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©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 1
21 rue la Noue Bras de Fer
44200 NANTES - FRANCE +33 2 40 18 09 16 info@systemplus.fr www.systemplus.fr
Thermal Management in Smartphones:
Technology Comparison 2017
Comparative Analysis of 10 Smartphones of Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, LG
Power report by Elena BARBARINI
November 2017 – Version 1
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 2
Table of Contents
Overview / Introduction 3
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile 7
o Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, LG
o Smartphone History
Thermal Management Solutions & Comparison 43
o Heating Zones
o Processor Design & Packaging
o Telephone Assembly Thermal Solutions
Physical Analysis 53
o Physical Analysis Methodology
o Apple 55
o iPhone 6s Plus
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor A9
o iPhone 7 Plus
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor A10
o iPhone 8
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor A11
o iPhone X
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 PCB Integration
o Samsung 139
o Galaxy S7
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor Snapdragon 820 & Ekynos 8
 Heat Pipes
o Galaxy S8
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor Snapdragon 835
 Heat Pipes
o Huawei 211
o P9
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Processor Kirin 955
o Mate 9
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
o LG 264
o G6
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
 Heat Pipes
o Xiaomi 285
o Mi5
 Package View & Heating Zones
 Board PBC & Heat spreader
Company services 297
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 3
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Executive Summary
• A smartphone contains several components that generate heat and other components sensitive to heat; to maintain
acceptable temperature levels in these small handheld devices, manufacturers propose different solutions which
require high performance and design constraints.
• To complement Yole Développement’s Thermal Management in Smartphones report, System Plus Consulting has
conducted a comparative technology review to provide insights into the assembling structure and thermal
management technology of 10 flagship smartphones from leading suppliers: Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and
Xiaomi.
• In this report, we highlight the differences and the innovations in the thermal management solutions chosen by the
end-user OEMs.
• Whereas some OEMs use standard solutions such as heat spreaders of metal frames, others choose to consider
more complex structures such as heat pipes.
• Moreover, as the processor is one of the most important heat sources, we have seen how the PCB design has
changed to improve thermal dissipation and how the packaging of the processor itself has evolved to solve thermal
problems caused by miniaturization and efficiency increase. Located close to the battery and the DRAM chip on the
main board, the application processors are packaged using different PoP technologies. Some AP providers, like
HiSilicon or Samsung, use conventional PoP with embedded land-side capacitors; others, like Apple or Qualcomm,
use innovative technologies like fan-out PoP or embedded die packaging with advanced PCB substrate.
• This report includes multiple comparisons based on physical analyses of the latest flagship smartphones. It offers the
unique possibility of seeing thermal management technology evolution, tracked by manufacturer.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 4
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Why thermal management in smartphones?
• Thermal management for modern electronic systems can follow two fundamental paths: one concentrates
design efforts towards low power/high efficiency electronic circuits/components, the other implies, where
the previous one reaches its limits, optimizing thermal transfer in the entire system at chip level, package
level, and PCB/assembly level.
• Those technological evolutions could be seen in smartphones because of the big market share. Big market
share and small devices sizes push the telephone manufacturers to improve the processor performances
(low power/high efficiency) and/or optimize thermal transfer in the complete smartphone system.
• Device manufactuers are interested in following these evolutions because they will be then integrated in
other electronic systems.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 5
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
2016’s Leading smartphone companies BY units sold per year
Market share of leading smartphone suppliers in 2016 by number of smartphones sold.
Yole Développement
Samsung, Apple and Huawei were the leading smartphone suppliers in 2016.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 6
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Thermal Management Market
Source: Yole Développement
• TM component value relative to total BoM seems to be extremely low, but considering the huge number of smartphones sold per
year, TM components represent important revenue for suppliers.
• Despite the small share of thermal management components in total smartphone value, their role is crucial to avoid overheating
issues which are undesirable for customers.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 7
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Analysed Telephones
• Ten references of telephones have been analyzed.
End-users
OEM
Device
Smarthphones
sold (2016)
Apple
iPhone 6S Plus
215.4 MUnits
iPhone 7 Plus
iPhone 8
iPhone X
Samsung
Galaxy S7
287.2 MUnit
Galaxy S8
Huawei
P9
143.6 MUnit
Mate 9
LG G6 43.1 MUnit
Xiaomi Mi5 86.2 MUnit
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 8
Overview / Introduction
o Executive Summary
o Methodology
o Glossary
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Analysed Processor Packaging
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 9
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Why telephones get hot?
There are different reasons for overheating of telephones: these can be related to the design, the construction itself, the
utilization mode and the environment.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 10
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Processor Packaging platform
WHICH PACKAGES ARE USED IN SMARTPHONES?
•QFN (quad-flat no-leads)
o Main applications are in automotive; very rare in mobile phones
•Fan-in approach (WLCSP–Wafer-Level Chip Scale Package)
o Interconnects are within the die surface area
o Used in mobile phones, RF devices, power devices
o Limitation by the chip size
•FC-BGA
o FC-CSP/FC-BGA are the most standard packages, used in almost all
smartphones today.
•Fan-out approach
o Inter connects not limited by the die size
o Good thermal conductivity
o Good electrical conductivity
o More recent approach, therefore still higher cost compared to
traditional packaging solutions
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 11
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
PoP packaging Technologies
The electrically conductive material (18 in the Shinko patent) can include a solid core formed from a metal like copper, which
solid core can be coated with a solder.
The copper core solder ball seems to be dropped and reflowed before molding. The copper ball has a small shift during the
reflow. The presence of the copper ball prevent a shrink of the solder ball during the reflow and also offers better electrical and
heat conductivity.
