building construction 1

2. CONTENTS
No Section Researcher Pages
1.0
1.1
Introduction
Introduction to Site - 2 Storey Terrace House
Poh Weng Chuan 0319951 3-6
2.0
2.1
Site and Safety
Plants and Machinery
Chin Man Choong 0324509 7-10
3.0
3.1
Prelimininaries Work
Site Layout, Setting out and Earth Work etc
Law Zhi Chang 0323813 11-14
4.0
4.1
Foundation
Foundation Type and Construction Process
Law Zhi Chang 0323813 15-20
5.0
5.1
Roof
Contruction Process
See Wen Han 0325090 21-25
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Superstructure
Beams and Columns
Slab
Wall
Staircase
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629 // Tan Yang 0328025
Tan Yang 0328025
Tan Yang 0328025
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629
26-39
7.0
7.1
7.2
Doors and Windows
Doors
Windows
Chin Man Choong 0324509 40-46
8.0
8.1
8.2
Conclusion
Summary
References
Poh Weng Chuan 0319951 47-50

3. INTRODUCTION
BY POH WENG CHUAN
0319951
1.0

4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
ELMINA Valley phase 2 by SIME DARBY ELMINA DEVELOPMENT
Its also designed to accommodate multigenerational
living in order to satisfy the needs of modern living. From
the layout to the brick of the homes, the architecture here
takes a spin on modern and classic styles, accentuating
the spirit of plantation life.
The City of Elmina enjoys an extensive network, conve-
niently connected via the Guthrie Corridor Expressway
(GCE), Federal Highway, Kuala Lumpur - Kuala Selan-
gor Expressway (LATAR) and North Klang Valley Ex-
pressway (NKVE); enabling a shorter drive to Kota Dam-
ansara, Shah Alam and Subang Airport.
Location: No. 50037 FASA EV2B ELMINA WEST,
Seksyen U15,40160 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul
Ehsan.
Units: 309 terrace
Duration: 2016 February- 2017 July
Type of unit: A1 & A2, B1 & B2
Type of lot: Intermediate, End, Corner
Developer: SIME DARBY ELMINA DEVELOP-
MENT SDN BHD
Architect: HIA ARCHITECTS SDN BHD
Landscape Architect: LINEWORKS AND SPACE
SDN BHD
Quantity Surveyor: AAJ ASSOCIATES SDN BHD
Contractor: PA BUILDERS SDN BHD
ELMINA Valley phase 2 is the current project under Sime
Darby Elmina development, the site is 486, 675 msq. It’s
located at Elmina West, Shah Alam, Selangor. It com-
prises 309 terraced units with built-ups that start at 1,855
sq ft located adjacent to an 300-acre park extending from
1,500 acres of open green spaces, adjacent to a 2,700-
acre forest reserve a 90km cycling and jogging track, and
a cluster of retail shops, facilities and amenities. Phase 2
also brings it unique 2-storey terrace homes showcasing
the outstanding features of four types of homes, rang-
ing from 20’ x 70’ to 20’ x 80( Type A1 & A2) and ( Type
B1 & B2). The homes in Elmina Valley Phase 2 feature
an open-plan floor layout, encouraging easy movement
around the house. The building materials were carefully
selected to transform the once-glorious plantation hous-
es into contemporary homes, fit for all ages. From the
right temperature to the right door.
Proposal Site
PAGE 4

5. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 2 STOREY TERRACE HOUSE
Concept & Features of Type A:
The design presents an interplay of modern and classic style elements through the brick pattern design and minimalist
clean lines of the walls, accentuating the styles and the spirit of plantation living.
An open-plan concept by having a single flight staircase, maximizing interior space and allowing natural air ventilation
and lighting throughout the home.
Column-free car porch for maximization of space. With basic vernacular tropical design principles are applied for ener-
gy efficiency and a ground floor bedroom with attached bathroom for convenience and ease of use for the elderly.
Kitchen provides view of the back-lane and side-lane (corner and end units) for enhanced surveillance.
Type A
Site Plan
A1 Floor Plan A2 Floor Plan
Exterior
PAGE 5

