ALL OVER SKELETAL SYSTEM SUMMERIZE AND WITH PICS SPECIAL THANKS DR. DD GAUTAM

4. Functions of the Bones
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Hematopoiesis

5. 2 Types of Bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone

6. CLASSIFICATION of BONES
• According to structureAccording to structure
1. compact = solid mass; dense & hard
= forms the outer layer of bone structure
= functional unit --- Haversian system
2. cancellous or spongy = contain spaces
filled with bone marrow
= incomplete Haversian system

9. CLASSIFICATION of BONES
• According to shapeAccording to shape
1.1. long boneslong bones = length is greater than breadth= length is greater than breadth
= consists of shaft (diaphysis) &= consists of shaft (diaphysis) &
two extremities (epiphysis)two extremities (epiphysis)
diaphysisdiaphysis = filled with yellow marrow= filled with yellow marrow
== cylindrical, large space or canal at the centercylindrical, large space or canal at the center
== periosteumperiosteum
epiphysisepiphysis = made up of cancellous tissue= made up of cancellous tissue
e.g.: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, phalangese.g.: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, phalanges
MembranesMembranes:: 1. periosteum1. periosteum
2. endosteum2. endosteum

10. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.
• According to shapeAccording to shape
2.2. short bonesshort bones = cuboidal in shape= cuboidal in shape
= spongy bone with thin coat of compact bone= spongy bone with thin coat of compact bone
== sesamoid bonesesamoid bone -- short bone embedded in a-- short bone embedded in a
tendontendone.g.: patellae.g.: patella
e.g.: carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bonese.g.: carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones
3. flat bones3. flat bones = broad or elongated flat plates= broad or elongated flat plates
= for protection & muscle attachments= for protection & muscle attachments
composition: 2 thin layers of compact tse. enclosingcomposition: 2 thin layers of compact tse. enclosing
a thin layer of spongy bonea thin layer of spongy bone
e.g.: bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae.g.: bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

11. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.
• According to shapeAccording to shape
4. Irregular bones4. Irregular bones = all other bones not assigned to= all other bones not assigned to
the previous groupsthe previous groups
e.g.:e.g.: vertebraevertebrae
pelvic bonespelvic bones
bones of the base of the skullbones of the base of the skull

12. CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.
• According to developmentAccording to development
1. MembranousMembranous == starts as fibrous membrane,starts as fibrous membrane,
calcium gradually deposited until structurecalcium gradually deposited until structure
becomes ossifiedbecomes ossified  intramembranous ossificationintramembranous ossification
e.g.: bones of the skull, mandiblee.g.: bones of the skull, mandible
2. Cartilagenous2. Cartilagenous = starts as cartilage, gradually ossified= starts as cartilage, gradually ossified
enchondral or intracartilagenous ossification.enchondral or intracartilagenous ossification.
e.g.: long bonese.g.: long bones

14. Table. 6.2

15. AXIAL SKELETON
I.I. SKULLSKULL
= skeleton --- head & face= skeleton --- head & face
= flattened & irregular= flattened & irregular
= united by joints (sutures)= united by joints (sutures)
craniumcranium -- skull minus mandible-- skull minus mandible
calvariumcalvarium -- skull after the bones of the-- skull after the bones of the
face have been removedface have been removed
cavities:cavities: a. Cranial - contains the braina. Cranial - contains the brain
b. Orbital - contains eyeballb. Orbital - contains eyeball
& accessory organs& accessory organs
c. nasalc. nasal

16. Fig. 6.11

18. Fig. 6.14

19. Fig. 6.15

20. Divisions of the bones of the skull
a.a. Cerebral /cranial bones /brain case (8 bones)Cerebral /cranial bones /brain case (8 bones)
unpaired (4)unpaired (4) paired (4)paired (4)
1. occipital1. occipital 1. parietal1. parietal
2. frontal2. frontal 2. temporal2. temporal
3. sphenoid3. sphenoid
4. ethmoid4. ethmoid
b.b. Facial or visceral craniumFacial or visceral cranium
paired (12)paired (12) unpaired (2)unpaired (2)
a. Nasala. Nasal a. Vomera. Vomer
b. Lacrimalb. Lacrimal b. Mandibleb. Mandible
c. Maxillac. Maxilla
d. Zygomatic /malar/cheekbonesd. Zygomatic /malar/cheekbones
e. Palatinee. Palatine
f. Inferior nasal concha or turbinatef. Inferior nasal concha or turbinate