Theorical Technology
Source : Patent US7782624B2
MCeP package from Shinko Electric Industries Co.
Shinko’s PoP for
Application Processor (AP)
Chipset
FC-PoP is the conventional PoP packaging. Two actors uses this type of package: Huawei, Samsung. One of the two other actors
(Qualcomm) uses different approach whith Shinko’s MCeP who choose advanced substrate to support the AP.
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 12
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Package Cross-Section Comparison
In the cross-section, two main choice has been
made by the End-Users OEM with the PoP.
Apple and Qualcomm choose advanced
packaging through TSMC and Shinko. Huawei
and Samsung choose conventional packaging
through Amkor and Samsung.
TSMC and Shinko managed to get thin
packaging compared to traditional PoP.
In each PoP, the memory package has
approximatively the same thickness, even if
one of them doesn’t use stack memory
The high reliability of copper based through
molding via solution is obvious when we
compared the cross section of the packages.
Depending on the packaging manufacturer,
TMV could have some distortion form or
unwanted connection.
Even if Samsung and Amkor use the same PoP
technology, some differences can be seen. For
Samsung, the via have a better definition than
Amkor.
With 3 RDL layers, TSMC managed to avoid the
use of top PCB with small L/S dimensions.
A10 Package cross-section – SEM view
Kirin 955 Package cross-section – SEM view
Exynos 8 Package cross-section – SEM view
Snapdragon 820 Package cross-section – SEM view
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 13
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
I/Onumber
Line/Space (µm/µm)
Application processor I/O count & Line/Space width
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 14
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
PCB Design
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has large potential for smartphone thermal management improvement. In fact the PCB is in
contact with the heat generating devices, but it has a large area to dissipate the heat.
There are different parameters to take in account in the analysis of the PCB design
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 15
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
o Synthesis
o PCB
o Processor
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Heat Spreader
HEAT SPREADER are thin layer of material which are used to distribute heat across the telephone
to prevent hotspot and provide lateral heat conduction.
They can be made of different materials:
• Aluminium
• Graphite
• Copper
• ……
And have different shapes:
• Foils
• Adhesive tapes
• Sheets
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 16
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple Processor Supply Chain History
Apple utilizes a fabless production model. They rely on independent third-party suppliers to perform manufacturing and
assembly.
60 %
Die
Manufacturing
Package
Manufacturing
Package
Technology
FC-PoP FC-PoP inFO-PoP
2014 2015 2016 2017
40 %
Gate-last HKMG 20 nm
89 mm²
FinFET 14 nm
96 mm²
FinFET 16 nm
104.5 mm²
FinFET 16 nm
125 mm²
Die Technology
& Area
FinFET 10 nm
87.7 mm²
inFO-PoP
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 17
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 6s Plus Teardown
Apple iPhone 6s Plus Front View Apple iPhone 6s Plus SideViewApple iPhone 6s Plus Front View
158.2mm
77.9 mm 7.3 mmTelephone surface: 12,323 mm2
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 18
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 6s Plus Heating zones
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 19
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 6s Plus Processor Board
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 20
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
PCB iPhone 6s Plus
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 21
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
A9 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 22
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 7 Plus Opening
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 23
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 7 Plus Teardown
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 24
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone 7 Plus Teardown
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 25
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
PCB cross section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 26
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
A10 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 27
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
A10 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 28
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
A10 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 29
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone X Teardown
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 30
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone X Heating zones
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 31
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Apple iPhone X Processor Board
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 32
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Samsung Smartphone History & Major Players
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 33
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Samsung Galaxy S7 Teardown – European Version
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 34
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Samsung Galaxy S7 Teardown EMI (US version)
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 35
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Exynos 8 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 36
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Exynos 8 Package Cross-Section
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 37
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Samsung Galaxy S8 Teardown
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 38
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Heat Pipes
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 39
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Heat Pipes
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 40
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Huawei Smartphone History & Major Players
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 41
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Huawei P9 Opening
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 42
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Huawei P9 Processor Board
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 43
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
Kirin 955 Package View & Dimensions
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 44
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
LG Smartphone History & Major Players
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 45
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
o Synthesis
o Telephone
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
LG G6Opening
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 46
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile & Phone
History
Thermal Management
Solutions
iPhone Physical Analysis
Samsung Physical Analysis
Huawei Physical Analysis
LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
About System Plus
o Company services
o Contact
o Legal
REVERSE COSTING ANALYSES - SYSTEM PLUS CONSULTING
Packaging
• Advanced RF SiPs for Cell Phones: Reverse
Costing Overview
• 2016 Comparison of Application Processor
Packaging
Related Reports
MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORTS - YOLE DÉVELOPPEMENT
Batteries / Energy Management
• Market Opportunities for Thermal Management
Components in Smartphones
COMPLETE TEARDOWN
WITH:
Detailed photos
Precise measurements
Internal packaging
structures
Thermal management
solutions
PCB package cross-sections
Processor package analysis
Thermal Management in Smartphones:
Technology Comparison 2017
Title: Thermal
Management in
Smartphones: Technology
Review 2017
Pages: 150
Date: November 2017
Format: PDF & Excel file
Price: Full report:
EUR 3,490
Bundle offer with Market
Opportunities for Thermal
Management Components
in Smartphones Report by
Yole Développement
Comparative analysis of thermal management solution analysis of 10
flagship smartphones from Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and Xiaomi.
Whereas some OEMs use standard solutions such as heat spreaders of metal frames,
others choose to consider more complex structures such as heat pipes.
