The Science Of Space Probes

The Science Of Space Probes
Space probes are our doorway to the rest of our solar system, allowing us to find new information
about our universe. Space probes travel to other planets, moons, comets, and any other body in
space. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are also traveling outside of our solar system in order to further
explore. As the space probes travel, and once they reach their destination, they constantly measure
the environment around them with extremely interesting scientific instruments. Many space probes
have been launched by NASA, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and each
one has different equipment based on what is intended to be studied. Five extremely interesting
space probes with fascinating scientific instruments are Voyager 1, ... Show more content on
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The Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRA) listens to radio signals produced by the sun and planets,
while the Plasma Wave Investigation (PWS) essentially works like the PRA, but only listens for
audio frequencies and frequencies slightly above audible. The last instrument is IRIS (Infrared
Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer), which actually acts as three instruments. It acts a
thermometer, measuring the heat objects emit, as well as, determining when certain elements or
compounds are in an atmosphere or surface and using a separate radiometer to measure the amount
of sunlight reflected by a body. All of these scientific instruments helped the voyagers study the
outer planets, and will continue to help scientists learn about interstellar space.
Despite the fact that both voyagers were built the same with all of these components, they are
slightly different. As mentioned before, different instruments for each probe are disabled or broken,
but they also had different missions when they were launched. Voyager 1 was supposed to study
Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon Titan. However, Voyager 2 was supposed to study Saturn,
Neptune, and Uranus. Both were later extended to study the interstellar medium. Voyager 2 was also
launched after Voyager 1. Voyager 1 launched on August 20, 1977, and Voyager
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A summary analysis of the article “Microarray detection of...
Introduction:
In the field of public health, food–borne illnesses are a major concern because it has been estimated
that each year 76 million cases occur in the United States causing 5,000 deaths (Suo et al., 2010). In
2008, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's FoodNet surveillance program reported over
18 thousand cases of food–borne illnesses occurred in 10 states (Center for Disease Control and
Prevention [CDC], 2008). According to estimates from the CDC (2011), the most common food–
borne pathogens that maybe seen in the United States are Norvovirus (58%), Clostridium
perfringens (10%), Salmonella (11%), Campylobacter spp. (9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3%).
Among the other 9% (not published) include Escherichia coli ... Show more content on
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The emergence of DNA based technologies such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
microarray analysis have been utilized in the rapid detection and identification of many pathogenic
bacteria (Mothershed & Whitney, 2006; Versalovic & Lupski, 2002). The expansion of these
technologies has significantly enhanced the sensitivity, specificity and the rapid detection of
microorganisms (Suo et al., 2010). Microarray technologies have the potential to perform high–
throughput detection of multiple pathogens. Recent work with specific oligonucleotide probes
suggests that pathogen detection can be performed on a sample that contains a mixed culture of
bacteria (Kim et al., 2008). This paper will
Purpose of Research:
Previous work with DNA based technologies to accurately detect and identify human pathogens has
been demonstrated. Furthermore, three methods have been utilized: 1) amplification of one or more
universal genes (16S rRNA and 23S rRNA) through PCR, 2) amplification of pathogen–specific
markers (toxins, virulence factors) using multi–plex PCR and 3) amplification of random DNA
fragments (Kim et al., 2008). Kim et al. (2008) state that the first two methods is flawed due to the
limited number of probes utilized and that the amplification of universal genes would not
discriminate below species level due to the fact that these genes are highly conserved within the
genus. On the other hand, Kim et al. (2008) reported that

Physics : Atomic Force Microscopy
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 1. Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy An atomic force
microscope (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscope (SPM). An AFM uses a cantilever with a
probe to scan over a sample's surface. The probe is a sharp tip (3 to 6 m pyramid; 15 to 40 nm end
radius) such as the one shown in Fig. 1. As the tip of the AFM approaches the surface, at close
range, attractive forces between the sample surface and the tip of the AFM causes the cantilever to
deflect towards the surface. As the cantilever moves close to the surface, when the tip tends to make
contact with it, increasingly repulsive forces take over and causes the cantilever to deflect away
from the surface. A laser beam is used to detect cantilever movements towards or away from the
surface. The laser beam is reflected back from the cantilever to a position–sensitive photo diode
(PSPD). The deflections due to the interaction between the tip and the sample's surface causes slight
changes in the angle with which the laser beam reflects off the cantilever as shown in Fig. 2. This
change in the angle of reflected beam is detected by the PSPD. Thus, if the tip passes over a
depression on the sample, the resulting deflection of the cantilever causes a change in the angle and
direction at which the laser beam reflects from the cantilever to the PSPD. AFM uses a feedback
loop to continuously control the position of the tip (Fig. 3). By controlling the tip, an accurate
surface imaging and topographic

Evaluation Of An Electrode With A Penetration Probe Coupled
3.3.2 pH Analysis
The pH will be determined using an electrode with a penetration probe coupled to a calibrated
portable pH meter. The samples will be analyzed in triplicate per treatment, and the mean value will
be obtained from the fish sample.
3.3.3 Acidity analysis
For the determination of acidity, 10g samples of three fish sample from each treatment will
randomly selected, crushed and homogenized with 200 mL of distilled water in an Ultra–Turrax
homogenizer for 1 min. This solution will be transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask, and the
volume will be completed with distilled water. This solution will be filtered, and 25 mL of the
filtrate will be added to 75 mL of distilled water and three drops of 1 % phenolphthalein alcohol ...
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The plates will be incubated anaerobically for 72 h at 37 °C in a BOD incubator. The total LAB
count will be evaluated on a composite sample of three pieces of dried salami that will be randomly
chosen.
3.3.6 Sensory analysis
For Sensory evaluation, fish samples will be stored at 4 °C for 42 days. The sensory analysis will be
carried out prior to cold storage at 21 and 42 days of storage. Three different samples will be
evaluated. Sensory evaluation will be performed in 3 sessions by 40 untrained panelists in each (70
% female, 30 % male ranging from 19 to 25 years old. The session will be conducted in individual
booths. Samples of 0.5kg of each treatment will be presented in codified transparent glass cups. The
samples will be served at the storage temperature (4 °C) and were presented to the panelists orderly
arranged to avoid biased marking.
The consumer acceptance tests will be conducted according to Meilgaard et al. (1999) for the
evaluation of overall acceptance, aroma, color, taste, and acidity. A nine–point scale will be used,
ranging from 1 (dislike extremely) to 9 (like extremely). For these attributes, the sum of hedonic
values percentages from 1 (dislike extremely) to 4 (dislike slightly) will be named "rejection zone,"
the hedonic value percentage at score 5 (neither like nor dislike) will be named "indifference zone,"
and the sum of hedonic values percentages from 6 (like slightly) to 9 (like extremely) will be named
"acceptance