22. Fontanelle
= membrane filled spaces found in the skull of= membrane filled spaces found in the skull of
newborn infantsnewborn infants
e.g.:e.g.: 1.1. anterioranterior = largest= largest
2.2. posteriorposterior
3. anterolateral (sphenoidal)3. anterolateral (sphenoidal)
4. posterolateral (mastoid)4. posterolateral (mastoid)

25. AXIAL SKELETON
I.I. HYOID BONEHYOID BONE
= small U-shape; lies in front of the neck= small U-shape; lies in front of the neck
= base of the tongue is attached= base of the tongue is attached
= lies between mandible & thyroid cartilage= lies between mandible & thyroid cartilage
II.II. OSSICLESOSSICLES
= small bones of the ear= small bones of the ear
a. Stapes (stirrup)a. Stapes (stirrup) 22
b. Incus (anvil)b. Incus (anvil) 22
c. Malleus (hammer)c. Malleus (hammer) 22

28. AXIAL SKELETON
I.I. VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN
= long, curved, slightly movable pillar= long, curved, slightly movable pillar
= united together by cartilage & ligaments= united together by cartilage & ligaments
== 71 – 75 cm.71 – 75 cm. longlong
= formed by series of bones -- vertebrae= formed by series of bones -- vertebrae
FUNCTION:FUNCTION:
1.1. support of the trunksupport of the trunk
2. contains & protects the spinal cord &2. contains & protects the spinal cord &
nervesnerves

29. VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN
Classification of vertebraClassification of vertebra youngyoung adultadult
cervicalcervical 77 77
thoracicthoracic 1212 1212
lumbarlumbar 55 55
sacralsacral 55 11
coccygealcoccygeal 44 11
3333 2626
Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs = flattened plates of fibrocartilage that= flattened plates of fibrocartilage that
are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of theare interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the
bodies of vertebraebodies of vertebrae
FUNCTION:FUNCTION: 1. uniting medium between vertebrae1. uniting medium between vertebrae
2. main shock absorber2. main shock absorber
3. give flexibility & movement to the whole3. give flexibility & movement to the whole
vertebral columnvertebral column

30. VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN
General parts of vertebraeGeneral parts of vertebrae
1. body1. body 5. transverse process5. transverse process
2. arch2. arch 6. articular process6. articular process
3. pedicle or root3. pedicle or root 7. spinous process7. spinous process
4. lamina4. lamina 8. spinal or vertebral foramen8. spinal or vertebral foramen
Special characteristics of individual vertebraeSpecial characteristics of individual vertebrae
a. Cervical vertebrae (7)a. Cervical vertebrae (7) = forms the skeleton of the neck, all= forms the skeleton of the neck, all
have transverse foramenhave transverse foramen
atypical cervical vertebrae:atypical cervical vertebrae:
1. atlas -- 11. atlas -- 1stst
2. axis or epistropheus = 22. axis or epistropheus = 2ndnd
3. 73. 7thth
cervical vertebrae = spinous process not bifid,cervical vertebrae = spinous process not bifid,
small transverse foramensmall transverse foramen
b. Thoracic vertebrae (12)b. Thoracic vertebrae (12) = costal pits - rib attachment= costal pits - rib attachment
= circular vertebral canal= circular vertebral canal

31. VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN
Special characteristics of individual vertebraeSpecial characteristics of individual vertebrae cont’ncont’n
c. Lumbar vertebrae (5)c. Lumbar vertebrae (5) = presence of mamillary &= presence of mamillary &
accessory processesaccessory processes
= triangular vertebral foramen= triangular vertebral foramen
d. Sacrumd. Sacrum = inverted triangular bone situated between= inverted triangular bone situated between
hip boneship bones
e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1)e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1) = 4 small incomplete vertebrae= 4 small incomplete vertebrae
fused to form the coccyx /tail bone; triangularfused to form the coccyx /tail bone; triangular

33. Fig. 6.18

35. Fig. 6.20

36. AXIAL SKELETON
I.I. STERNUM (breast bone)STERNUM (breast bone)
= flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic wall= flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic wall
= composed of 2 plates of compact bone= composed of 2 plates of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in betweenwith a layer of spongy bone in between
containing red bone marrowcontaining red bone marrow
PARTS:PARTS:
a. Manubriuma. Manubrium
b. Corpus or bodyb. Corpus or body
c. Xiphoid processc. Xiphoid process

37. AXIAL SKELETON
I.I. RIBS (12 pairs)RIBS (12 pairs)
= narrow arched flat bones with 2 ends= narrow arched flat bones with 2 ends
1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic
2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages
Classification of ribs:Classification of ribs:
a. Sternal or true ribs (1a. Sternal or true ribs (1stst
to 7to 7thth
))
- ribs whose costal cartilages are directly- ribs whose costal cartilages are directly
attached to sternumattached to sternum
b. Asternal or false ribs (8b. Asternal or false ribs (8thth
to 12to 12thth
))
- ribs whose costal cartilages are not attached- ribs whose costal cartilages are not attached
directly to the sternum but to 7directly to the sternum but to 7thth
subdivisions:subdivisions: 1. false rib proper - 81. false rib proper - 8thth
, 9, 9thth
, 10, 10thth
ribsribs
2. floating or hanging ribs – 112. floating or hanging ribs – 11thth
& 12& 12thth

38. Fig. 6.21

39. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)
1.1. Clavicle (collar bone)Clavicle (collar bone)
2.2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – articulates withScapula (shoulder blade) – articulates with
humerus & claviclehumerus & clavicle
3.3. Humerus (arm bone) - longest & largestHumerus (arm bone) - longest & largest
bone of UEbone of UE
articulates with scapula (above)articulates with scapula (above)
radius & ulna (below)radius & ulna (below)
4.4. Radius - lateral bone of the forearm; cup-Radius - lateral bone of the forearm; cup-
shaped headshaped head
5.5. Ulna - principal bone of the forearm;Ulna - principal bone of the forearm;
longer& larger than radiuslonger& larger than radius

40. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE) cont’ncont’n
6.6. Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged into 2Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged into 2
rowsrows
- proximal & distal rows- proximal & distal rows
7.7. Metacarpals (bones of the hand) - 5 longMetacarpals (bones of the hand) - 5 long
bonesbones placed between carpals &placed between carpals &
phalangesphalanges
- numbered from lateral to medial- numbered from lateral to medial
1.1. Phalanges (bones of the fingers) = 14 longPhalanges (bones of the fingers) = 14 long
bones of the fingers -- 3 bones except thumbbones of the fingers -- 3 bones except thumb
- 2 bones- 2 bones

47. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)
1.1. Hip bone (innominate bone)Hip bone (innominate bone)
right & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdleright & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdle
3 bones: 1. ilium*3 bones: 1. ilium*
2. ischium*2. ischium*
3. pubis*3. pubis*
2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in
the bodythe body
3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial,3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial,
& larger of the 2 bones of the leg& larger of the 2 bones of the leg
4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed
parallel with the tibia but located laterallyparallel with the tibia but located laterally
*Converge on acetabulum  a
concave fossa -- articulates with
head of femur  form hip joint

49. Fig. 6.30

50. Fig. 6.31

51. Fig. 6.32

54. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE) cont’ncont’n
5.5. Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones;Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones;
2 rows: internal & external rows2 rows: internal & external rows
6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5 long bones6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5 long bones
numbered from medial to lateralnumbered from medial to lateral
7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar to bones of7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar to bones of
the fingersthe fingers

56. Fig. 6.35

57. Common Fractures
greenstick fracture
= the bone does not
break all of the way
through.
simple, or closed
= when the bone breaks
but the skin does not.
compound, or open
= when the broken bone
tears through the skin,
introducing the
dangerous possibility of
infection.
The area around a break
swells and discolors, but
some fractures can be
detected only by X-ray.
The weakened bones of
the elderly are especially
susceptible to fractures.