6. Concept & Features of Type B:
Living rooms in Type B homes like this one boast a double frontage design, specially for the enjoyment of the land-
scaped gardens in Elmina Valley
Dual-key home concept (Type B homes only): A single bedroom with the ‘lifetime homes’ bathroom design, separated
from the main house. This provides comfort and privacy, especially for guests
The kitchen location has a perfect view of the back and side lanes (Type B homes only), providing natural surveillance.
Type B
Site Plan
B1 Floor Plan B2 Floor Plan
Exterior
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 2 STOREY TERRACE HOUSE
PAGE 6

7. SITE AND SAFETY
BY CHIN MAN CHOONG
0324509
2.0

8. 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
Contractor are aware in promoting the safety program and safe be-
havior base on 1994 section 17 “Duties of employers and self em-
ployed to their employees” by The Department of Occupation Safety
and Health (DOSH). They have to make sure that their worker are
not expose to risk. It also Ensure their safety and health. This rules
not only apply to the worker but to the public as well. Ths rules and
regulation cover all construction site in Malaysia which is under Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Act 514.
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE), is equipment to be worn in
site to minimize injuries and illness. It protect the worker from chem-
ical, radiological, electrical, physical, mechanical or other workplace
hazard. PPE included a few item such as gloves, safety helmets,
safety boots, vest and respirators. All PPE should be worn
throughout the duration in construction site. PPe should be in proper
size which fits well and confortable to wear, If it was not in correct
size, it might cause hazard.
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
Construction Safety
Glove Vest
Safety Helmets
Safety helmets is a type of helmet used in workplace environements such as
construction or industrial to protect the heads. It prevent the head getting hit by
falling object debris, or electric shock. There is a suspension in the helmet. The
suspension is used to spread the helmet weight and the force of any impact
over the head. There is about 30mm between the helmet shell and head, so
less impact will directly hit the head.
Safety Boots
Safety boots was needed to protect the foot from any falling object or any com-
pression. The protection was done my inserting a hard metal piece at the toe
area. It also have thick sole to prevent any sharp edge from below. Nowadays
there is even reinforcement that’s made of thermoplastic(TPU) or aluminum.
Fencing
The fencing prevent people from coming into the site.
Safety Harness
The harness is an attachment between a stationary and
anon stationary object. It is used as a protective equip-
ments to protect human, animal from injuries.
Signage
Safety sign was found at the entrance to remind peoples
that enter the site about the safety. The signage varies
from the necessary equipment needed in the site, and the
helth and safety of the worker.
Respirator
PAGE 8

9. Construction Safety
Scaffolding
Scaffolding also known as scaffold or staging, it is a temporary structure used
for supporting the worker and materials while the construction is in process.
The basic scaffolding includes the standard, ledger and transoms. In our site, a
wooden top plank was used. The plank help to support the worker on top while
keeping the other worker safe from construction materials falling overhead.
Construction Safety Net
Together with the scaffolding there is the safety net. It can be very important to
the site for the safety of the worker. There is two main function of a safety net.
First it prevent things from falling from top hitting the worker’s head. Secondly it
also prevent worker from falling from higher floor
Temporary Handrail
A temporary handrail was also needed, in high places or stairs under construc-
tion. It also function to lead people to the office. Other than that it provide some
rest for the worker.
Fully Planked
Access LadderBaseplate
Crossbraces
Guardrails
Toeboard
PAGE 9

