Role & place of word class in sentence structure

1. Parts of Speech
(Word Class )
&
Sentence Structure
Muhammad Tariq Saeed
A.PET 10171009
M. Phill Applied Linguistics
Department of English
UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE ,
PAKPATTAN CAMPUS

2. Part of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

3. SOME GRAMMAR SOURCES CATEGORIZE ENGLISH
INTO 9 OR 10 PARTS OF SPEECH
• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of
speech:
o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)
• Determiners may be treated as a separate part of
speech, instead of being categorized under
Adjectives.

4. NOUN (NOUN PHRASE)
Description:
A word (or group of word) that is the name of person, a place, thing or
activity, or a quality of idea.
Example:
AIi, Okara , book, walking stick , town hall
1. Ali is a student.
2. I live in Okara.
3. I recommend this book.
4. Saleem has a walking stick.
5. Meet me at town hall.

5. PRONOUN
Description:
A word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase.
Example:
her, she, him, they.
1. Mary’s husband loves her.
2. She met him two years ago.
3. Look at him!
4. They are friends.

6. ADJECTIVES
Description:
A word that gives more information about noun or
pronoun (noun/ pronoun modifiers.)
Example:
Kind, better, best, big.
1. He is a kind man.
2. We all want better life!
3. That’s the best thing about her.
4. That is the big house.

7. VERBS
Description:
A word (or group of words) which is used in describing an
action, experience or state.
Example:
Write, ride, run, be.
1. He wrote a poem.
2. I like riding a horse.
3. He run quickly.
4. We are not terrorists.

8. ADVERBS
(ADVERBIAL PHRASE)
Description:
A word (or group of words) that describes or adds to the
meaning of verbs, adjective, another adverbs, or a whole
sentence.
Example:
Sensibly, carefully, at home, in half an hour.
1. Please talk sensibly!
2. He walk across the bridge carefully.
3. I like listening to the music at home.
4. See you in a half an hour.

9. PREPOSITION
(PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
Description:
A word (or group of words) which is used to show the way
in which other words are connected.
Example:
For, of, in, on top of.
1. A plan for life.
2. Bring me two bottles of tea!
3. Put it in the box!
4. You will find it on top of the cupboard.

10. CONJUNCTION
Description:
A word that connect sentences, phrases, or clauses.
Example:
And, so, but.
1. Girl and boy.
2. My car broke down, so I went by bus.
3. I like it, but I can't afford it.

11. INTERJECTION
Description:
A word that is a short exclamation .
Example:
oh!, ouch!, hi!, well.
1. Ouch! That hurts!
2. Hi! How are you?
3. Well, I don't know.

12. Lexical categories:
• Noun (N)
• Verb (V)
• Adjective (A)
• Preposition (P)
• Adverb (Adv)
Examples:
• moisture, policy
• melt, remain
• good, intelligent
• to, near
• slowly, now
Syntactic Categories

13. Non-lexical categories
• Determiner (Det)
• Degree word (Deg)
• Qualifier (Qual)
• Auxiliary (Aux)
• Conjunction (Con)
Examples
• the, this
• very, more
• always, perhaps
• will, can
• and, or
Syntactic Categories

14. Indicate the category of each word in the
following sentences!
a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Ali will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A
Det / N / Adv / V

15. A phrase is a group of words
that stand together as a single
unit, typically as part of a
clause or a sentence.

16. Phrases
o NP : Noun Phrase
The car, a clever student
o VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar
o PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth
o AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain

17. • NP  (Det) N (PP)
• PP  P NP
The bus (NP)
The
NDet
bus
The bus in the yard
NP
The
NDet
bus
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
Phrase Structure Rules

18. Phrase Structure Rules
• VP  V (NP) (PP)
• S  NP (Aux) VP
took the money
(VP)
took
NPV
took the money from the bank
(VP)
took
NPV PP
from
NPP
the
Det N
bank
the
Det N
money
the
Det N
money

19. Draw the tree diagram!
1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution
4. move towards the window
5. cast a spell on the broomstick

20. A clause is a group of words
that includes a subject and
a verb

21. Clause
o Noun Clause: Clause that is functioned like a noun
He said that he was tired.
o Adjective Clause: Clause that is functioned like an
adjective
The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.
o Adverbial Clause: Clause that is functioned like an adverb
When he arrived we were all sleeping

22. Word, Phrases and Clauses
I always remember Kashif.
I always remember his kindness.
I always remember what Kashif has done.
word
phrase
clause

23. 1. S  NP (Aux) VP
2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
4. PP  P NP
5. AP  A (PP)
The Main Structure Rules

24. Example (1)
The old tree swayed in the wind
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
swayed
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree

25. Example (2)
The children put the toy in the box
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy

26. Thank You