Questions On The And Of Guillain Barre Syndrome

Questions On The And Of Guillain Barre Syndrome
Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter jejuni
Biological Classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Epsilonproteobacteria
Order: Campylobacterales
Family: Campylobacteraceae
Genus: Campylobacter
Species: Campylobacter jejuni
Figure 1: Scanning electron microscope image of Campylobacter iejuni, demonstrating its helical
structure and polar flagellum.
Source: Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Campylobacter jejuni is a species of bacteria from the genus Campylobacter, and one of the most
frequent causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The genome sequence of C. jejuni is 1,641,481bp
(Parkhill et al, 2000). C. jejuni is the most common cause of food poisoning. Despite its strong
pathogenicity with gastroenteritis (Kim et al, 2015), C. jejuni is rarely life threatening but is linked
with the development of Guillain–barre syndrome (Perez–Perez & Blaser, 1996).
C. jejuni is a gram–negative bacterium (Phongsisay V, 2016) as well as being microaerophilic (Kim
et al, 2015), nonfermenting and helical shaped (Frirdich et al, 2014). C. jejuni may have either a uni
or bi–polar flagella, which contain rods enabling its motility (Baldvinsson et al, 2014). When
translated from Greek C. jejuni means 'curved rod': campylos (curved) and baktron (rod), named due
to its properties.
C. jejuni is such a diverse species that it has been questioned if it should be contained in one genus
(Gulbronson et al, 2016). It is also
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How Campylobacter Jejuni Is The Most Common Cause Of Food...
Campylobacter jejuni is a species of bacteria from the genus Campylobacter, and one of the most
frequent causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The genome sequence of C. jejuni is 1,641,481bp
(Parkhill et al, 2000). C. jejuni is the most common cause of food poisoning. Despite its strong
pathogenicity with gastroenteritis (Kim et al, 2015), C. jejuni is rarely life threatening but is linked
with the development of Guillain–barre syndrome (Perez–Perez & Blaser, 1996).
C. jejuni is a gram–negative bacterium (Phongsisay V, 2016) as well as being microaerophilic (Kim
et al, 2015), nonfermenting and helical shaped (Frirdich et al, 2014). C. jejuni may have either a uni
or bi–polar flagella, which contain rods enabling its motility (Baldvinsson et al, 2014). When
translated from Greek C. jejuni means 'curved rod': campylos (curved) and baktron (rod), named due
to its properties.
C. jejuni is such a diverse species that it has been questioned if it should be contained in one genus
(Gulbronson et al, 2016). It is also considered to be among the most important bacterial species due
to its impact on public health and microbiology. You will commonly find C. jejuni in animal faeces
and food (Kim et al, 2015).
Infections caused by C. jejuni are most frequently found in patients who are immunocompromised,
elderly or young. The bacterium is not responsible for serious harm in healthy individuals but those
with a poor immune system may be unable to remove the bacterium, leading to an

Bacterial Infections In Two Letters: Warren And Marshall
In these two letters, Warren and Marshall agree that ulcers were caused by bacterial infection. They
also believed that the bacteria was a type of campylobacter. Warren's bacteria looked more like the
Campylobacter jejuni, but he said that it cannot be classified by reference. They both observed an S–
shaped spiral bacteria in the gastric antrum and also agreed that silver staining is not the type of
method to use while looking at bacteria. If they did use silver staining then, the bacteria would have
been overlooked, and they would have never figured out what causes ulcers
Their letters are not completely the same; Marshall says that "Warren's bacteria may be of the genus
Spirillum" but Warren does not say anything about that. In Warren's

Broiler Farms Essay
2.7 Horizontal transmission of pathogens in poultry Horizontal transmission is the most likely cause
of pathogen outbreaks in broiler farms (Silva et al., 2011). Internal contamination of the farms, were
due to residual presence of pathogens from pervious infected flocks (Newell & Fearnley, 2003).
Whilst external contamination of the farm, was associated to pathogens transported into broiler
houses in equipment/ utilities (such as feed, litter and water), by human activities (farm
workers/staff), as well as birds and insects (Newell & Fearnley, 2003; Sahin et al., 2002). Potential
risk factors associated with pathogen contamination, is dependent on management practices
involved in individual broiler farms (Newell & Fearnley, 2003; ... Show more content on
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Several risk factors for horizontal transmission have been identified by various studies (Alali,
Thakur, Berghaus, Martin, & Gebreyes, 2010; Andino & Hanning, 2015; Heyndrickx et al., 2002;
Liljebjelke et al., 2005). High contamination levels on feed trays and water drinkers were observed
due to faecal droppings of Salmonella spp., which can then horizontally spread to other birds within
the same house (Alali et al., 2010) Recontamination of broiler sheds from inefficient cleaning is also
an issue, especially when pest, flies, beetles and dust, can amplify existing contamination by
reaching inaccessible areas (Davies & Breslin, 2003; Heyndrickx et al., 2002; Thaker, Brahmbhatt,
Nayak, & Thaker, 2013). 2.7.3 Horizontal transmission of E. coli E. coli thrives in the lower
intestine of a warm–blooded animal, as it provides a vast supply of nutrients for bacterial growth.
However, when exposed to external environmental conditions (low nutrient availability and
temperature fluctuations), E. coli populations decreases two folds (Winfield & Groisman, 2003). E.
coli populations maintain their numbers externally by the constant arrival of micro–organisms from
host excretions (Winfield & Groisman, 2003). This demonstrates that E. coli are incapable of
surviving without a host because of the lack of nutrients and harsh environmental conditions
(Beutin, 2006; Winfield & Groisman,