10. 2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY
Excavating equipment or digger. It has a digging brack-
et at the end of the machine. The section that carry the
bracket is call dipper or dipper-stick. The boom connects
to the vehicle through king-post, which allows the arm to
move left and right.
Used to combine sand, water and cement to form con-
crete. Typically, concrete mixer would use a revolving
drum to mix. These portable mixer are normally used to
mix concrete right at the construction site, it ensure the
efficiency of work since worker can have easier access.
Tiles cutter function to cut tiles. Cutting tiles is necessary when
the laying of the tiles reaches the end. First the hardened
metal wheel scratch a straight line across the surface. Then
pressure would be apply on each side to snap the tiles into
two part. The base of the tool may have adjustable fences. It
can greatly benefit for angled cuts and square cuts and fence
stops for multiple cuts that produce exactly the same size.
Used to generate power for machinery use. Produce
power by converting energy to electricity.
Used to transport and mix concrete to the construction
site. The benefit of concrete mixing truck is that the con-
crete mixing process can be done during transportation.
Hence work can be done faster. It also maintain the ma-
terials in a liquid state though continuous rotation until
arrival.
Used to transport cargo such as bricks, sand, stone etc.
Truck can be both big and powerful or small and light
depends on the use and needs. Sometimes it can mount
specialized equipment. Such as concrete mixer or suc-
tion excavator.
Used to transport different type of load and cargo. It’s a
hydraulic powered crane with a telescoping boom mount-
ed on or a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers
or rubber-tired canters.
Backhoe loader
Concrete Drum Mixer
Tiles CutterPower Generator
Concrete Mixing Transport
Truck
Crane
PAGE 10

11. PRELIMININARIES WORK
BY LAW ZHI CHANG
0323813
3.0

12. PAGE 12

13. PAGE 13

14. PAGE 14

15. FOUNDATION
BY LAW ZHI CHANG
0323813
4.0

16. PAGE 16

17. PAGE 17

18. PAGE 18

19. PAGE 19

20. PAGE 20

21. ROOF
BY SEE WEN HAN
0325090
5.0

22. 5.0 ROOF
Introduction
Roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a
building or shelter which provides protection from animals and whether not only rain,
but heat, wind and sunlight.
Type of Roof
Hip Roof1 Gable Roof
Flat Roof Gambrel Roof
Type of Roof Insulation
A warm roof and a cold roof are two different ways of insulating a roof. A warm roof
building will make the entire structure of the building warm in an attempt to avoid
any cold bridging. It is where the insulation is located ‘above’ or ‘above and between’
timber rafters.
1 Cold Roof
2 Warm Roof
2
3
4
Roof Covering
Roof Covering
Insulation
Existing Joints
Existing Joints
Ceiling
Ceiling
Timber Subdeck
Timber Deck
Vapour Control Layer
Insulation
Insulation above ceiling keeps
warmth in house.
Insulation between roof rafters keeps
warmth in roof space.
PAGE 22

23. On Site Application
Gable Roof
Gable roof is the classic, most commonly occurring roof type in the world. It consist
of two roof sections sloping in opposite directions and placed such that the high-
est, horizontal edges meet to form the roof ridge. The design of this type of roof is
achieved using rafters, roof trusses or purlins. The pitch of the roof and the height of
the gutters can vary greatly.
The roof slopes around the triangular extension of the end wall this piece of wall is
gable. It commonly used to form extension in Victorian times and it is still used in
similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a
wall and the rafter feet are nailed to the wall plate, which distributes the load evenly
across the supporting walls.
Gable & Cross Gable Roofing
-Gable has two roof surfaces of equal size
-Provides good ventilation & ceiling space.
-Commonly used in Cape Cod & Tudor style house
-Cross Gable has 2 cross parts placed at the right angle.
Construction Details
Roof Sheathing
Frieze
Siding
Crown Molding
Rafter
Wall Sheathing
Interior Finish
Insulation
Blocking
Sheathing
Vented Airspace
Building Paper
Wood Shakes or Shingles
Sheathing
Building Paper
Siding
Rafter
PAGE 23

24. Construction Details Stucture of Gable Roof
Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with gable and trusses at both end
and common trusses sits at the end walls and carry the roof’s load directly into the
wall below it.
The roof slopes around the triangular extension of the end wall this piece of wall is
gable. It commonly used to form extension in Victorian times and it is still used in
similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a
wall and the rafter feet are nailed to the wall plate, which distributes the load evenly
across the supporting walls.
Ridge Rafter
Ceiling Joist
Double Plate
Gable Wall Studs
Ridge
Wind Brace
Collar Tie
Roof Sheathing
Prop
Eaves Overhang Internal Wall
Hanging Beam
External Metal Sheet
Mineral Wool Insulation
Rail
Thermal Break Pad
Inner Liner Panel
Purlin
Metal Shoe Anchor
Concrete Footing
Copper Edge Strip
Copper Flashing Strip
Upper Copper
Lap Seam
Cleat
Copper Counterflashing
PAGE 24