Moreover, as the processor is one of the most important heat sources, we have seen
how the PCB design has changed to improve thermal dissipation and how the packaging
of the processor itself has evolved to solve thermal problems caused by miniaturization
and efficiency increase. Located close to the battery and the DRAM chip on the main
board, the application processors are packaged using different Package-on-Package
(PoP) technologies. Some AP providers, like HiSilicon or Samsung, use conventional PoP
with embedded land-side capacitors; others, like Apple or Qualcomm, use innovative
technologies like fan-out PoP or embedded die packaging with advanced PCB substrate.
This report includes multiple comparisons based on physical analyses of the latest
flagship smartphones. It offers the unique possibility of seeing thermal management
technology evolution, tracked by manufacturer.
A smartphone contains several components that generate
heat and other components sensitive to heat; to maintain
acceptable temperature levels in these small handheld
devices, manufacturers propose different solutions which
require high performance and design constraints.
To complement Yole Développement’s Market
Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in
Smartphones report, System Plus Consulting has conducted
a comparative technology review to provide insights into
the assembling structure and thermal management
technology of 10 flagship smartphones from leading
suppliers: Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and Xiaomi.
In this report, we highlight the differences and the
innovations in the thermal management solutions chosen
by the end-user OEMs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview / Introduction
Company Profile
Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi,
LG
Smartphone History
Thermal Management
Solutions and Comparison
Heating Zones
Processor Design and Packaging
Telephone Assembly Thermal
Solutions
Physical Analysis
Physical Analysis Methodology
Apple
iPhone 6s Plus: Package view and
heating zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, processor A9
iPhone 7 Plus: Package view and
heating zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, processor A10
iPhone 8: Package view and heating
zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, processor A11
iPhone X: Package view and heating
zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, PCB integration
Samsung
Galaxy S7: Package view and
heating zones, board PCB and
heat spreader, processor
Snapdragon 820 and Exynos 8,
heat pipes
Galaxy S8: Package view and
heating zones, board PCB and
heat spreader, Qualcomm
Snapdragon 835, heat pipes
Huawei
P9: Package view and heating
zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, processor Kirin 955
Mate 9 Pro: Package view and
heating zones, board PCB and
heat spreader
LG
G6: Package view and heating
zones, board PCB and heat
spreader, heat pipes
Xiaomi
Mi5: Package view and heating
zones, board PCB and heat
spreader
Performed byPerformed by
AUTHORS:
3D-Package CoSim+
ANALYSIS PERFORMED WITH OUR COSTING TOOLS 3D-PACKAGE COSIM+
System Plus Consulting offers
powerful costing tools to evaluate
the production cost and selling price
from single chip to complex
structures.
3D Package Cosim+
Cost simulation tool to evaluate the
cost of any Packaging process:
Wafer-level packaging, TSV, 3D
integration…
3D Package CoSim+ is a processs
based costing tool used to evaluate
the manufacturing cost per wafer
using your own inputs or using the
pre-defined parameters included in
the tool.
It is possible to enter any Package
process flow.
Power Electronics and Compound
Semiconductors. She has a deep
knowledge of Electronics R&D and
Manufacturing environment. Elena
holds a Master in Nano-
technologies and a PhD in Power
Electronics.
Elena
Barbarini
Elena is in charge of
costing analyses for
laboratory. He previously worked
for 25 years at Atmel Nantes
Technological Analysis Laboratory
as fab support in physical analysis,
and for three years at Hirex
Engineering in Toulouse, in a
destructive physical analysis lab.
Yvon
Le Goff (Lab)
Yvon joined System
Plus Consulting in
2011 to set up its
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Founded in 1998, Yole Développement has grown to become a group of companies providing marketing, technology
and strategy consulting, media and corporate finance services. With a strong focus on emerging applications using
silicon and/or micro manufacturing, the Yole Développement group has expanded to include more than 50
collaborators worldwide covering MEMS, Compound Semiconductors, LED, Image Sensors, Optoelectronics,
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Management.
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©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 47
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SERVICES
©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 48
Overview / Introduction
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©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 49
Overview / Introduction
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Samsung Physical Analysis
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LG Physical Analysis
Xiaomi Physical Analysis
Feedback
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Contact
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+33 2 40 18 09 16
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Thermal management smartphone overview 2017 teardown reverse costing report published by System Plus

  • 1. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 1 21 rue la Noue Bras de Fer 44200 NANTES - FRANCE +33 2 40 18 09 16 info@systemplus.fr www.systemplus.fr Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Comparison 2017 Comparative Analysis of 10 Smartphones of Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, LG Power report by Elena BARBARINI November 2017 – Version 1
  • 2. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 2 Table of Contents Overview / Introduction 3 o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile 7 o Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, LG o Smartphone History Thermal Management Solutions & Comparison 43 o Heating Zones o Processor Design & Packaging o Telephone Assembly Thermal Solutions Physical Analysis 53 o Physical Analysis Methodology o Apple 55 o iPhone 6s Plus  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor A9 o iPhone 7 Plus  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor A10 o iPhone 8  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor A11 o iPhone X  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  PCB Integration o Samsung 139 o Galaxy S7  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor Snapdragon 820 & Ekynos 8  Heat Pipes o Galaxy S8  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor Snapdragon 835  Heat Pipes o Huawei 211 o P9  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Processor Kirin 955 o Mate 9  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader o LG 264 o G6  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader  Heat Pipes o Xiaomi 285 o Mi5  Package View & Heating Zones  Board PBC & Heat spreader Company services 297
  • 3. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 3 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Executive Summary • A smartphone contains several components that generate heat and other components sensitive to heat; to maintain acceptable temperature levels in these small handheld devices, manufacturers propose different solutions which require high performance and design constraints. • To complement Yole Développement’s Thermal Management in Smartphones report, System Plus Consulting has conducted a comparative technology review to provide insights into the assembling structure and thermal management technology of 10 flagship smartphones from leading suppliers: Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and Xiaomi. • In this report, we highlight the differences and the innovations in the thermal management solutions chosen by the end-user OEMs. • Whereas some OEMs use standard solutions such as heat spreaders of metal frames, others choose to consider more complex structures such as heat pipes. • Moreover, as the processor is one of the most important heat sources, we have seen how the PCB design has changed to improve thermal dissipation and how the packaging of the processor itself has evolved to solve thermal problems caused by miniaturization and efficiency increase. Located close to the battery and the DRAM chip on the main board, the application processors are packaged using different PoP technologies. Some AP providers, like HiSilicon or Samsung, use conventional PoP with embedded land-side capacitors; others, like Apple or Qualcomm, use innovative technologies like fan-out PoP or embedded die packaging with advanced PCB substrate. • This report includes multiple comparisons based on physical analyses of the latest flagship smartphones. It offers the unique possibility of seeing thermal management technology evolution, tracked by manufacturer.
