotypes are activated automatically and only through
conscious examination are we able to overturn these thoughts and become less prejudicial. Other researchers think ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This terror can be managed by investing in a cultural worldview. A cultural worldview provides an explanation for existence, it has a set of values that
prescribe good and bad behavior as well as promising safety and death transcendence to those who follow those standards of that determined

Uprooting terrorism in Pakistan Essay
Policymaking
Decision–making process in antiterrorism has gone through a long way in Pakistan. From being merely a national initiative to one that weakens
bilateral and international responsibilities of a state. The definition of terrorist acts has also broadened over the years and so has the legal implements
to prosecute such acts. Legally the state is well equipped to deal with the terrorism, but due to incompetency in infrastructure, resources and friction
between stakeholders, it has been unsuccessful in uprooting terrorism.
The major inconsistencies in Policymaking exist between the military regimes and the democratic governments. Military regimes followed a more
"mono–faceted approach" that relied exclusively on the use of force. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of civil society and media in showing viability of anti–terrorism efforts in Pakistan has yet to be utilized to its full potential. The actions
carried out by governments are often labeled as means to gratify the external powers, specifically the U.S. Thus the dilemma remains how to suffocate
terrorists politically, morally, socially and legally?
Role of the Urban Planner
In the realm of urban planning, anti–terrorism struggles need rational prioritization. These efforts include elements of design, structural hardening,
technology and operational policies, to help prevent, mitigate and facilitate a desired response in the event of a terrorism attack (Coaffee, 2003;
FEMA, 2003; Kozlow and Sullivan, 2000; Nadel,2004). The analysis by which security needs are defined is referred in many sources as risk
assessment. Which consist of; (1) threat analysis which defines the level of threat to a facility by evaluating the intent, motivation, and possible tactics
of potential offenders;(2) asset analysis that identifies and prioritizes the asset to be protected according to its nature, value, location and how, when,
and by whom it is accessed and used; and (3) vulnerability analysis which defines the weaknesses of a facility in its design, construction, operation and
location (AIA, 2001). The foundation to the modern crime prevention

Terror Management Theory Essay example
Terror management theory (TMT) asserts that human beings have natural tendency for self–preservation if there is threat to one's well–being
(Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynski, 1997). It notes that we are the cultural animals that pose self–awareness on the concept of past and future, as
well as the understanding that one day we will die. We concern about our life and death but aware that it is unexpected by everything. The worse
matter is that we become aware of our vulnerability and helplessness when facing death–related thoughts and ultimate demise (Pyszczynski &
Greenberg, 1992). The inevitable death awareness or mortality salience provides a ground for experiencing the existential terror, which is the
overwhelming concern of people's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We react to the death concerns through the acquisition and maintenance of self–esteem. Empirical evidences have established the association between
self–esteem and cultural worldview. It showed that individuals with strong culture worldviews have higher self–esteem (Solomon, Greenberg, &
Pyszczynski, 1991). On the other hand, the research suggested that self–esteem is able to serve a death–denying function. If someone is being asked to
think about their own death, it would increase their need for the protection affords by the cultural worldview and the self–worth derived from it
(Harmon–Jones, Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & McGregor, 1997). Based on this presumption, TMT derives a hypothesis– anxiety buffer
hypothesis, suggesting that self–esteem serves as an anxiety buffer against the mortality salience (Pyszczynski et al., 1999). Anxiety buffer hypothesis
posits that self–esteem is an emotional buffer to defend against anxiety (Solomon et al., 1991). There are several significant evidences to support the
claim that self–esteem serves as an anxiety buffer function. First of all, there are large literature review indicated that self–esteem is negatively
correlated with various measures of anxiety and the physical and psychological consequences of anxiety. Leary and Downs (1995) demonstrated that

Homeland Security Risk Management

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Tiffany Carpenter

More from Tiffany Carpenter (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Homeland Security Risk Management