25. As shown in diagram, bricks are laid and constructed
in order, right on the edge of the bricks, roof beams
added.
Finally batten will be installed. It acts as a support to
the roof tiles that will be installed later.
In order to provide support to the roof, steel trusses
are installed.
On top of the trusses, roof sheating made of either
plywood or aluminium sheet is added. This provide
protection to theif, and acts an insulator to water.
On top of the roof sheating, another layer of alumini-
um foil added. This layer insulate heat.
1
52
3
4
Brick Wall
Beams
Steel Trusses
Plywood / Aluminium
Aluminium
Steel Trusses
Roof
Roof Tiles
5.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PAGE 25

26. SUPERSTRUCTURE
BY JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN // TAN YANG
0327629 // 0328025
6.0

27. 6.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS TAN YANG 0328025
Beam
a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an opening or part of a
building, usually to support the roof or floor above.
Type of Beam
This type of beam has a single span. It is supported by two supports at both
ends.
It is a beam that rest on more than two supports.
Refers to a beam with two spans with or without restraint at the two extreme
ends.
It has only one support in one end, another end is open.
Simple Beam
Continuous Beam
Semi-Continuous Beam
Cantilever Beam
1
3
2
4
PAGE 27

28. PAGE 28

29. PAGE 29

30. 6.2 SLAB TAN YANG 0328025
Slab to some extent can be similar to beams, in the way that they expand horizontally
between support. It can be simply supported, continuously supported or cantilevered.
Slab is mostly made with reinforced concrete insert into formwork onsite or into the
trenches excavated at ground. A standard slab depth can range from 150 to 300mm.
Slab can be divided into either ground slab or floor slab.
One way slab is supported on two side only. The total load carried in the direction is the same as
the supporting beams. The main reinforcement is provided in only one direction.
Two-way slab are supported on 4 side. In this type of slab, the load can be carry in two direction.
The main reinforcement is provided in both the direction.
Type A Type B
Water Damproof Membrane
Concrete Slab
Hardcore
Construction Details of Slab Types of Slab
One Way Slab (One Way Floor System)
Two Way Slab (Two Way Floor System)
Slab
1
2
PAGE 30

31. Concrete was poured and levelled to indicat-
ed level.
Mixtures of soils, sands and stones were filled
and compressed to a required level.
RBC bars were fitted in order to reinforce
slab.
water pipes and electrical wires were fixed in
the slab.
A layer of lean concrete was poured to form
an insulative layer, which could prevent the
water siping through and corrode the rein-
forcement.
After the slab done, the construction move on
to construction of ground beam, which is used
to form a boundary of slab.
Slab Installation on site
Casting Filling
Reinforcement Piping
Pouring Finishing
1 4
2 5
3 6
PAGE 31

32. 6.3 WALL JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN 0327629
Wall is often used to divide area. It provides privacy and protection from weather and
animals. All walls are either load bearing or non-load bearing walls. You can demolish
a wall if it is a non-load bearing wall; you cannot move or demolish a load bearing wall.
Load Bearing Wall
It is part of the structure of the building, it holds the building up and transfer it to the
foundation, it can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor. Re-
moving a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through requires adding a new
beam and columns to support the floor above.
Non-load Bearing Wall (Used on site)
It is only a partition that divides the various rooms of a building, it only carries their
own weight.
Party Wall
It is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings. This type of wall is usually
structural. It can also be formed by two abutting walls. It could be a firewall.
Masonry Walls
These walls are made of brick or cement blocks held together with cement mortar and
are often plastered with cement plaster on both surfaces.
Concrete Brick
Clay Brick
2
Party Wall
1
PAGE 32

33. Mortar
It is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks
together and fill the gaps between them.
Mortar
Bonding of Masonry
The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the mortar
filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks
are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls.
Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement
mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar are also used.
Flemish Bond Running Bond
Masonry Bonding Patterns
Running Bond (Used on Site)
Commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, it is composed of overlapping
stretchers.
Flemish Bond (Used on Site)
It has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being cen-
tered above and below a stretcher.
Stack Bond
It has successive courses of stretchers with all head joints aligned verticaly. Hori-
zontal joint reinforcement is required.
Common Bond
It has a course of headers between every 5-6 courses of stretchers, also known
as American bond.
PAGE 33