  • 4. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 4 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Why thermal management in smartphones? • Thermal management for modern electronic systems can follow two fundamental paths: one concentrates design efforts towards low power/high efficiency electronic circuits/components, the other implies, where the previous one reaches its limits, optimizing thermal transfer in the entire system at chip level, package level, and PCB/assembly level. • Those technological evolutions could be seen in smartphones because of the big market share. Big market share and small devices sizes push the telephone manufacturers to improve the processor performances (low power/high efficiency) and/or optimize thermal transfer in the complete smartphone system. • Device manufactuers are interested in following these evolutions because they will be then integrated in other electronic systems.
  • 5. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 5 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus 2016’s Leading smartphone companies BY units sold per year Market share of leading smartphone suppliers in 2016 by number of smartphones sold. Yole Développement Samsung, Apple and Huawei were the leading smartphone suppliers in 2016.
  • 6. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 6 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Thermal Management Market Source: Yole Développement • TM component value relative to total BoM seems to be extremely low, but considering the huge number of smartphones sold per year, TM components represent important revenue for suppliers. • Despite the small share of thermal management components in total smartphone value, their role is crucial to avoid overheating issues which are undesirable for customers.
  • 7. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 7 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Analysed Telephones • Ten references of telephones have been analyzed. End-users OEM Device Smarthphones sold (2016) Apple iPhone 6S Plus 215.4 MUnits iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 8 iPhone X Samsung Galaxy S7 287.2 MUnit Galaxy S8 Huawei P9 143.6 MUnit Mate 9 LG G6 43.1 MUnit Xiaomi Mi5 86.2 MUnit
  • 8. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 8 Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Methodology o Glossary Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Analysed Processor Packaging
  • 9. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 9 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Why telephones get hot? There are different reasons for overheating of telephones: these can be related to the design, the construction itself, the utilization mode and the environment.
  • 10. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 10 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Processor Packaging platform WHICH PACKAGES ARE USED IN SMARTPHONES? •QFN (quad-flat no-leads) o Main applications are in automotive; very rare in mobile phones •Fan-in approach (WLCSP–Wafer-Level Chip Scale Package) o Interconnects are within the die surface area o Used in mobile phones, RF devices, power devices o Limitation by the chip size •FC-BGA o FC-CSP/FC-BGA are the most standard packages, used in almost all smartphones today. •Fan-out approach o Inter connects not limited by the die size o Good thermal conductivity o Good electrical conductivity o More recent approach, therefore still higher cost compared to traditional packaging solutions
  • 11. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 11 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus PoP packaging Technologies The electrically conductive material (18 in the Shinko patent) can include a solid core formed from a metal like copper, which solid core can be coated with a solder. The copper core solder ball seems to be dropped and reflowed before molding. The copper ball has a small shift during the reflow. The presence of the copper ball prevent a shrink of the solder ball during the reflow and also offers better electrical and heat conductivity. Theorical Technology Source : Patent US7782624B2 MCeP package from Shinko Electric Industries Co. Shinko’s PoP for Application Processor (AP) Chipset FC-PoP is the conventional PoP packaging. Two actors uses this type of package: Huawei, Samsung. One of the two other actors (Qualcomm) uses different approach whith Shinko’s MCeP who choose advanced substrate to support the AP.