Ntspa 662 Torque
FISH analysis showed that the new extraction method was successful for four out of seven probes
used on the sludge samples. The general probe EUB 338 showed a high density of bacteria in the
seeding sludge and highly reduced densities after 24 and 28 days of operation, though still some
patches with high bacterial density could be detected. In the samples from days 24 and 28 cloudlike
structures were observed in all wells including negative controls, which showed high light intensity.
These structures coincided with reduced hybridization ability of the EUB 338 probe (cf. figure 14
G–L) Whether the background of these structures was too high, the probe directly bound to the
substances, which caused these structures or the hybridizing or fluorescent ability of the ... Show
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With NIT 3 probes hybridized bacteria could not be detected, thus either hybridization was
unsuccessful or nitrate reducing activity by the NIT 3 gene was not present in the samples. Showing
fewer artifacts, the Ntspa 662 probe showed no positive hybridization. Ntspa 662 is specific for the
genus Nitrospira, which is known to conduct nitrite oxidation. For the BS 820 probe, which is
specific for Candidatus Scalindua wagneri and C. S. sorokinii, no hybridization to bacteria was
found, while for the more general probe Sca 1309 just one very small colony of Candidatus
Scalindua specimen could be detected (figure 15, J – L) and a very high abundance of anammox
bacteria of the genera Kuenia stuttgardiensis or Brocadia anammoxidans was verified using AMX
820 probe, especially in the seeding sludge samples. Thus the majority of anammox bacteria in the
seeding sludge are not of the genus Candidatus Scalindua. Besides the positive FISH results, the
shape of bacteria hybridized with AMX 820 was similar to what was initially seen with DAPI.
Fluorescence reveals ring and sickle shapes (cf. figure

Voyager 1 Space Probe
On July 14, 1990, the Voyager 1 space probe took a picture from 6 billion kilometers away of, which
at first appeared to be, uninteresting bands of assorted colored lights. But, when you squinted at the
bands you found an easily missed pale dot, less than a pixel small. That tiny little speck was planet
Earth. Carl Sagan, the legendary astronomer, had, in fact, requested for a picture of Earth from
Voyager 1. He captioned it Pale Blue Dot and authored a book of the same name. In it, he wrote:
"That's here. That's home. That's us. On it every human being who ever was, lived out their lives.
The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic
doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward,... ... Show more content on
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The child was restless, unable to clearly communicate something and the father was unable to
understand what the child wanted. The child's struggles to convey his needs inspired me to build an
app to assist children struggling with nonverbal autism communicate better. I have named it "Let Us

The Use Of Electrical Probes On The Brain
The brain is one of the most complex organ in our bodies. To learn about the brain scientists use
electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation is the use of electrical probes to determine functions of
the brain. Clinical observation of patients have also helped scientists learn more about the brain.
Case studies of different patients such as Phineas Gage have helped to learn about the different
functions of the brain and how they work together to perform complex activities. (Barron's AP
Psychology 6th Edition)
Different maps are taken of the brain in order to determine if there are any problems with the brain.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is used an amplified read out of the brain waves. A magnetic
resonance imaging scan (MRI) gives a detailed picture of the brain's soft tissues. It also shows the
structure of the brain. A function magnetic resonance imaging scan or function MRI (fMRI) shows
the function of parts of the brain as well as the brain's structure. It also has the ability to show when
a person is lying. Scientists also use a neuroimaging technique called a positron emission
tomography scan (PET scan) to view the brain. (Barron's AP Psychology 6th Edition) The PET scan
shows each brain area's consumption of chemical fuel which is glucose. There is a scale for the PET
scan to determine activity in the brain when performing a certain action. The colors range from
purple to red, purple represents no activity while red represents very high activity. The PET scan can

The Experiment On The Space Bar
Methods
Participants
19 undergraduate students from the College of Staten Island participated in this experiment, serving
as part of their course requirement. The experiment consisted of both males and females.
Materials and Designs
Each participant was assigned a computer booth containing a personal computer. Computers were
equipped with the Cog Lab 2.0 database from which the experiment was carried out and with
statistical software which was used to analyze the data acquired. The dependent variable for the
experiment was the speed (response time) with which a response was made. The independent
variables were the number of digits in the memory set (1, 3, or 5) and response type.
Procedure Participants were first provided with instruction outlining the contents and requirements
of the experiment. After selecting the Sternberg's experiment from the database; an instruction
screen appeared and participants were prompted to enter their names, click on do the experiment and
press the space bar to start. Upon pressing the space bar, a fixation point appeared in the middle of
the screen. After one second, the participants were shown a short list of (1, 3, or 5) numbers for 1.2,
3.6, or 6 seconds respectively and asked to memorize them. The memory set disappeared, then a
probe in the form of a single digit was shown 1 to 3 seconds later. Participants were required to
indicate, as quickly and as accurately as possible, whether this probe number was in the list just
presented

Research And Application Of Capture And Ligation Probe Pcr
Purpose
The past decade has seen programs established for malaria controls achieve impressive success.
However, the need for sensitive and cheap methods for active screening of malaria parasites in non–
endemic settings is still urgent. With the prevalence of the malaria parasite approaching elimination,
there is the need for an increase in case detection just to identify a single positive infection. This
increase is an expensive venture especially for malaria control programs, and there is a need to
develop an assay that is affordable while maintaining high sensitivity and achieving high
throughput. The researchers describe the development and application of Capture and Ligation
Probe–PCR (CLIP–PCR) to effectively counter these challenges. ... Show more content on
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There is a need for diagnostic techniques like PCR with high sensitivity to provide accurate malaria
diagnosis. With the active elimination of malaria infection, experts must conduct more case
detections to identify one positive infection case (Bronzan, McMorrow & Kachur, 2008). The use of
PCR may be limited because of its high cost per test (Cheng et al., 2015). Additionally, the use of
active screening that is free of charge may encourage community–wide participation the (World
Health Organization [WHO], 2012). The increase in massive screening is already straining the
financial resources of many malaria control program. The need for technology advancement to
produce screening methods with higher throughput at a lower cost and higher sensitivity is apparent.
This work describes the development of Capture and Ligation Probe–PCR (CLIP–PCR) to meet
these challenges. ). Reverse–transcription sensitivity PCR was achieved but got rid of its reliance to
RNA reverse transcription and purification. Laboratory prepared samples used on a broad range of
parasite pool sizes and densities before being applied to active screened dried blood spot samples
gathered from 3 areas in China which are endemic. 18S rRNA of a genus Plasmodium is drawn from
the blood and captured onto 96–well plates (Cheng et al., 2013). In addition to this, the 18S rRNA is
measured by the amount of ligated probes that bind continually to it.
ResultInteresting aspect
Cheng et al. (2015)