34. Masonry Joint
Concave Joint
Providing maximum protection against
water penetration.
V-Joint
Providing maximum protection against
water penetration.
Weathered Joint
Tend to catch the light and give the
brickwork a near, ordered apperance.
Struck Joint
It is a poor insulator against water, it
will allow water to collect on its bottom
ledge.
Flush Joint (Used on Site)
It is best used when the wall is intended
to be plastered or joints are to be hid-
den under paint.
Raked Joint
This design highly emphasizes the
joint. It is for interior use only.
Step of Masonry Wall Construction
2
3
5
4
6
Placing, positioning and aligning
corner block.
Plumbing block to improve bonding
between bricks.
Placing coil mesh in between brick
layers for every 4 rows
Leveling block to ensure the block
surface is even.
Filling the brick accordingly to the
center from both corners.
Chipping off mortar with a trowel
and plastering.
Coil Mesh
Reference String
PAGE 34

35. Plastering Other Elements
Skim coating is a texturing technique used to
make a wall smooth and hide an imperfect taping
job. The mixtures of it are water, concrete and
lime.
Coil Mesh
Also called coil lath, brickwork reinforcement mesh, is embedded in
the normal thickness of brickwork joint. It gives brickwork increased
resistance to tensional stresses to reduce the detrimental effects of
vibration and changes of temperature. It is easily incorporated into mortar
course, coiled for ease of handing.
Dowel Bars
Dowel Bars are friction cut and provide positive load transfer across the
joints. Smooth bars allow movement in the joint due to shrinkage and
temperate changes.
Cement Pit
It is used as a marking point for workers to know the thickness of plastering.
Brick Plastering Coating Finishing
(Painting)
PAGE 35

36. Other Elements
Reference String
It acts as a guide line for workers to ensure the laying of bricks are
straight.
Angle Bead
Angle Bead is used to create clean crisp corners, provide strength and
prevent chipping.
Soldier Bond
Bricks are placed in slanted angle (45°) at the top row of party wall to
allow expansion when fire occurs.
Clay Brick Concrete Brick
Manufacture Process Harder, generates large
amounts of carbon dioxide.
Easier, minimal pollution.
Water Absorption Rates lower. higher.
Colour Deep red or dark orange,
retain colour.
Mostly pale grey, colour will
fade over time.
Shape Mostly rectangle. Square, triangle, octagon
and trapezoid.
Joint between bricks Will shrink, need contrac-
tion joints.
Will expand, need expan-
sion joints.
Brick Properties
PAGE 36

37. 6.4 STAIRCASES JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN 0327629
Staircase is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors. It provides
a safe means of travel between floors.
Type of Staircase Used On Site
Double Quarter Landing Stairs
It allows the stair case to turn through 180 degrees. This is achieved by turning 90
degrees on two large square steps or landings.
Closed Riser, Open Stringer Both Sides
Benefit of Closed Risers
Closed Riser is safer than Open Riser especially for those family who have kids, elder-
ly and pets.
Open Stringer both sides
A decorative stair design, each tread is open on both sides. There is not a boxed in
section anywhere on this stair type.
Advantages of Double Quarter Landing Stairs
- Double Quarter Landing stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan.
- They offer some architectural interest.
- The landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.
Disadvantage of Double Quarter Landing
Stairs
These types of stairs are a bit more difficult to build.
Plan
Elevation
Open Stringer
Closed Riser
PAGE 37

38. Part of Staircase Materials of Staircase Used on Site
Concrete Staircase with Wooden Treads.
Newer
Landing
Rise
Run
Nosing
Stringer
Tread
Riser
Baluster
Railing
Concrete
Wooden Tread
Reinforced Concrete
It is fire-resistant and mouldable into different shapes. It can take a high load, it is
economical and flood proof.
Timber
Design Flexibility, lightweight and easy to install and maintain.
Other Materials that can be used in stairs
Glass
It gives an openness and clean airy feel.
Steel
Incredible strength and hardwearing. It allows us to increase the span
and length of the stair and makes it great for commercial stairs that
are exposed to high traffic.
Stainless Steel
It is used for handrails and balustrade. Easy to keep clean. Doesn’t
rust.
Stone
Marble stairs can have creative inlayed geometric or floral patterns
and can also be carve into vertical slabs or tiles, granite gives a rich
shiny look, sandstone provides a more rustic feel.
PAGE 38

