15. STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE:
1.DIAPHYSIS/ SHAFT
COMPOSED OF COMPACT BONE.
PERIOSTEUM > A FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE THAT COVER AND PROTECT THE
DIAPHYSIS.
PERFORATING/SHARPEY’S FIBERS
> CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS THAT
SECURE THE PERIOSTEUM TO THE
UNDERLYING TISSUE.
16. STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE:
2. EPIPHYSES (PROXIMAL AND DISTAL)
END PART OF A LONG BONE.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE > COVERS THE
EPIPHYSES AND PROVIDE A SMOOTH,
SLIPPERY SURFACE THAT DECREASES
FRICTION AT JOINT SURFACES.
18. SKELETON IS DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS:
1.AXIAL SKELETON
FORMS THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF
THE BODY. (SKULL, VERTEBRAL
COLUMN, AND RIB CAGE)
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES OF THE ARMS AND LEGS AND
THE SHOULDER AND PELVIC GIRDLES.
23. CRANIUM
1.FRONTAL BONE
2.PARIETAL BONES
> THEY MEET IN THE MIDLINE OF
THE SKULL AT THE SAGITTAL
SUTURE AND FORM THE CORONAL
SUTURE WHERE THEY MEET WITH
THE FRONTAL BONE.
40. CRANIUM
4. OCCIPITAL BONE
THE MOST POSTERIOR BONE OF
THE CRANIUM. IT FORMS THE
FLOOR AND BACK WALL OF THE
SKULL.
*lambdoid suture > joins the
parietal bones anteriorly
50. CRANIUM
SPHENOID BONE
B. FORAMEN OVALE
> A LARGE OVAL OPENING THAT
ALLOWS FIBERS OF CRANIAL
NERVE V (TRIGEMINAL NERVE) TO
PASS TO THE CHEWING MUSCLES
OF THE LOWER JAW (MANDIBLE).
60. CRANIUM
ETHMOID BONE
A. CRISTA GALLI
> THE OUTERMOST COVERING
OF THE BRAIN ATTACHES TO
THIS PROJECTION.
61. CRANIUM
ETHMOID BONE
B. CRIBIFORM PLATE
>HOLEY AREAS THAT ALLOW NERVE
FIBERS CARRYING IMPULSES
FROM THE OLFACTORY (SMELL)
RECEPTORS OF THE NOSE TO
REACH THE BRAIN.
62. CRANIUM
ETHMOID BONE
C. SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE
NASAL CONCHAE
> FORM PART OF THE LATERAL
WALLS OF THE NASAL CAVITY
AND INCREASE THE
TURBULENCE OF AIR FLOWING
THROUGH THE NASAL
PASSAGES.
66. FACIAL BONES
1. MAXILLARY BONE
A.PALATINE PROCESS
HARD PALATE OF THE MOUTH
B. PARANASAL SINUSES
LIGHTEN THE SKULL BONES AND
ACT TO AMPLIFY THE SOUNDS WE
MAKE AS WE SPEAK.
78. FACIAL BONES
8. MANDIBLE (LOWER JAW)
> LARGEST AND STRONGEST BONE
OF THE FACE
79. FACIAL BONES
9. HYOID BONE
>SERVES AS A MOVABLE BASE FOR
THE TONGUE AND AN ATTACHMENT
POINT FOR NECK MUSCLES THAT
RAISE AND LOWER THE LARYNX
WHEN WE SWALLOW AND SPEAK.
81. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
> EXTENDS FROM THE SKULL,
AND IT SUPPORTS, TO THE
PELVIS, WHERE IT TRANSMITS
THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY TO
THE LOWER LIMBS.
82. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
1.CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7)
ARE THOSE WITHIN THE NECK.
ATLAS: FIRST VERTEBRAE
AXIS: SECOND VERTEBRAE
84. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
2. THORACIC VERTEBRAE
> FORMS JOINTS AND THE RIBS
ON THE POSTERIOR SIDE OF
THE TRUNK.
85. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
3. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
>LARGEST AND STRONGEST
BONES OF THE SPINE
86. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
4. SACRUM
> PERMITS ARTICULATION OF
THE 2 HIP BONES (SACROILIAC
JOINT)
87. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
5. COCCYX
>REMNANT OF TAIL VERTEBRAE
AND SOME MUSCLES OF THE
PERINEUM (PELVIC FLOOR) ARE
ANCHORED TO IT.
88. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
*vertebral canal > a continuous
tunnel within the brain that
contains the spinal cord and
protects it from mechanical
injury.
89. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
*vertebral canal > a continuous
tunnel within the brain that
contains the spinal cord and
protects it from mechanical
injury.
90. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (spine)
*intervertebral discs > are
fibrous cartilage which
separate the bodies of adjacent
vertebrae.
> cushion and absorb shock
and permits some movement
bet. vertebrae (symphysis
joints)
92. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
ABNORMALITIES OF THE CURVE OF THE SPINE
1.Scoliosis
> abnormal lateral curvature which may be
congenital, the result of having 1 leg longer
than the other, or the result of chronic poor
posture during childhood while the vertebrae
are still growing. Usually, the thoracic
vertebrae are affected which displaces the rib
cage to one side.
96. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
ABNORMALITIES OF THE CURVE OF THE SPINE
3. Lordosis
Exaggerated lumbar curve; referred to as
swayback
The pride of pregnancy curve
98. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
C. RIB CAGE
>consists of 10 pairs of ribs,
and the sternum or breastbone.
99. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
*True ribs > first 7 pair of
ribs
*False ribs > next 3 pairs;
their cartilages join the 7th
rib cartilage
*Floating ribs > 2 pairs (last)
because they do not
articulate with the sternum at
all.
101. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 PARTS OF THE STERNUM
1.Manubrium
2.Body
3.Xiphoid process
102. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
1. Scapula > is a large, flat bone
withe several projection
(coracoid process) that
anchor some of the muscles
that move upper arm and the
forearm (shoulder blade)
104. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
*Glenoid fossa > a shallow
depression that forms a ball-and-
socket joint with the
humerus.
105. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
2. Clavicle > act as braces for
the scapulae and prevent the
shoulders from coming too far
forward.
106. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
3. Humerus > long bone of the
upper arm.
Proximal end> is the ball-and-socket
joint
Distal end> hinge joint that permits
the elbow to move in 1 plane ;
restricted lateral mov’t.
109. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
5. Radius >thumbside
Pivot joint> permit turning the
hand palm up and down.
110. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
6. Carpals > are 8 small bones
in the wrist.
Sliding joints> permit a sliding
mov’t.
111. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A. Shoulder and Arm
7. Metacarpals > 5 bones of the
palm of the hand.
Saddle joints> enables the
thumb to cross over the palm
which permits gripping.
113. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
1. Hip Bones > ilium, ischium
(part that we sit on), and pubis.
114. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/ Pelvic
Bone)
2. Acetabulum>is the socket in the
hip bone that forms a ball-and-socket
with the femur, has much
deeper socket.
115. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
3. Femur > long bone of the
thigh.
116. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
4. Patella or kneecap>anterior
to the kneejoint.
117. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/ Pelvic
Bone)
5. Tibia > weight-bearing bone of the
lower leg.
Inner malleolus> inner ankle bone
Lateral malleolus> outer ankle bone
118. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/ Pelvic
Bone)
6. Fibula > does not bear much
weight. Help stabilize the tibia.
119. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
7. Tarsals >composed of 7 bones
in the ankle
Calcaneus (heelbone) > largest
tarsal
Talus > transmit wt. bet. the
calcaneus and the tibia.
120. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
8. Metatarsals> 5 long bones of
each foot.
121. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
B. Hip and Leg (Pelvic Girdle/
Pelvic Bone)
9. Phalanges>bones of the toes.
124. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
1. Synarthrosis > is an
immovable joint, such as a
suture between 2 cranial bones.
125. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
2. Amphiarthrosis > is a slightly
movable joint, such as the
symphysis joint between
adjacent vertebrae.
127. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
3. Diarthrosis > is a freely
movable joint which includes
ball-and-socket joint, the pivot,
hinge, and others.
> is under synovial joints.
128. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
*articular cartilage > provides a
smooth surface
*joint capsule > made of fibrous
connective tissue which
encloses the joint in a strong
sheath like a sleeve.
129. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
*synovial membrane > lines the
joint capsule which secretes
synovial fluid into the joint cavity
*synovial fluid > prevents
friction as the bones move.