  • 12. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 12 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Package Cross-Section Comparison In the cross-section, two main choice has been made by the End-Users OEM with the PoP. Apple and Qualcomm choose advanced packaging through TSMC and Shinko. Huawei and Samsung choose conventional packaging through Amkor and Samsung. TSMC and Shinko managed to get thin packaging compared to traditional PoP. In each PoP, the memory package has approximatively the same thickness, even if one of them doesn’t use stack memory The high reliability of copper based through molding via solution is obvious when we compared the cross section of the packages. Depending on the packaging manufacturer, TMV could have some distortion form or unwanted connection. Even if Samsung and Amkor use the same PoP technology, some differences can be seen. For Samsung, the via have a better definition than Amkor. With 3 RDL layers, TSMC managed to avoid the use of top PCB with small L/S dimensions. A10 Package cross-section – SEM view Kirin 955 Package cross-section – SEM view Exynos 8 Package cross-section – SEM view Snapdragon 820 Package cross-section – SEM view
  • 13. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 13 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 I/Onumber Line/Space (µm/µm) Application processor I/O count & Line/Space width
  • 14. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 14 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus PCB Design The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has large potential for smartphone thermal management improvement. In fact the PCB is in contact with the heat generating devices, but it has a large area to dissipate the heat. There are different parameters to take in account in the analysis of the PCB design
  • 15. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 15 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions o Synthesis o PCB o Processor iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Heat Spreader HEAT SPREADER are thin layer of material which are used to distribute heat across the telephone to prevent hotspot and provide lateral heat conduction. They can be made of different materials: • Aluminium • Graphite • Copper • …… And have different shapes: • Foils • Adhesive tapes • Sheets
  • 16. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 16 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple Processor Supply Chain History Apple utilizes a fabless production model. They rely on independent third-party suppliers to perform manufacturing and assembly. 60 % Die Manufacturing Package Manufacturing Package Technology FC-PoP FC-PoP inFO-PoP 2014 2015 2016 2017 40 % Gate-last HKMG 20 nm 89 mm² FinFET 14 nm 96 mm² FinFET 16 nm 104.5 mm² FinFET 16 nm 125 mm² Die Technology & Area FinFET 10 nm 87.7 mm² inFO-PoP
  • 17. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 17 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 6s Plus Teardown Apple iPhone 6s Plus Front View Apple iPhone 6s Plus SideViewApple iPhone 6s Plus Front View 158.2mm 77.9 mm 7.3 mmTelephone surface: 12,323 mm2
  • 18. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 18 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 6s Plus Heating zones
  • 19. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 19 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 6s Plus Processor Board
  • 20. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 20 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus PCB iPhone 6s Plus
  • 21. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 21 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus A9 Package Cross-Section
  • 22. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 22 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 7 Plus Opening
  • 23. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 23 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 7 Plus Teardown
  • 24. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 24 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone 7 Plus Teardown
  • 25. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 25 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus PCB cross section
  • 26. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 26 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus A10 Package Cross-Section
  • 27. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 27 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus A10 Package Cross-Section
  • 28. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 28 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus A10 Package Cross-Section
  • 29. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 29 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone X Teardown
  • 30. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 30 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone X Heating zones
  • 31. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 31 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Apple iPhone X Processor Board
  • 32. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 32 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Samsung Smartphone History & Major Players
  • 33. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 33 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Teardown – European Version
  • 34. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 34 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Samsung Galaxy S7 Teardown EMI (US version)
  • 35. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 35 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Exynos 8 Package Cross-Section
  • 36. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 36 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Exynos 8 Package Cross-Section
  • 37. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 37 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Samsung Galaxy S8 Teardown
  • 38. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 38 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Heat Pipes
  • 39. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 39 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Heat Pipes
  • 40. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 40 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis o Synthesis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Huawei Smartphone History & Major Players
  • 41. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 41 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis o Synthesis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Huawei P9 Opening
  • 42. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 42 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis o Synthesis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Huawei P9 Processor Board
  • 43. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 43 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis o Synthesis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus Kirin 955 Package View & Dimensions
  • 44. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 44 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus LG Smartphone History & Major Players
  • 45. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 45 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis o Synthesis o Telephone Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus LG G6Opening
  • 46. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 46 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus o Company services o Contact o Legal REVERSE COSTING ANALYSES - SYSTEM PLUS CONSULTING Packaging • Advanced RF SiPs for Cell Phones: Reverse Costing Overview • 2016 Comparison of Application Processor Packaging Related Reports MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY REPORTS - YOLE DÉVELOPPEMENT Batteries / Energy Management • Market Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in Smartphones
  • 47. COMPLETE TEARDOWN WITH: Detailed photos Precise measurements Internal packaging structures Thermal management solutions PCB package cross-sections Processor package analysis Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Comparison 2017 Title: Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Review 2017 Pages: 150 Date: November 2017 Format: PDF & Excel file Price: Full report: EUR 3,490 Bundle offer with Market Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in Smartphones Report by Yole Développement Comparative analysis of thermal management solution analysis of 10 flagship smartphones from Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and Xiaomi. Whereas some OEMs use standard solutions such as heat spreaders of metal frames, others choose to consider more complex structures such as heat pipes. Moreover, as the processor is one of the most important heat sources, we have seen how the PCB design has changed to improve thermal dissipation and how the packaging of the processor itself has evolved to solve thermal problems caused by miniaturization and efficiency increase. Located close to the battery and the DRAM chip on the main board, the application processors are packaged using different Package-on-Package (PoP) technologies. Some AP providers, like HiSilicon or Samsung, use conventional PoP with embedded land-side capacitors; others, like Apple or Qualcomm, use innovative technologies like fan-out PoP or embedded die packaging with advanced PCB substrate. This report includes multiple comparisons based on physical analyses of the latest flagship smartphones. It offers the unique possibility of seeing thermal management technology evolution, tracked by manufacturer. A smartphone contains several components that generate heat and other components sensitive to heat; to maintain acceptable temperature levels in these small handheld devices, manufacturers propose different solutions which require high performance and design constraints. To complement Yole Développement’s Market Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in Smartphones report, System Plus Consulting has conducted a comparative technology review to provide insights into the assembling structure and thermal management technology of 10 flagship smartphones from leading suppliers: Apple, Samsung, Huawei, LG and Xiaomi. In this report, we highlight the differences and the innovations in the thermal management solutions chosen by the end-user OEMs.