39. Construction Process of Reinforced Concrete Stairs + Wooden Treads
Step 1 Measuring
Measure the differences between both floors, then divide the value of the height
found by the number of risers.
The standard step measurement: 30cm tread, 18cm riser heights, minimum 90cm
of the width.
Step 6 Installing Steps
Install the stair risers based on your formwork design (see Step One).
Step 2 Ground Prepping
The general idea of ground prepping is to simply ensure that the ground you will
build your staircase upon is very compact to prevent any sinking in during cement
pouring and prevent uneven steps.
Step 7 Bracing
Enforcing the structure to ensure that the concrete will not flow out and lose its
shape before it has time to fully set.
Step 3 Building the Form Panels
Start building wood form panels, which are basically two panels made out of wood
that help maintain the shape of the steps while the concrete is being poured in.
Step 8 Pouring the Concrete
Cement mix should be highly viscous as a runny mix will cause the steps to slump
downwards.
Step 4 Assembling the Form Panels
Ensure that the base of the panelling is fully flat on the
ground to prevent ending up with a lopsided staircase.
Check for any gaps between the foundation or porch. If
there are visible gaps, fill up the holes with wood pieces.
Step 9 Adding the Finishing Touches
Repeat the trowelling process several times for each step with a magnesium trowel
and an edger to smoothen the surface and clean the edges.
Step 5 Reinforcing Steps
Reinforcing the concrete staircase with steel.
Step 10 Attaching the Wooden Treads
and Railings
Attach the wooden treads on cement, measure the
railings to length, install balusters and attach railings.
Steel Bar
Concrete
Form Panel
Baluster
PAGE 39

40. DOORS AND WINDOWS
BY CHIN MAN CHOONG
0324509
7.0

41. 7.1 DOORS
Introduction
Door create a division from one space to another. While exterior wall work to divide
exterior space with private space, it also acts as a protection and weather insulation
to the house. Interior wall generally divide interior space, and give aesthetic values
to the house.
Type of Door
There are 4 type of door can be found in this construction project.
Gate
A gate is a point of entry to a space. The gate distinguish the area of road and
the area of house. It is used to control the entry and exit of peoples. Usually it
refers to the entrance of the building. This gate can be open manually.
Toilet Sliding door
Sliding door used as toilet door to save space. The door is also made of one
big piece of solid wood.
Interior Door
Typical size of interior door. 210mm x 900mm. No
frame for the door, just a simple big piece of solid
wood.
Exterior Door
Wooden door, slightly larger than normal door.
1 4
3
2
PAGE 41

42. Sub-Framing
Installed earliest in the construction phase. The installation of mainframe was done
after the completion of internal part.
Fabricate with smaller width to allows adjustment later.
Subframe can be install both before and after the wall erection.
The advantage of sub framing system including prevent damage of main frame,
save cost and time from undesired work, prevent staining of door frame by cement.
Installing Door Sub-Frame Procedure
1. Locate the door
The location of the door was confirmed, and the dimension of opening are confirm to
suit the drawings.
2. Align door frame
The subframe was align to the outlines
3. Secure frame
Timber was used temporary to obtain the alignment that was needed
4. Close the Gap
The gap between the wall and the door frame was grouped. Timber strip can be
used to provide backing.
Door Construction Process
Installing Door Main Frame Procedure
1. Verify the dimensions of the sub framing by carrying out a proper measurement of
the sub frame to obtain the suitable dimension of the door frame.
2. A complete set of main frames will be directly installed. Before the installation, the
size and quantity of the frame should be check and reconfirm. The opening of the
ironmongery should be pre-cut in factory to minimize work.
3. The pre-cut mainframe is assembled with either nails or screw.
4. Bonding agent such as silicon are applied over main frame for better water resis-
tance.
5. Main frame is installed onto the sub-frame. Normally timer wedges would be used
to temporarily secure the main frame.
6. Finally, the main frame was secured using wave nails onto the substructure.
PAGE 42