The Labour Uprising Of 1924- A Probe Essay
THE LABOUR UPRISING OF 1924– A PROBE Aashima Chargotra1, Nitin Chandel2, Ph.D.
Research Scholar, Department of History, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Nitinchandel19@gmail.com. Cellular: 9797693019 Abstract: – This study analyses the labour
uprising in the Jammu and Kashmir State and its varied repercussions. For the first time the
labourers stirred in an open revolt against the oppressive behaviour of the officials and protested
against the working conditions of the factory. This paper is an endeavour to depict the labour unrest
due to genre glitches of labourers like poverty, backwardness, illiteracy, insufficiency of wages,
corruption of the officials and oppression of the scrutinizing staff. The article enumerates the
significance of the agitation, modes of protests, meetings, petitions, grievances and tussle for their
rights which equip grounds for other labour movements in the state. The Muslim organisation inside
and outside the state support and promulgates its compass till it burst in the form of labour uprising.
A brief sketch of the evolution of class consciousness among the labourers had been established
which set an example for the downtrodden masses to fight for their rights. The agitation was an
eruption against the existing economic organisation of the state and their anguish against the
princely rule of the state. Key words: – Labour, Silk, Factory, wages, officials and grievances.
INTRODUCTION: – The Non–Cooperation

Fiber Optical Probes Of Fiber Sensors
FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a brief introduction on the basics and applications in fiber optic
sensors. This innovation is one of the quickest developing advances in the cutting edge science.
Various investigates have been directed in past decades utilizing fiber optic sensors with diverse
strategies. Power, stage, and wavelength based fiber optic sensors are the most generally utilized
sensor sorts. In this paper, a review of fiber optic sensors and their applications are exhibited.
Different sorts of fiber optic sensors and their applications are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper is to review the most significant developments and
applications of fiber–optical probes for. Late advances in fiber ... Show more content on
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Fiber optic sensor engineering has been a critical client of innovation related with the optoelectronic
and fiber optic correspondence industry. A considerable lot of the parts connected with these sorts of
businesses were created for fiber optic sensor applications. Fiber optic sensors are great for checking
natural changes and they have numerous favorable circumstances.
OPTICAL FIBER BASICS:
Optical fiber consists of three parts named the core, he cladding and the coating or buffer. The basic
structure is shown in figure–1. The center is a round and hollow pole of dielectric material and is
made of glass. Light will proliferate through center of the fiber. The cladding is made of dielectric
material with a file of refraction and is made of glass or plastic. The file of refraction of the cladding
material is short of what that of the center material. The covering or cushion is a layer of material
used to secure an optical fiber from physical harm and is made of plastic. The covering is versatile
and averts scraped spots.
Fig–1 Basic structure of optical fiber
Optical strands are partitioned into two gatherings named as single mode and multimode. For
arrangement of list of refraction, we separate between step record and inclination file. Step record
strands have a consistent list profile over the entire cross segment. Slope file filaments have a
nonlinear, rotationally symmetric record profile, which tumbles off from the focal point of the fiber

The Importance Of Accounting Number And How They Use...
This Vortec case study is about the importance of accounting number and how they used in decision
making and control. In this case study the Vortec manufactures a single product, a medical probe
and distribute them in the market. The Vortec has two divisions, a manufacturing division which
produces the probe and a marketing division which sells the probe. The reward system for both the
divisions are different, for the manufacturing division the reward is based on the average unit cost of
making the probes and for the marketing division the reward is based on sales revenues. Here the
manufacturing division wants to decrease the average unit cost and the marketing division wants to
increase the sales revenue, furthermore we need to consider the owners of the Vortec, they want
maximize profit. Each of these groups have different interests and when the Vortec makes a
decision, they must align all these interests. Medsupplies, one of the best distributors of the Vortec,
asked the market division of the Vortec to increase the monthly shipment. Vortec is selling 100,000
units to the Medsupplies at $5 and now the Medsupplies wants 2000 additional units at $4. Here the
Vortec needs to make a decision and that decision must align the interests of the manufacturing
division, the marketing division and the owners, for that the Vortec needs to consider mainly on
three factors, the average cost, the sales revenue, and the profit because these factors will change if
the Vortec sells

Research Paper On Space Probes
The question of whether life exists beyond our own planet Earth has intrigued humanity since the
earliest of times. However, until the last half–century, mankind lacked any useful technology to even
attempt to answer the question. Over the last 50 years the onset of advanced rocketry and guided
space probes has changed our perspective about the possible existence of life elsewhere in our solar
system. Thanks to the innovative exploratory work of advanced space probes, we now know that
conditions on certain planetary satellites in our solar system could potentially support life. Such
technology has so advanced our understanding of the prospect of life beyond earth that it has given
rise to the field of astrobiology, which is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of life
elsewhere in the universe.
The purpose of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). The search for life: Astrobiology. Retrieved from http://www.nhm.ac.uk/print–version/?
p=/nature–online/space/planets–solar–system/searchforlife–astrobiology/life–on–other–
planets/index.html
Space Probes. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/space–probes/?ar_a=1
Discovery and exploration of the Solar System. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System
About Europa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/europa/overview.cfm
Galileo (spacecraft). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_%28spacecraft%29
Galileo. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?
MCode=Galileo&Display=ReadMore
Gurnett, D. A. (n.d.). The Search for Life in the Solar System. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744519/
Where in the Solar System Are We Most Likely to Find Life? (n.d.). Retrieved from

A Feasibility Study Example
A respectable business is always looking for ways to better serve their customers, especially a
cooperative, but this is sometimes easier said than done. To help determine how achievable a better
service would be for a business a feasibility study is often preformed. The Farmers Cooperative
Association of Snyder, OK is interested in purchasing an automatic truck probe as well as building
an additional receiving pit and leg to attach to the existing wheat tanks. So, a feasibility study was
preformed to determine if either option would be a practical investment. The first step for this
process was to get a couple of quotes for an automatic truck probe. After some research on different
brands the manager contacted J.A. King Precision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would also allow for samples to be taken from several different locations on the truck.
Furthermore, having an automatic probe takes out an employ which allows for that money to benefit
the membership of the co–op thus allowing the co–op to give better service to the customers. The
main risk in this investment would be the ability to afford the cost of a probe. With the wheat market
deteriorating the possibility going into the hole on this investment increases drastically. Damage to
the probe is also a possibility, and a additional expense that could make the probe less profitable.
But in this case the benefits seem to outweigh the risks making this investment one to consider to
better serve the customer. After some research was done on the automatic truck probe the focus was
shifted to the addition of a new receiving pit and leg. Pitcock Supply Inc. was contacted by the
intern for a quote and they sent out an agent to take measurements for the location and get all the
specifics. The quote allowed for a 15,000 BPH Schlagel conveyor, concrete pit, concrete pad, and a
Schlagel distributer. The total which included labor, misc. equipment, rentals, paint, freight, a crane,
and insurance came to $304,698.55. An investment of this size usually comes with risks to match,
therefor it is imperative to consider. Looking at the figure above, it is easy to see what an enormous
risk this would be for the co–op. If the cost was depreciated out it would take roughly