  • 48. TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview / Introduction Company Profile Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, LG Smartphone History Thermal Management Solutions and Comparison Heating Zones Processor Design and Packaging Telephone Assembly Thermal Solutions Physical Analysis Physical Analysis Methodology Apple iPhone 6s Plus: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, processor A9 iPhone 7 Plus: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, processor A10 iPhone 8: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, processor A11 iPhone X: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, PCB integration Samsung Galaxy S7: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, processor Snapdragon 820 and Exynos 8, heat pipes Galaxy S8: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, heat pipes Huawei P9: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, processor Kirin 955 Mate 9 Pro: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader LG G6: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader, heat pipes Xiaomi Mi5: Package view and heating zones, board PCB and heat spreader Performed byPerformed by AUTHORS: 3D-Package CoSim+ ANALYSIS PERFORMED WITH OUR COSTING TOOLS 3D-PACKAGE COSIM+ System Plus Consulting offers powerful costing tools to evaluate the production cost and selling price from single chip to complex structures. 3D Package Cosim+ Cost simulation tool to evaluate the cost of any Packaging process: Wafer-level packaging, TSV, 3D integration… 3D Package CoSim+ is a processs based costing tool used to evaluate the manufacturing cost per wafer using your own inputs or using the pre-defined parameters included in the tool. It is possible to enter any Package process flow. Power Electronics and Compound Semiconductors. She has a deep knowledge of Electronics R&D and Manufacturing environment. Elena holds a Master in Nano- technologies and a PhD in Power Electronics. Elena Barbarini Elena is in charge of costing analyses for laboratory. He previously worked for 25 years at Atmel Nantes Technological Analysis Laboratory as fab support in physical analysis, and for three years at Hirex Engineering in Toulouse, in a destructive physical analysis lab. Yvon Le Goff (Lab) Yvon joined System Plus Consulting in 2011 to set up its
  • 49. RELATED REPORTS ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION OFFER You can choose to buy over 12 months a set of 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 or 15 Reverse Costing® reports. Up to 47% discount! • MEMS & Sensors: Accelerometer - Compass - Display / Optics - Environment - Fingerprint - Gyroscope - IMU/Combo - Light - Microphone - Oscillator - Pressure sensor • Power: GaN - IGBT - MOSFET - Si Diode - SiC • Systems: Automotive - Consumer - Energy - Medical - Telecom Each year System Plus Consulting releases a comprehensive collection of new reverse engineering & costing analyses in various domains. • Imaging: Infrared - Visible • Integrated Circuits & RF: Integrated Circuit (IC) - RF IC • LEDs: LED Lamp - UV LED - White/blue LED • Packaging: 3D Packaging - Embedded - SIP - WLP Performed by More than 60 reports released each year on the following topics (considered for 2017): Market Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in Smartphones 2016 Comparison of Application Processor Packaging Advanced RF SiPs for Cell Phones: Reverse Costing Overview How can smartphones deal with growing heat management challenges? Comparison of main players AP: TSMC’s inFO vs. Amkor’s PoP vs. Samsung’s PoP vs. Shinko’s MCeP. Physical analyses and cost estimation of radio-frequency SiP from Skyworks Solutions, Murata, TDK- Epcos, Qorvo and Broadcom/Avago. Pages: Over 182 Date: November 2017 Full report: EUR 6,490* Pages: 100 Date: December 2016 Full report: EUR 3,490* Pages: 140 Date: November 2017 Full report: EUR 4,990*
  • 50. ORDER FORM *For price in dollars please use the day’s exchange rate. All reports are delivered electronically in pdf format. For French customer, add 20 % for VAT. Performed by DELIVERY on receipt of payment: By credit card: Number: |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| Expiration date: |__|__|/|__|__| Card Verification Value: |__|__|__| By bank transfer: BANK INFO: HSBC, 1 place de la Bourse, F-69002 Lyon, France, Bank code : 30056, Branch code : 00170 Account No : 0170 200 1565 87, SWIFT or BIC code : CCFRFRPP, IBAN : FR76 3005 6001 7001 7020 0156 587 Return order by: • FAX: +33 (0)472 83 01 83 • MAIL: YOLE DEVELOPPEMENT, 75 Cours Emile Zola, F - 69100 Lyon - Villeurbanne Contact: • Japan: Miho - Ohtake@yole.fr • Greater China: Mavis - Wang@yole.fr • Asia: Takashi - Onozawa@yole.fr • EMEA: Lizzie - Levenez@yole.fr • North America: Steve – laferriere@yole.fr • General: info@yole.fr The present document is valid till November 15, 2017 SHIP TO PAYMENT BILLING CONTACT ABOUT YOLE DEVELOPPEMENT Name (Mr/Ms/Dr/Pr): ...................................................................................... Job Title: ...................................................................................... Company: ...................................................................................... Address: ...................................................................................... City: State: ...................................................................................... Postcode/Zip: ...................................................................................... Country: ...................................................................................... VAT ID Number for EU members: ...................................................................................... Tel: ...................................................................................... Email: ..................................................................................... Date: ....................................................................................... Signature: ...................................................................................... Distributed by First Name: .................................................................. Last Name: ............................................................................ Email:............................................................................ Phone:..................................................................................... Founded in 1998, Yole Développement has grown to become a group of companies providing marketing, technology and strategy consulting, media and corporate finance services. With a strong focus on emerging applications using silicon and/or micro manufacturing, the Yole Développement group has expanded to include more than 50 collaborators worldwide covering MEMS, Compound Semiconductors, LED, Image Sensors, Optoelectronics, Microfluidics & Medical, Advanced Packaging, Manufacturing, Nanomaterials, Power Electronics and Batteries & Energy Management. The “More than Moore” company Yole, along with its partners System Plus Consulting, Blumorpho and KnowMade, support industrial companies, investors and R&D organizations worldwide to help them understand markets and follow technology trends to grow their business. CUSTOM STUDIES • Market data & research, marketing analysis • Technology analysis • Reverse engineering & costing services • Strategy consulting • Patent analysis More information on www.yole.fr MEDIA • i-Micronews.com, online disruptive technologies website and its weekly e- newsletter, @Micronews • Communication & webcasts services • Events: Yole Seminars, Market Briefings More information on http://www.i-micronews.com/media-kit.html TECHNOLOGY & MARKET REPORTS • Collection of technology & market reports • Manufacturing cost simulation tools • Component reverse engineering & costing analysis • Patent investigation More information on http://www.i- micronews.com/reports.html  Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Comparison 2017 EUR 3,490*  Bundle Offer with Market Opportunities for Thermal Management Components in Smartphones 2017 Report by Yole Développement Ref.: SP17369 Ref.: YDPE17051 Please process my order for “Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Review 2017” Report