Essay On Omnivore Disease
The number one cause of death in our country is heart disease, a chronic disease. To clarify,
conditions that cannot prevented by vaccines or medications. According to the CDC (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention) a government run website; "chronic diseases are responsible for 7
of 10 deaths each year, and treating people with chronic diseases accounts for 86% of our nation's
health care costs (Chronic Disease)." Hence, 7 out of 10 deaths are preventable. It is through
personal choices being make everyday. Not that I am here to scold anyone for having a donut
instead of oatmeal plus an apple, for breakfast this morning. The problem arises when the donut is
winning everyday, those choices add up. That is what makes chronic disease, a ... Show more
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"The antibiotics these animals consume with their corn at this very moment are selecting, in their
gut and whatever else in the environment they end up, for new strains of resistant bacteria that will
someday infect us and withstand the drugs we depend on to treat that infection (Pollan. 81.)"
Similarly, we will possess those same microbes from the animals we eat. There are roughly 5
diseases that can be attributed to antibiotic resistance due to factory farming; e. coli H–7, MRSA,
Campylobacter/Salmonella, Mad Cow disease and Obesity. E. coli strains are normal in cows, but
this particular strain thrives in feedlot cattle. Due to high grain diet the cows are fed, allows the
deadly strain to withstand acidic environments in other words, resist acidity in our stomachs. This
strain of E.coli can cause severe kidney damage. Children and elderly people are more likely to have
severe symptoms and die. According to an Oxford Journal article MRSA infections leads to more
deaths than HIV/ AIDS every year(Stryjewski 19.) MRSA is very common to pass in hospitals, and
it's antibiotic resistance makes it very difficult to treat. Campylobacter and Salmonella can be killed
through proper cooking. Although, both are becoming more resistant to antibiotics. Campylobacter
can be found on more than half the chicken being sold in stores. Mad Cow disease occurs when
cows are fed other pieces of butchered cow, sheep or goat. Causing an infectious neurodegenerative
disease in the animals which get passed to us. Luckily this is a disease more rare than the others I
have discussed. Roughly 1 in 3 Americans is considered obese, calling obesity a disease is
debatable. The country with the largest food industry also has the largest obesity rate. Arguably it
doesn't meet the requirements for a disease, but the American Heart Association and the American

Foodborne Pathogens And Effects Of Biofilms
The potential of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms to form biofilms has raised issues in
food industries. A wide range of micro–organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, have been
documented to cause biofilm formation on food and food contact surfaces (Dewanti & Wong, 1995;
Sharma & Anand, 2002). Apart from bacteria's intrinsic capability to initiate attachment, extrinsic
factors such as food contact surface influence on the level of attachment and ultimately biofilm
formation (Srey, Jahid, & Ha, 2013). Food contact surfaces are made up of various materials
including stainless steel, glass, polyurethane, teflon, rubber, wood and ... Show more content on
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In 2011, there was an outbreak linked to the whole cantaloupe contaminated with L. monocytogenes
whose root cause was speculated to be the unsanitary condition of the processing environment. The
firm attachment and biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes in inaccessible areas and later
dispersion during processing, supposedly caused the microorganism contaminate the cantaloupes
(Sapers, Miller, Pilizota, & Mattrazzo, 2001). Similarly, various common practices in produce
industries including trimming, cutting, slicing, washing, rinsing, and packaging; all of which can
serve as primary sources of cross–contamination as a result of biofilm formation and hazardous
consequences thereafter (Suslow et al., 2003). The sanitizers normally used in produce industries
such as ozone, chlorine, organic acids, are only effective in reducing 1–2 logs of microorganisms
and are usually ineffective against microbial biofilms (Rosenblum, Ge, Bohrerova, Yousef, & Lee,
2012). Areas of concern in produce industries consist the product itself, equipment and process, all
vulnerable to biofilm formation and therefore require a rigorous food safety and sanitation plan.
Dairy industry. Dairy industries constituting milk and milk products are highly susceptible to
contamination by various microorganisms such as