Summary: The Probe Worldview
"At the very heart of any culture is its worldview. It leads to the question, "What is real?" "Is what
we see, all there is to life?" "Does the past and future effect our present experiences?" (Winter &
Hawthorne, 2009, p. 399). Answers to questions such as these, shapes a culture's worldview. Each
culture has a different response to these questions. Therefore, this is the very reason why confusion
lies, because each culture has a different view; which leads to different set of beliefs, values and
behaviors (Winter & Hawthorne, 2009, p. 399). The Probe "Worldview" article describes three
different definitions of worldview by various writers. First, James Sire asserts that "A worldview is a
set of presuppositions; which we hold about the basic makeup of our world." Second, Phillips and
Brown state, "A worldview is first, an explanation and interpretation of the world and second, an
application of this view to life. Third, Walsh and Middleton state, "A world view provides a ... Show
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One speaker quoted, that worldview is a basic set of assumptions that we live our lives by, and
lenses that we see the world through that shape our reality. Some highlights of the video were how
they described worldview. Another speaker stated, "Our culture is shaped by distorted ideas that
yield distorted lives." Distorted lives are dysfunctional lives, because they lack truth. If there is no
understanding of truth, then there is no understanding of God, then a person is led to believe the lies
of the world. "God has given us the framework of truth that we can stand upon and live through
biblical scriptures." In the truth, lies the secret of freedom and humanist. It is necessary for one to
have a Christian Worldview in order to accept the truth, and not to be led astray by illusions or
embrace an unrealistic view of life. It helps you believe who God is and what He says (Truth
Project,

Written
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is a general method in determining the sequence of homologous DNA, it
is also used to differentiate order of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism
and the size of limitation fragments that contain such sequence. Meaning, it is possible to study the
genetic differences between different organisms and individual here on Earth. A nucleic Acid
Hybridization analysis uses five laboratory skills the Restriction fragment preparation: where a
restriction enzyme is added to a DNA sample, Electrophoresis: separate the restriction fragment
from DNA sample, Blotting: single strands are transferred onto special paper or nylon membranes
through capillary action, Radioactive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plasmid C has some similarity from plasmid A but the similar sequences are found on the different
size in the fragments. The autoradiograph gives us more information than the agarose gel or its own.
In Vitro Mutagenesis
In vitro mutagenesis a technique used to introduce specific changes into the sequence of a cloned
gene. Mutations alter function of protein product. Mutated gene turned to the host cell, is possible to
determine function of the missing normal protein by examining what changes occur in the cell.
Methods of In Vitro Mutagenesis:
1. After cloning, the double–stranded plasmid is denatured to obtain a single–stranded DNA
template that includes the wild–type version of the DNA of interest.
2. A mutagenic primer is allowed to base–pair with the single–stranded template. The primer
consists of two regions that are complementary to template regions on either side of a mismatched
region – a region where the base sequence of the mutagenic primer is not complementary and will
not pair with the base sequence in the template DNA.
3. Addition of DNA polymerase elongates the primer strand to produce a double–stranded plasmid,
one strand representing the original genetic information and the other strand representing the new
mutant DNA.
4. The vectors (plasmids) are then used to transform bacterial cells, which replicate both strands of
the plasmid. When such a transformed cell first divides,

Magellan Spacecraft, By Justinas Lialys
14 | Page Magellan Spacecraft ? Venus Radar Mapper
By Justinas Lialys
Abstract The main Magellan spacecraft?s mission objective was to map 70 % of the surface of
Venus. The mission succeeded in mapping 98% of the Venus surface. This paper analyzes the
resolution and timing aspects of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and radiometer modes of the
Magellan spacecraft. Also, the transmission method of data from Earth to the spacecraft and vice–
versa is discussed. The incidence angle effects on the cross–track resolution and signal to noise ratio
are analyzed. The simple models of the cross–track resolution versus the incidence angle of the SAR
and radiometer modes are derived. The function of the Venus surface emissivity is presented. Next,
the resolution element size (pixel size) is modeled as the function of the spacecraft height.
Overview of the mission
The Magellan spacecraft (Venus Radar Mapper) was launched by NASA on the 4th of May, 1989.
The main goal of its mission was to map the surface of Venus by employing the synthetic aperture
radar method. The first stage of the mission began on the 15th of September, 1990. The objective
was to map 70% of the Venus surface through a left looking method. This stage ended on the 15th of
May, 1991. The Magellan spacecraft mapped 83.7% of the Venus surface. Right after the end of the
first stage, the spacecraft was reoriented by 180 degrees such that a right looking method could be
invoked. By the 14th of January, 1992, the

Samsung 's Accounting Probe And Its Impact On The...
In July of 2015, Toshiba Corporation announced that an independent party had discovered that there
were accounting irregularities. Accounting irregularities sounds like a nice way to say, they have
uncovered fraud. In addition, Chief Executive Hisao Tanaka's accounting irregularities forced him to
resign. At the time of the initial announcement, the overstatement was thought to be around $3.2
billion in charges ("Toshiba 's Accounting Probe," 2015, para. 1). How can this happen? The why
and how can usually be summed up to greed and poor ethics in the leadership and culture inside of
these large organizations. However, to help us understand the scale of this scandal, it is important to
look at the time line and disclosures as the company ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing so, the seller can recognize some gain or loss related to a project in every accounting
period in which the project continues to be active. The method works best when it is reasonably
possible to estimate the stages of project completion on an ongoing basis or at least to estimate the
remaining costs to complete a project. (para.1) Already we start to see that this method in itself is
not at fault, but rather it creates an environment where people who have poor ethics can manipulate
the system to provide a more favorable outcome. On May 8, Toshiba announced it was expanding its
investigation and setting up a third–party committee, canceled dividend payments and withdrew its
earnings forecast. ("Toshiba 's Accounting Probe," 2015, para. 4). Again, to the outside observer
who is paying attention this does not sound good. Clearly the problem was well known and
widespread throughout the organization. On May 13th, Toshiba announces it is likely to take mark
downs in operating profit for three years through March of 2014 ("Toshiba 's Accounting Probe",
2015, para. 5). On May 22nd, Toshiba extends the investigation to three more business units (para.
7). This is the first indication that it might be far more widespread for instances of improper
accounting. The company reports that it found 12 instances of irregularities, including not