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Although the Seller shall take reasonable steps to screen Products for infection of viruses, worms, Trojan horses or other codes containing contaminating or destructive properties before making the Products available, the Seller cannot guarantee that any Product will be free from infection. 5. Force majeure The Seller shall not be liable for any delay in performance directly or indirectly caused by or resulting from acts of nature, fire, flood, accident, riot, war, government intervention, embargoes, strikes, labor difficulties, equipment failure, late deliveries by suppliers or other difficulties which are beyond the control, and not the fault of the Seller. 6. Protection of the Seller’s IPR 6.1 All the IPR attached to the Products are and remain the property of the Seller and are protected under French and international copyright law and conventions. 6.2 The Buyer agreed not to disclose, copy, reproduce, redistribute, resell or publish the Product, or any part of it to any other party other than employees of its company. The Buyer shall have the right to use the Products solely for its own internal information purposes. In particular, the Buyer shall therefore not use the Product for purposes such as: - Information storage and retrieval systems; - Recordings and re-transmittals over any network (including any local area network); - Use in any timesharing, service bureau, bulletin board or similar arrangement or public display; - Posting any Product to any other online service (including bulletin boards or the Internet); - Licensing, leasing, selling, offering for sale or assigning the Product. 6.3 The Buyer shall be solely responsible towards the Seller of all infringements of this obligation, whether this infringement comes from its employees or any person to whom the Buyer has sent the Products and shall personally take care of any related proceedings, and the Buyer shall bear related financial consequences in their entirety. 6.4 The Buyer shall define within its company point of contact for the needs of the contract. This person will be the recipient of each new report in PDF format. This person shall also be responsible for respect of the copyrights and will guaranty that the Products are not disseminated out of the company. 6.5 In the context of annual subscriptions, the person of contact shall decide who within the Buyer, shall be entitled to access on line the reports on I-micronews.com. In this respect, the Seller will give the Buyer a maximum of 10 password, unless the multiple sites organization of the Buyer requires more passwords. The Seller reserves the right to check from time to time the correct use of this password. 6.6 In the case of a multisite, multi license, only the employee of the buyer can access the report or the employee of the companies in which the buyer have 100% shares. As a matter of fact the investor of a company, the joint venture done with a third party etc..cannot access the report and should pay a full license price. 7. Termination 7.1 If the Buyer cancels the order in whole or in part or postpones the date of mailing, the Buyer shall indemnify the Seller for the entire costs that have been incurred as at the date of notification by the Buyer of such delay or cancellation. This may also apply for any other direct or indirect consequential loss that may be borne by the Seller, following this decision. 7.2 In the event of breach by one Party under these conditions or the order, the non-breaching Party may send a notification to the other by recorded delivery letter upon which, after a period of thirty (30) days without solving the problem, the non-breaching Party shall be entitled to terminate all the pending orders, without being liable for any compensation. 8. Miscellaneous All the provisions of these Terms and Conditions are for the benefit of the Seller itself, but also for its licensors, employees and agents. Each of them is entitled to assert and enforce those provisions against the Buyer. Any notices under these Terms and Conditions shall be given in writing. They shall be effective upon receipt by the other Party. The Seller may, from time to time, update these Terms and Conditions and the Buyer, is deemed to have accepted the latest version of these terms and conditions, provided they have been communicated to him in due time. 9. Governing law and jurisdiction 9.1 Any dispute arising out or linked to these Terms and Conditions or to any contract (orders) entered into in application of these Terms and Conditions shall be settled by the French Commercial Courts of Lyon, which shall have exclusive jurisdiction upon such issues. 9.2 French law shall govern the relation between the Buyer and the Seller, in accordance with these Terms and Conditions. Distributed by Performed by
  • 52. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 47 COMPANY SERVICES
  • 53. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 48 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus o Company services o Contact o Legal Business Models Fields of Expertise Custom Analyses (>130 analyses per year) Reports (>40 reports per year) Costing Tools Trainings
  • 54. ©2017 System Plus Consulting | Thermal Management Review in Smartphones 49 Overview / Introduction Company Profile & Phone History Thermal Management Solutions iPhone Physical Analysis Samsung Physical Analysis Huawei Physical Analysis LG Physical Analysis Xiaomi Physical Analysis Feedback About System Plus o Company services o Contact o Legal Contact Headquarters 21 rue La Noue Bras de Fer 44200 Nantes FRANCE +33 2 40 18 09 16 sales@systemplus.fr Europe Sales Office Lizzie LEVENEZ Frankfurt am Main GERMANY +49 151 23 54 41 82 llevenez@systemplus.fr America Sales Office Steve LAFERRIERE Phoenix USA laferriere@yole.fr www.systemplus.fr Asia Sales Office Takashi ONOZAWA Tokyo JAPAN onozawa@yole.fr Mavis WANG GREATER CHINA wang@yole.fr NANTES Headquarter FRANKFURT/MAIN Europa Sales Office LYON YOLE HQ TOKYO YOLE KK GREATER CHINA YOLE PHOENIX YOLE Inc. KOREA YOLE