58. Fig. 6B

59. Fig. 6C

60. J O I N T S

61. JOINTS
= a site where 2 or more bones= a site where 2 or more bones
come together whethercome together whether
with movement or nonewith movement or none
ARTHROLOGYARTHROLOGY

62. JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION:CLASSIFICATION:
1.1. Fibrous jointsFibrous joints
= articulating bone surfaces= articulating bone surfaces
= sutures of skull, inferior tibiofibular= sutures of skull, inferior tibiofibular
jointsjoints
= very little movement possible= very little movement possible

64. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION:CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.cont’n.
2.2. Cartilagenous jointsCartilagenous joints
2 types:2 types:
a.a. PrimaryPrimary - united by a plate or bar of- united by a plate or bar of
hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage
b.b. SecondarySecondary - united by a plate of- united by a plate of
fibrocartilagefibrocartilage

65. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION:CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.cont’n.
1.1. Synovial jointsSynovial joints
= articular surfaces of bones covered= articular surfaces of bones covered
by thin layer of hyaline cartilageby thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavityseparated by a joint cavity
= permits great degree of movement= permits great degree of movement

67. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE ofCLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
I.I. SynarthrosesSynarthroses
= immovable joints= immovable joints
= articulating surface is in direct contact= articulating surface is in direct contact
= uniting medium:= uniting medium: fibrous tissuefibrous tissue
hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage
fibrocartilagefibrocartilage

68. JOINT
SynarthrosesSynarthroses
a.a. SuturesSutures - bones of the skull- bones of the skull
b.b. SchindylosisSchindylosis - bony plate inserted into- bony plate inserted into
aa
cleft or fissurecleft or fissure
e.g.: vomer into maxilla, palatine bonese.g.: vomer into maxilla, palatine bones
c.c. GomphosisGomphosis - a conical process- a conical process
received intoreceived into
corresponding socketcorresponding socket
e.g.: root of teeth into alveolus of maxilla ore.g.: root of teeth into alveolus of maxilla or
mandiblemandible
d.d. SynchondrosisSynchondrosis - a cartilagenous- a cartilagenous
medium which later may ossifymedium which later may ossify
e.g.: between epiphysis & diaphysis of longe.g.: between epiphysis & diaphysis of long

69. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE ofCLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT (cont’n)(cont’n)
I.I. AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses
= slightly movable joints= slightly movable joints
= articulating surfaces connected by a wide= articulating surfaces connected by a wide
disc of fibrocartilagedisc of fibrocartilage
a.a. SymphysisSymphysis - uniting medium: fibrocartilage- uniting medium: fibrocartilage
e.g.: symphysis pubise.g.: symphysis pubis
b.b. SyndesmosisSyndesmosis - large amount of fibrous- large amount of fibrous
connectiveconnective
tissue  wide membranetissue  wide membrane
e.g.: interosseous membranee.g.: interosseous membrane
between radius & ulnabetween radius & ulna

70. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE ofCLASSIFICATION ACCORDING to DEGREE of
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT (cont’n)(cont’n)
I.I. DiarthrosesDiarthroses
= freely movable joints= freely movable joints
Types:Types:
a. Articular surfaces covered by hyalinea. Articular surfaces covered by hyaline
cartilagecartilage
e.g.: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular jointse.g.: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular joints
b.b. Hinge joints (ginglymus)Hinge joints (ginglymus)
= flexion & extension movements possible= flexion & extension movements possible
e.g.: elbow, knee, anklee.g.: elbow, knee, ankle