Sun Persuasive Speech
Do you ever wonder what it would be like to see the sun? Well you can do something as close to that
as possible that's NOT flying in a rocket. And this method is probably the easiest. All you have to
do? Submit your name. NASA will take all the names they get on a microchip which will go with
the Parker Solar Probe on its trip to the sun. No one has ever tried this, but the Probe will observe
the sun and other stuff. In July, the Parker Solar Probe will be launched at he Kennedy Space Center.
The car–sized probe will get to around 4 million miles, which is actually the closest ever a probe has
gotten to a planet(or star). Other features of the Parker Solar Probe is that it will go up to 430,000
mph as it moves around the sun. This speed beats

Essay on The Insane Mind of Edgar Allan Poe Probes
The Insane Mind of Edgar Allan Poe Probes
As a short–story writer, Poe was a fascinating man of imagination. In theme, Poe places the human
mind under investigation and probes insanity beneath the surface of normal existence. He was the
first author in American literature to make the neurotic, the heroic figure, the protagonist, in his
stories. Poe's most enduring tales are those of horror, the horror coming, from the working of an
irrational or criminal mind, driven to evil or insanity by a perverse irrational force which, to Poe, is
an elementary impulse in man.
Typically, The Cask of Amontillado, The Black Cat, and The Tell Tale Heart are three criminal
stories of this kind. In these tales, Poe takes readers in the murky ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With a fully organized plan in mind, he showed no mercy to his prey and killed him.
But sometimes, this strong emotion of hatred of the characters is not simple hatred, but with an
underlying mercy and guilt, and their hatred is even irrational. In The Black Cat, the narrator can not
help but hate the cat, but meanwhile, still bearing an underlying feeling of guilt and mercy towards
it. After each time he gets the cat hurt, he feels sorry for it, and feels himself guilty and cruel. And in
The Tell–Tale Heart, the reason to kill is even less reasonable. The narrator knows very well that the
old man has done no wrong to him and is actually very kind and helpful to him, sometimes just like
a father. But strong feeling of hatred still emerges for just a bizarre and inconvincible reason.
Though he feels his guilt, he can not stop but to kill the poor old man. In both stories, the conscience
and humanity of the narrators are so feeble and pale, and so the evil hatred and cruelty can easily
control the actions of the narrators.
Next, there is a familiarity in all these three stories that is the stories are all told by the narrators
through them confessing their heinous crimes. They all confess in a calm tone, and seem three story
tellers telling their stories politely to their listeners. And the three narrators never are remorseful and
feel that what they did was their fault. In The Tell Tale Heart, for example, the narrator confesses to
defend

The Physics Of Atomic Force Microscopy
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy was the method used to analyze samples inorder to identify their surface
composition and determine their top structure. Compiled data was used to calculate the roughness of
the sample. Introduction
Atomic Force Microscopy is a powerful tool used to identify the surface structure of a solid by
contouring the top layer with a sharp tipped probe and amplifying the hills and troughs via laser
reﬂection and detection. Piezoelec–tric materials are used to ﬁnely tune the x and y distance
parameters, and a harmonic oscillator is utilized in close contact mode to move the cantilever in the
z direction. A Scanning Probe Microscopy program processes the data and calculates the roughness
of the sample
Background
Gustav Schmalz designed the first Optical Profiler in 1929 in Germany. He ran a probe attached to a
cantilever across the surface, shined white light to a mirror attached to the probe, and amplified the
signal to photographic film. The film was exposed to the reflected light of various wavelengths,
causing multiple colors to show up on the film, corresponding to varying heights on the surface.
This older design was subject to possible bending or crashing of the probe, causing a much lower
resolution of the surface on the film. Refer to Figure 1.

The Problem of Light Pollution
RESEARCH PROPOSAL How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light
pollution? Research question How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light
pollution? Background In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the
night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. Light pollution is the pollution caused by misplaced
artificial light. It is a rapidly increasing environmental problem. In the urban landscape that we live
in, light pollution can have implications for the visual environment, affects human health, creates
energy waste and results in undesirable economic consequences. There are a lot of advertising lights
on the street. For example unordered set LED advertising ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Proposal & Audience My idea is to make an installation that can fit approximate 20 people in a
room. I am going to fill the room up with artificial light such as advertisement light box, LED
displays and street light. When the people are walking in the room, they will get a feeling that they
are walking on the street at night. These artificial lights are colourful and bright. While they are
walking in the room, the lights will gradually fade or suddenly switch off. A milky way and
thousands of faint stars will appear on the sky. A wide and diffuse band of the Milky Way towards
Scorpios can be seen, whereas normally one sees only the brighter and narrower Sagittarius band in
the southern sky. Audience can easily see the nearby surroundings by nothing more than the light of
the Milky Way. The Milky Way is exceptionally bright, with tremendous structure and contrast
between the obscured and unobscured regions. The design research will involve at least 20
volunteers. Designer will design several probes, which the volunteers will be engaged for one week.
The probes will be designed to create awareness with our volunteers to gauge how they perceive and
react to different lighting situations.

Target For Schizophrenia Essay
PDE10A–A target for schizophrenia? Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of enzymes, which are
responsible for the breakdown of phosphodiester bonds, specifically hydrolysing cyclic nucleotides,
like the secondary messenger molecules cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic
guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the striatal region of the brain.1 Via their control of both
cAMP and cGMP in the cell, PDEs contribute to cell signalling making them potentially important
drug targets.2 This enzyme class consists of 11 different families, PDE1 to PDE11, which vary in
sequence homology, domain architecture and sequence homology.1 PDE10A is a PDE of current
interest as a possible target to treat neurological diseases such as Schizophrenia and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The active site contains residues that form complementary interactions to MP–10 (Figure 3B), there
are several hydrophobic interactions, from certain amino acid residues in the active site of PDE10A
to the MP–10 inhibitor, in particularly the quinoline and pyridine moieties. There are also two
hydrogen bonds between the active site and MP–10, which is via the phenol group (donor) on the
tyrosine (Tyr683) residue to the nitrogen (acceptor) in the quinoline moiety and to the ether oxygen
(acceptor) within MP–10.6 Chemoproteomics Demonstrates Target Engagement and Exquisite
Selectivity of the Clinical Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor MP–10 in Its Native Environment The
study, by Schülke et al. aimed to provide information that enables further development of chemical
biology probes for important classes of enzymes, particularly focussing on developing a chemical
probe for the PDE10A enzyme. To characterise the target engagement of MP–10, Schülke et al.
designed a photoaffinity probe for PDE10A which contained a linker attached to the PDE10A
recognition element (Figure 4), so that a reporter group could be introduced without effecting the
proteins activity. The group decided, via studying the cocrystal structure, that the pyrazole nitrogen
would be the best site for linker attachment as it is unsubstituted and a relatively synthetically
accessible point of modification. Adding to