43. Installing Door Panel and Ironmongery
1. The correct door panel was chosen as approved
in the drawings, check for visual damage before start
installation.
2. After checking the proper alignment and the dimen-
sion of the door, door panel was installed.
3. Finally, The lock set is installed, the lockset should
be check to make sure it operate smoothly.
Door Construction Process
Handles Hinges
PAGE 43

44. 7.2 WINDOWS
Window is an opening on a piece of wall in the building that al-
lows air and light to enter. Window normally made of glass and
are held by frame.
Materials
The materials chosen on site was aluminum window frame.
Aluminum frame is slim, durable, light and require low mainte-
nance. Even though it is light it is still a very strong material. In
compare to other material such as vinyl and wood, aluminum
can conduct heart better. In other to improve energy efficiency,
thermal breaks is used to separate inner and outer space.
Due to the prone oxidation surface of aluminum, finishing must
be done. Matt is applied at the final finishing.
Fixed Windows
Sliding Windows
Louvered Windows
Double Hung Windows
SIngle Hung Windows
Casement Windows
Bay Windows
Storm Windows
Clerestory Windows
Gable Windows
Skylight
Type of Windows
PAGE 44

45. 1. Adjustable Louvres Windows
Comprise horizontal glass adjustable to control the amount of
light and air into the space. Mainly for natural ventilation.
Type of Windows Used
Aluminum Frame
Glass
2. Fixed Window.
A fixed window has a fixed glazed sash. It is designed
mainly to provide view, allow natural light in and aesthet-
ic purpose only. It can’t be open hence it can’t be use for
ventilation.
PAGE 45

46. Installation of Window
The system started with a subframe and the window was mounted on the subframe
later.
It allows better weather resistance, great flexibility in the sequencing of work. And it
also lowers the risk of physical damage.
Glazing
The window normally has either a single or double glazing system. Depending on
the location the window is, it controls the penetration of the natural light.
Glazing is define as the act of fixing glass into a frame or surround in domestic work.
It can be done my securing the glass with putty or beading. It must be carry out ac-
cording to recommendation in BS 6262: Glazing for building.
Process
Position the Sub-frame
Fixing the Subframe
Seals the head and joint between external wall and sub frame.
Protection for subframe.
Prepare to install main window frame
Install main frame.
1
2
3
5
4
6
PAGE 46

47. CONCLUSION
BY POH WENG CHUAN
0319951
8.0

48. Firstly, we were very thankful to Mr. Calvin Loo for introducing the site to
us and being the lead coordinator to guide us around the construction site.
We were overwhelmed how much we have learned on that day of site visit.
The site itself is located around Shah Alam, which we could manage to drive
there. We were able to witness the famous developer SIME DARBY and ar-
chitect HIA architect collaborate to create such two story building.
Throughout the site visit we learned to know that how tough the process can
be when it comes to create a building even though it’s just two story high.
When we get to the site, we get to witness various construction activities go-
ing on, which we have been briefed before from the lecture session for build-
ing construction. We saw how people installed substructure in to the earth
before setting up superstructure. We also get to see how contractors handle
machinery to carry out excavation and all the way through the finishing of the
process building up the house. The eyes witness of the process of carrying
out the construction is more impactful because we are witnessing it on the
moment.
Besides, we were also thankful to the lectures that they taught us the process
of construction, so that we understand and aware what are the process that
the workers carry out during construction. The experience that we have been
through on that day of site visit, bring us in-depth knowledge about the pro-
cess of building up a two-story house and understand how the building itself
is form using modern and minimalist concept to approach this project.
All in all we learn that, whenever constructing any building, the components of
the steps of constructing a building are necessary to be taken crucially. Plan-
ning this steps are very important for architects, with less knowledge of these
steps create failure to the project. As we learn that every steps of these con-
structions are more important than design.
8.1 SUMMARY
PAGE 48

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