71. DiarthrosesDiarthroses
c.c. Pivot joints (trochoid)Pivot joints (trochoid)
= central body pivot surrounded by a bony= central body pivot surrounded by a bony
ligamentous ringligamentous ring
= possible movement is rotation only= possible movement is rotation only
e.g.: atlantoaxial & superior radioulnar jointse.g.: atlantoaxial & superior radioulnar joints
d.d. CondyloidCondyloid
= have 2 distinct convex surfaces that= have 2 distinct convex surfaces that
articulatearticulate
with 2 concave surfaceswith 2 concave surfaces
= flexion, extension, adduction, abduction= flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
possiblepossible
= small amount of rotation= small amount of rotation
e.g.: metacarpophalangeale.g.: metacarpophalangeal
metatarsophalangeal jointsmetatarsophalangeal joints

72. DiarthrosesDiarthroses
e.e. EllipsoidEllipsoid
= elliptical convex articular surface that fit= elliptical convex articular surface that fit
into aninto an
elliptical concave articular surfaceelliptical concave articular surface
= F, E, add., abd. possible= F, E, add., abd. possible
= rotation impossible= rotation impossible
e.g.: wrist jointe.g.: wrist joint
f.f. Saddle jointsSaddle joints
= articular surfaces are reciprocally= articular surfaces are reciprocally
concavoconvex,concavoconvex,
resembling saddle on a horse’s backresembling saddle on a horse’s back
= F, E, add., abd., rotation possible= F, E, add., abd., rotation possible
e.g.: carpometacarpal joint of thumbe.g.: carpometacarpal joint of thumb

73. DiarthrosesDiarthroses
gg.. Ball & socket jointsBall & socket joints
= ball – shaped head of one bone fits= ball – shaped head of one bone fits
into ainto a
socket – like concavity of anothersocket – like concavity of another
= free movements possible: F, E, add.,= free movements possible: F, E, add.,
abd., medialabd., medial
rotation, lateral rotation,rotation, lateral rotation,
circumductioncircumduction
e.g.: acetabulum of hip bone withe.g.: acetabulum of hip bone with
head of thighhead of thigh bonebone

76. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTSPOSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS
1.1. GlidingGliding - simple slipping or rubbing of the- simple slipping or rubbing of the
apposedapposed flat surfacesflat surfaces
- no angular or rotary movement- no angular or rotary movement
e.g.: in between vertebral bodiese.g.: in between vertebral bodies
2.2. AngularAngular - generally found in long bones- generally found in long bones
a. Flexiona. Flexion - movement that forms an acute- movement that forms an acute
angulation between 2 approximating jointsangulation between 2 approximating joints
= angle is decreased= angle is decreased
b. Extensionb. Extension - movement that form an- movement that form an
obtuseobtuse
angulation between 2 partsangulation between 2 parts
= angle is increased= angle is increased

77. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTSPOSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)(cont’n)
1.1. AngularAngular (cont’n)(cont’n)
c. Abductionc. Abduction - movement that carries- movement that carries
extremityextremity
away from the median plane of the bodyaway from the median plane of the body
d. Adductiond. Adduction - movement that carries- movement that carries
extremityextremity
towards the median plane of the bodytowards the median plane of the body
4.4. CircumductionCircumduction
- circular motion- circular motion
5.5. RotationRotation
- movement along a central axis without- movement along a central axis without
the bonesthe bones being displaced from such axisbeing displaced from such axis
- directed medially or laterally- directed medially or laterally

78. POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTSPOSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)(cont’n)
66.. Peculiar movements & positionsPeculiar movements & positions
forearm & handforearm & hand
a. Supinationa. Supination
b. Pronationb. Pronation
footfoot
a. Inversiona. Inversion
- plantar surface of the foot directed- plantar surface of the foot directed
towards the median planetowards the median plane
b. Eversionb. Eversion
- plantar surface of the foot directed- plantar surface of the foot directed
away from the median planeaway from the median plane

81. THANK YOU