The Current Methods Used For Extra Terrestrial Intelligence
DISCUSS THE CURRENT METHODS USED TO SEARCH FOR EXTRA–TERRESTRIAL
INTELLIGENCE, SUCH AS RADIOTELESCOPES AND SPACE PROBES. GIVE YOUR
OPINION ON HOW LIKELY IT IS THAT LIFE WILL BE DISCOVERED AND GIVE
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
WHAT IS EXTRA–TELESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Extra–terrestrial Intelligence can be abbreviated to ETI, which asks the question; 'Are we alone in
this universe?' ETI is life discovered beyond Earth, not organisms that humans sent to space.
Scientifically, extra–terrestrial life may be titled; xenobiology, exobiology or astrobiology.
SATELLITES
Satellites are objects placed into orbit around celestial objects such as, planets or stars. Artificial
satellites collect information about a terrestrial object and send it to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This allows communication satellites to remain in the same position in relation to the ground.
– Inclined orbit: An inclined satellite passes over a different part of the planet each orbit.
– Polar orbit: A polar orbit passes over the north and south poles each orbit crossing various places
in the equator each orbit.
– Elliptical orbit: An elliptical orbit has no specific speed or distance, it depends on the apogee
(furthest distance away) and perigee (closest to the surface).
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, and satellites have continued to be launched since 1957.
Sputnik 1 was a small aluminium ball with four antennas attached, although modern ETI's have
more complex bodies they are still designed following the same basic structure. With
experimentation, these bodies have been designed to be as strong and light as possible with the same
essential uses. There is a platform named a bus inside satellites which has; antennas, solar arrays and
payload instruments attached. It also contains batteries, computers and thrusters. Satellites have
large panels attached as they have to charge themselves, these arrays can be tilted to allow for the
most amount of sunlight possible. If the satellite drifts into shade rechargeable batteries become the
new power source.
SPACE PROBES
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that exits Earth to explore space. Probes

The Role of the Scanning Probe Microscopy in...
Introduction:
Scanning probe microscopy in nano mechanical testing has started with the invention of the
scanning tunneling microscope in the year 1981. Till then based on the type of principles there are
number of models developed and are in use. Scanning probe microscopy found popularity owing to
its ease in versatility in dealing with a number of issues, typically it is used to identify the material
properties on nano to even pico scales. Scanning probe microscopy techniques such as
atomic/friction force microscopy(AFM/FFM) are increasingly finding applications in tribological
studies of engineering surfaces as well for finding surface texture etc. Atomic and molecular level
details can be assessed using Scanning probe microscopy with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The spatial resolution used is far better than the wavelength used to create the image.
Technical overview:
Scanning tunneling microscope is the first of the series of the scanning probe microscopes. The
development of the family of scanning probe microscopes starts with the original invention of the
STM in 1981. Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer developed the first working STM in IBM. The
STM works by scanning a very sharp metal wire tip over a surface. By brining the tip very close to
the surface, and by applying an electrical voltage to the top or sample, we can image the surface at
an extremely small scale–down to resolving individual atoms. The STM is based on several
principles. One is the quantum mechanical effect of tunneling.
It is this effect that allows the viewer to visualize the target surface. Another principle is the piezo
electric effect. It is this effect that allows us to precisely scan the tip with the angstrom– level
control. Lastly a feedback loop is required, which monitors the tunneling current and co–ordinates
the current and the positioning of the tip.
Principle:
Tunneling current occurs when electrons move through a barrier that they classically should not able
to move through. In classical terms if you don't have enough energy to move over a barrier you
won't.

Investigating The Effect Of Protein Adsorption And...
Introduction:
PH sensors are used in many scientific laboratories to measure the hydrogen–ion concentration of a
liquid substance and to determine the basicity and acidity of a liquid. PH meters measure the
electrical potential difference between a reference electrode probe and a pH electrode probe. Since
these probes are very sensitive, they are required to be kept cleansed from contaminants. If exposed
to contamination, one risks faulty or unreliable data, since their accuracy is dependent on a regular
calibration and upkeep. To avoid this risk, and accurately measure hydrogen–ion concentration, the
probes are kept in a buffer solution and calibrated before each use. [1]
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of protein adsorption and thrombus
formation on a pH sensor in regards to its function and accuracy. [2] Different solutions of pH were
first measured with a clean, calibrated sensor. Then measured again after the same sensor was
exposed to a blood solution.
Blood is a non–newtonian fluid that contains many components. One such component is red blood
cells. Due to the red blood cells having the tendency to clump together at low velocities, calcium
chloride was added in order to cause a thrombus formation. The blood used in their experiment was
sheep's blood.
The absorption of proteins as well as thrombus formation on the pH sensors has been known to
cause negative effects. They alter function and accuracy of the sensors. While adjusting the pH

Laserphaco Probe Essay
Dr. Patricia E. Bath is a medical physician and innovator in the field of ophthalmology. She
introduced a new technique and device, known as the Laserphaco Probe, which is used in cataract
surgery. With this device, Dr. Bath is capable of removing the cataracts from an infected eye and
replacing it with an artificial cornea. Thus making it possible for Dr. Bath to restore vision to even
patients that had been blind for many years. Her goal has dedicated her life to preventing and
treating visual impairments, because she believed that sight was not a privilege, but a right for all
human beings. By creating the Laserphaco Probe and the technique to use it, Dr. Bath contributed a
less invasive and more precise method for removing cataracts and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interviewing
Interviewing offers the flexibility to adapt questioning according to the responses of interviewees, to
clarify questions or answers, or to probe answers more deeply with supplementary questions as
appropriate, to explore issues that emerge from the respondents. This is particularly the case, the
more unstructured the interview becomes.Interviewing offers the flexibility to adapt questioning
according to the responses of interviewees, to clarify questions or answers, or to probe answers
more deeply with supplementary questions as appropriate, to explore issues that emerge from the
respondents. This is particularly the case, the more unstructured the interview becomes.Interviewing
offers the flexibility to adapt questioning according to the responses of interviewees, to clarify
questions or answers, or to probe answers more deeply with supplementary questions as appropriate,
to explore issues that emerge from the respondents. This is particularly the case, the more
unstructured the interview becomes.Interviewing offers the flexibility to adapt questioning
according to the responses of interviewees, to clarify questions or answers, or to probe answers
more deeply with supplementary questions as appropriate, to explore issues that emerge from the
respondents. This is particularly the case, the more unstructured the interview becomes.Interviewing
offers the flexibility to adapt questioning according to the responses of interviewees, to clarify
questions or answers, or to probe