  • 55. ORDER FORM Performed by DELIVERY on receipt of payment: By credit card: Number: |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__| Expiration date: |__|__|/|__|__| Card Verification Value: |__|__|__| By bank transfer: HSBC - CAE- Le Terminal -2 rue du Charron - 44800 St Herblain France BIC code: CCFRFRPP In EUR Bank code : 30056 - Branch code : 00955 - Account : 09550003234 IBAN: FR76 3005 6009 5509 5500 0323 439 In USD Bank code : 30056 - Branch code : 00955 - Account : 09550003247 IBAN: FR76 3005 6009 5509 5500 0324 797 Return order by: FAX: +33 2 53 55 10 59 MAIL: SYSTEM PLUS CONSULTING 21 rue La Nouë Bras de Fer 44200 Nantes – France Contact: EMAIL: sales@systemplus.fr TEL: +33 2 40 18 09 16 BILLING CONTACT ABOUT SYSTEM PLUS CONSULTING Name (Mr/Ms/Dr/Pr): ...................................................................................... Job Title: ...................................................................................... Company: ...................................................................................... Address: ...................................................................................... City: State: ...................................................................................... Postcode/Zip: ...................................................................................... Country: ...................................................................................... VAT ID Number for EU members: ...................................................................................... Tel: ...................................................................................... Email: ..................................................................................... Date: ....................................................................................... Signature: ...................................................................................... First Name: .................................................................. Last Name: ................................................................... Email:............................................................................ Phone:........................................................................... SHIP TO PAYMENT Please process my order for “Thermal Management in Smartphones: Technology Review 2017” Reverse Costing Report  Full Reverse Costing report: EUR 3,490*  Annual Subscription (including this report as the first of the year): System Plus Consulting is specialized in the cost analysis of electronics from semiconductor devices to electronic systems. A complete range of services and costing tools to provide in-depth production cost studies and to estimate the objective selling price of a product is available. Our services: TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS - COSTING SERVICES - COSTING TOOLS - TRAININGS www.systemplus.fr - sales@systemplus.fr o3 reports EUR 8 400* o5 reports EUR 12 500* o7 reports EUR 16 000* o10 reports EUR 21 000* o15 reports EUR 27 500* *For price in dollars please use the day’s exchange rate *All reports are delivered electronically in pdf format *For French customer, add 20 % for VAT *Our prices are subject to change. Please check our new releases and price changes on www.systemplus.fr. The present document is valid 6 months after its publishing date: November 2017 Ref.: SP17369
  • 56. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALES 1.INTRODUCTION The present terms and conditions apply to the offers, sales and deliveries of services managed by System Plus Consulting except in the case of a particular written agreement. Buyer must note that placing an order means an agreement without any restriction with these terms and conditions. 2.PRICES Prices of the purchased services are those which are in force on the date the order is placed. Prices are in Euros and worked out without taxes. Consequently, the taxes and possible added costs agreed when the order is placed will be charged on these initial prices. System Plus Consulting may change its prices whenever the company thinks it necessary. However, the company commits itself in invoicing at the prices in force on the date the order is placed. 3.REBATES and DISCOUNTS The quoted prices already include the rebates and discounts that System Plus Consulting could have granted according to the number of orders placed by the Buyer, or other specific conditions. No discount is granted in case of early payment. 4.TERMS OF PAYMENT System Plus Consulting delivered services are to be paid within 30 days end of month by bank transfer except in the case of a particular written agreement. If the payment does not reach System Plus Consulting on the deadline, the Buyer has to pay System Plus Consulting a penalty for late payment the amount of which is three times the legal interest rate. The legal interest rate is the current one on the delivery date. This penalty is worked out on the unpaid invoice amount, starting from the invoice deadline. This penalty is sent without previous notice. When payment terms are over 30 days end of month, the Buyer has to pay a deposit which amount is 10% of the total invoice amount when placing his order. 5. OWNERSHIP System Plus Consulting remains sole owner of the delivered services until total payment of the invoice. 6.DELIVERIES The delivery schedule on the purchase order is given for information only and cannot be strictly guaranteed. Consequently any reasonable delay in the delivery of services will not allow the buyer to claim for damages or to cancel the order. 7.ENTRUSTED GOODS SHIPMENT The transport costs and risks are fully born by the Buyer. Should the customer wish to ensure the goods against lost or damage on the base of their real value, he must imperatively point it out to System Plus Consulting when the shipment takes place. Without any specific requirement, insurance terms for the return of goods will be the carrier current ones (reimbursement based on good weight instead of the real value). 8.FORCE MAJEURE System Plus Consulting responsibility will not be involved in non execution or late delivery of one of its duties described in the current terms and conditions if these are the result of a force majeure case. Therefore, the force majeure includes all external event unpredictable and irresistible as defined by the article 1148 of the French Code Civil? 9.CONFIDENTIALITY As a rule, all information handed by customers to system Plus Consulting are considered as strictly confidential. A non-disclosure agreement can be signed on demand. 10.RESPONSABILITY LIMITATION The Buyer is responsible for the use and interpretations he makes of the reports delivered by System Plus Consulting. Consequently, System Plus Consulting responsibility can in no case be called into question for any direct or indirect damage, financial or otherwise, that may result from the use of the results of our analysis or results obtained using one of our costing tools. 11.APPLICABLE LAW Any dispute that may arise about the interpretation or execution of the current terms and conditions shall be resolved applying the French law. It the dispute cannot be settled out-of-court, the competent Court will be the Tribunal de Commerce de Nantes. Performed by