Space Probes Research Paper
The Investigation of the Large Outer Planets by the Space Probes, Voyager 1 and 2 and Casini
The space probes voyager 1 and 2 were set off in 1977 on August the 20th and september the 5th
from the NASA Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was because the suitable
conditions for their mission wold not reoccur for approximately another 175 years. These conditions
were that the planets were aligned in a certain way that would allow the probes to use specific
planets to propel the probes further out into space.
Due to the distance these probes traveled from the sun, solar energy was unable to be used as a
power source. Instead the probes relied on the gravitational forces of the planets to propel them.
This was able to happen because of a rare geometric arrangement of the planets in the late 1970s.
The flybys that the spacecraft did of the outer planets would utilise the gravitational forces of the
planets to sufficiently bend the course and increase the velocity of the probes so that they could
reach their next destination. The probes were at first only designed to flyby Jupiter and Saturn, even
though a four planet mission was known to be possible. This was at first rejected because it was
believed it would be too expensive. More than 10,000 trajectories had to be studied before two were
chosen that would allow close flybys of Jupiter and its moon Io, and Saturn and its moon Titan. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was with the help of cameras, infrared and ultraviolet sensors and other equipment on board,
with which a large number of discoveries were made. They were able to out live their planned
lifetime of five years and go further out into the solar system, thus discovering more on the planets
Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 1 reached Jupiter on March the 5th, 1979, and Saturn on November
the 12th, 1980. Voyager 2 reached Jupiter on July the 9th, 1979, and Saturn on August the 25th,

Prevention, Detection And Diagnosis Of Periodontal Disease
The most recent NHANES survey, conducted in 2012, estimated the prevalence of periodontitis in
adults aged thirty to seventy to be 47.2%.[1] This survey did not include younger age groups, in
which aggressive periodontitis is more often seen. Aggressive periodontitis has been reported to
affect 0.2 – 10% of the population below twenty–one years of age in African American and Hispanic
subpopulations.[2] If left untreated, chronic and aggressive forms of periodontitis can lead to tooth
loss and may contribute to the etiology and/or progression of certain systemic inflammatory
diseases.[3, 4] In current periodontal practice, detection and diagnosis of periodontal disease is
mainly derived from a comprehensive clinical examination in combination with a review of patient
medical and dental history. An accurate periodontal diagnosis is the first step in the development of
a well–designed and suitable treatment plan for management of a patient with a periodontal disease.
Based on the current classification provided by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP),
published in 1999, severity of periodontitis is based on the amount of clinical attachment loss (CAL)
as follows: slight 1–2 mm, moderate 3–4 mm, and severe ≥ 5 mm. Attachment loss is measured by
adding the pocket probing depth and the amount of recession. [5] In clinical practice, however,
measurement of CAL has proven to be difficult and time–consuming. Though it is the currently
accepted system, academicians,

Venus : The Planet Venus
The Planet Venus is named after the Roman Goddess of Love and Beauty. It is the second planet
from the sun. Very similar in size and mass as the Earth. Some distinctive features of Venus are its
rotation, Its brightness and its hot temperatures, Venus rotates in the opposite direction of the other
planets. Astronomers believe that this was caused by a collision with and object such as an asteroid.
It takes Venus 225 days to orbit around the sun once. The brightness of Venus is greater than all the
other planets. Only the moon is brighter. Venus can be seen during the day on a clear day. During
early civilization Greeks thought that Venus was two different objects. When the orbit around the
sun passes the earth's orbit Venus' visibility changes from being visible after sunset to being visible
before sunrise. With a temperature of 462 C, Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system. Due to
its rotation and the fact that it has no tilt, Venus has no seasons. The temperature is always hot.
Venus' similarities with the planet earth make scientists believe that they also have the same type of
structure, with an interior core, mantle and crust. The structure of Venus was shaped by volcanic
activity. The surface is about 300 to 600 million years old. In 1970 the European space Agency
performed missions on Venus that gave indication of volcanic activities in Venus. They have
indicated that since there is no rainfall in Venus the volcanic eruptions are cause of the lightning.

Risk Of Possible Spread Of Nosocomial Infections Essay
This study provides additional information in predicting the risk of possible spread of nosocomial
infections to patients by determining the hospital–wide incidence rate of bacterial colonization of
portable ultrasound probes and coupling gels across nine departments at a single military training
hospital. A total of 82 ultrasound probes and 43 coupling gel bottles will be swabbed for bacterial
cultures. Each probe will be sampled randomly for cultures by swabbing four times during the 8–
week period of the study. The expected result is to have less than 10% of the total 320 probe cultures
will yield positive growths and none of which will be identified as methicillin–resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or potential multidrug–resistant organisms (MDROs). In addition,
no coupling gel will yield positive growths. This study will thereby conclude that the bacterial
colonization on portable ultrasound equipment and coupling gels are low incidences. Moreover, the
current disinfecting protocols of the participating department are sufficient to minimize or eliminate
the growth of bacteria on the ultrasound probes.
II. Statement of Purpose
In this study, we will focus on the possible growth of pathogenic organisms on portable ultrasound
probes and possible contamination of coupling gel bottles. This endeavor will include evaluation of
the current disinfecting procedures of each department where portable ultrasound equipment is
routinely utilized in scanning skin surfaces of

Magellan Spacecraft : Mars Radar Mapper
11 | Page Magellan Spacecraft ? Venus Radar Mapper
By Justinas Lialys
Abstract The main Magellan spacecraft mission objective was to map 70 % of the surface of Venus.
The mission succeeded in mapping 98% of the Venus surface. This paper analyzes the resolution
and timing aspects of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and radiometer modes of the Magellan
spacecraft. Also, the transmission method of data from Earth to the spacecraft and vice–versa is
discussed. The incidence angle effects on the cross–track resolution and signal to noise ratio are
analyzed. The simple models of the cross–track resolution of the SAR and radiometer modes are
derived. The function of the Venus surface emissivity is presented. Next, the resolution element size
(pixel size) is modeled as the function of the spacecraft height.
Overview of the mission
The Magellan spacecraft (Venus Radar Mapper) was launched by NASA on the 4th of May, 1989.
The main goal of its mission was to map the surface of Venus by employing the synthetic aperture
radar method. The first stage of the mission began on the 15th of September, 1990. The objective
was to map 70% of the Venus surface through a left looking method. This stage ended on the 15th of
May, 1991. The Magellan spacecraft mapped 83.7% of the Venus surface. Right after the end of the
first stage, the spacecraft was reoriented by 180 degrees such that a right looking method could be
invoked. By the 14th of January, 1992, the Magellan spacecraft mapped

The Effect Of Protein Adsorption And Thrombus Formation On...
Effects of Protein Adsorption and Thrombus Formation on The Accuracy and Function of pH
Sensors.
Introduction:
PH sensors are used in many scientific laboratories to measure the hydrogen–ion concentration of a
liquid substance and to determine the basicity and acidity of a liquid. PH meters measure the
electrical potential difference between a reference electrode probe and a pH electrode probe. Since
these probes are very sensitive, they are required to be kept cleansed from contaminants. If exposed
to contamination, one risks faulty or unreliable data, since their accuracy is dependent on a regular
calibration and upkeep. To avoid this risk, and accurately measure hydrogen–ion concentration, the
probes are kept in a buffer solution and calibrated before each use. [1]
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of protein adsorption and thrombus
formation on a pH sensor in regards to its function and accuracy. [2] Different solutions of pH were
first measured with a clean, calibrated sensor. Then measured again after the same sensor was
exposed to a blood solution.
Blood is a non–Newtonian fluid that contains many components. One such component is red blood
cells. Due to the red blood cells having the tendency to clump together at low velocities, calcium
chloride was added in order to cause a thrombus formation. The blood used in this experiment was
sheep's blood.
The absorption of proteins as well as thrombus formation on the pH sensors has been known

Case Study : Micro Vex Probe Ultrasound
Engineering Girl Essay: Micro–Vex Probe Ultrasound
One promising new technology related to engineering is ultrasound probes which are used in
Veterinarian Medicine also considered as a part of Biomedical Engineering. Taking biomedical
engineering is a major required to take in order to learn the basics of this career path in college.
Veterinarians use instruments to see what is wrong with their patient or in this case their animal. An
example of one instrument veterinarian's use most often that might need to be advanced, is an
ultrasound probe. Which is used to view the inside of an animal and detect where the source of the
problem is located.
How it works: Ultrasound is a sound wave with a frequency used in diagnostic radiology is in the
range of approximately 1 to 10 megahertz; audible sound is about 20 hertz to 20 kilohertz.
Ultrasonography has many medical applications in which a machine is used to create these high–
frequency sound waves. The machine has a hand–held wand, which is placed directly on the
animal's skin. The sound waves emanate from the face of the transducer, which is a few inches long,
relatively thin, and shaped some–what like an electric shaver. The sound waves are transmitted
through the animal's body, so the area that is imaged consists of the skin under the transducer and
everything below it. In other words, when you place the transducer on the animal, the image shown
on the screen will be a "slice" of the body below the spot where you place it. The

Designing A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna And L...
By using the advantages of the microstrip patch antenna and L–probe feeding technique, hexagonal
patch is etched on a square microstrip antenna to achieve broad bandwidth and improved gain. In
this Project, MSA is designed with dual substrates, one for L–probe & other for radiating patch.
4.1 Design Specifications
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna:
Frequency of operation (fo): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately.
The WLAN band uses the frequency range from 2.4 GHz to 5.28 GHZ. Hence the antenna designed
must be able to operate in this frequency range. The resonant frequency selected for design is 2.4
GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate (εr): The dielectric material selected for our design is FR4 which
has a dielectric constant of 4.4. A substrate with a high dielectric constant has been selected since it
reduces the dimensions of the antenna. Table 4.1: Design parameters of microstrip antenna Patch
Shape Square
Frequency 2.4 GHz
Dielectric constant of substrate 4.4
Height of substrate 1.6 Mm
Feeding method Microstrip Line
Polarization Linear
4.2 Theoretical design
4.2.1 Single element Antenna Design
Structure of single patch antenna with inset feed is shown in figure 1. The Antenna is composed of
patch, substrate, ground and feeding network. The performance of antenna generally depends on
dimensions of above components

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Periodontitis
Advances in periodontal clinical diagnosis ...
periodontal diseases are prevalent human diseases defined by the signs and symptoms of gingival
inflammation and/or periodontal tissue destruction.These diseases are conventionally diagnosed by
clinical evaluation of the signs of inflammation in the gingiva without periodontal tissue destruction
(gingivitis) or by the presence of both inflammation and tissue destruction periodontitis). A clinical
diagnosis of periodontitis ismade by measuring the loss of connective tissue attachment to the root
surface –clinical attachment loss– and loss of alveolar bone –radiographic bone loss– This
information provides evidence of past periodontal destruction, as well as its extent and severity.
Howeverthis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They provide constant probing force, computer storage of data, and precise electronic management
of the resulting inflammation. However, clinical evaluations of these systems have reported only
slightly improved reproducibility when compared with conventional probing, although not clinically
significant. Other electronic probing systems have been reported in the literature, although they have
never been released for general use. One of these systems is the electronic probe described by
Jeffcoat et a1 39,40 (the Foster–Miller probe), capable of coupling pocket depth measurement with
the detection of the cemento–enamel junction from which the clinical attachment level is
automatically detected Researchers at the University of Toronto have also described a probe –the
Toronto Automated probe– that like the Florida probe, uses the occlusal–incisal surface to measure
relative clinical attachment levels. The sulcus is probed with a 0.5–mm nickel–titanium wire that is
extended under air pressure. It controls angular discrepancies by means of a mercury tilt sensor that
limits angulation within ±30 degrees, but it requires reproducible positioning of the patient's head
and cannot easily measure second or third molars The measurement of clinical attachment levels has
traditionally been used in the diagnosis of periodontitis however, this measurement only reflects the
history of past disease and does not assess current or future disease activity. The most practical
method of determining that disease is progressing (active) is the demonstration that significant loss
of attachment has occurred over time. To detect progression of periodontal disease over a short perio

The Proposed Solution1 Builds A Framework For Add Static...
The proposed solution1 builds a framework to add static probes. This solution was designed and
implemented by me as part of VProbes[7] project during summer internship 2014 at VMware, inc.
The solution in this paper covers a high level overview of the framework. It builds on top of the
existing VProbes[7] design1. User space applications or the existing kernel source can add static
probes using this framework. The paper describes adding static probes in a user space application to
keep the explanation simple. Figure 1 shows a simple user code. The application contains two probe
points defined viz. FuncEntry and FuncExit. These are static probes which are added by the
developer. The probe points are expanded in a macro which is defined in the header file probes.h.
Each of these probe points are declared as a volatile integer variable. However, these integer
variables are declared in a separate section in the ELF file as shown in Figure 2. Thus all the defined
probe points are part of new section called probes_uwsection. The probe points are padded with a
name called "PROBE_" and "_PROBE" to avoid name mangling issue in C++. Hence, after pre–
processing stage, every probe name is padded. The application is compiled and loaded. During
application load in the kernel, the binary is intercepted at the ELF loader. In the ELF loader, the
binary is checked for the presence of the new section probes_uwsection. If the new section exists, all
the probe points declared in the new

The Science Of Space Probes

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