Campylobacter Jejuni Essay
Campylobacter Jejuni is the most common type of food poisoning in the world that is widely
distributed among domestic animals. Most Campylobacter cells are curved, S–shaped, or spiral rods
that are 0.2 to 0.8 µm wide and 0.5 to 5 µm long. They are non–spore forming and gram negative.
They are typically motile with a characteristic corkscrew–like motion by means of "a single polar
unsheathed flagellum at one or both ends of the cell" [2]. Cells grow well under microaerophil
condition and "have a respiratory and chemoorganotropic type of metabolism" [4]. The optimum
atmosphere for C. Jejuni is 85% N2, 10% CO2, and 5% O2 with temperature 30ºC to 37ºC. The
natural habitat for Campylobacter is the intestine of birds and warm–blooded animals ... Show more
At least 80 cases of Campylobacter Jejuni infection were linked to raw milk from Your Family Cow
Farm. About 9 people who drank its dairy product were hospitalized. Lab tests by the Maryland
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene found the outbreak strain of Campylobacter in raw milk
collected from customers' homes. The main cause of the contamination was not clearly defined as
sources can possibly come from every aspect of the farm. Illness onset dates for the outbreak range
from January 17 to February 1. Therefore, consumers were continuously advised by the health
department to discard any milk from the Family Cow dairy purchased since January 1 [6].
The Your Family Cow dairy, in conjugation with Pennsylvania Department of Health, sent some
samples of raw milk that were produced during the week of outbreak be pathogen tested. However,
there was no any single pathogen found in the samples, including Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella,
Listeria monocytogenes, and Ecoli 0157:H7. Even though their pathogen test didn't show any sign
of contamination, the farm had decided to voluntarily stop their raw milk sale for a moment. After
passing a health inspection, on February 6 the farm was allowed to continue production [10]. The
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture will continue to monitor Family Cow's raw milk. They also
keep suggesting people to avoid raw milk even it's legal to drink

Campylobacter Research Paper
This graphical Representation shows Campylobacter attacking the lining of the intestines.
Attacks
Campylobacter attacks the Digestive System and sometimes the Circulatory System.
Campylobacter –like organisms can produce an enterocolitis/proctocolitis syndrome in homosexual
males, who are at increased risk for Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae infections. C
jejuni infections may also produce serious bacteremic conditions in individuals with AIDS. Most
reported bacteremias have been due to Campylobacter fetus fetus infection. Campylobacter lari,
which is found in healthy seagulls, has also been reported to produce mild recurrent diarrhea in
children.Campylobacter upsaliensis may cause diarrhea or bacteremia, while Campylobacter ...
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Hideout
Bacteria can spread from person to person when someone comes into contact with fecal matter from
an infected person or animal.
Weapons
Prevention: Cook all poultry products thoroughly. Make sure that the meat is cooked throughout (no
longer pink) and any juices run clear. All poultry should be cooked to reach a minimum internal
temperature of 165°F. If you are served undercooked poultry in a restaurant, send it back for further
cooking. Wash hands with soap before preparing food Wash hands with soap after handling raw
foods of animal origin and before touching anything else. Prevent cross–contamination in the
kitchen by using separate cutting boards for foods of animal origin and other foods and by
thoroughly cleaning all cutting boards, countertops, and utensils with soap and hot water after
preparing raw food of animal origin. Do not drink unpasteurized milk or untreated surface water.
Make sure that persons with diarrhea, especially children, wash their hands carefully and frequently
with soap to reduce the risk of spreading the infection. Wash hands with soap after contact with pet

Food Contamination
The Center for Disease control has estimated that illnesses directly resulting from food
contamination cause approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations, and 5,000 deaths
each year in the United States. The rise of food–related illnesses can be mostly attributed to
increased eating out. Half of every dollar spent on food in this country is spend on food prepared
outside of the home. As the amount of people involved preparing our food rises, so does the risk of
contracting an illness from food (Levitt). The people at the greatest risk are the elderly, infants,
pregnant women, and those with immune disorders; this high risk group comprises 25 percent of the
US population. (Who). To prevent food contamination, the food ... Show more content on
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The World Health Organization regards food–related illness as one of the most widespread problems
of the contemporary world.
Works Cited
Electric Library. Joseph A. Levitt. "Food Safety." 2000. 17 Jan. 2001
<http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/...gchalk.com:US;EL&dtype=0~0&dist=0>
Who Resource. "The WHO Golden Rules for Safe Food Preparation." 2000. 17 Jan. 2001
<http://www.who.int/fsf/gldnrls.htm>
Electric Library. Dean O. Cliver. "Food Poisoning." 2001. 16 Jan. 2001.
<http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/...gchalk.com:US;EL&dtype=0~0&dinst=0>
Public Health Division. "Hygienic Food Preparation and Handling." 2000. 16 Jan. 2001.
<http://hna.ffh.vic.gov.au/phb/hprot/food/fhpp/hfp.html>
Electric Library. Ann Hollingsworth. "Food Safety." 2000. 18 Jan. 2001.
<http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/g...bigchalk.com:US;EL&dtype=0~0&dinst=>
Electric Library. "E. Coli Now in Our Alfalfa Sprouts?" Vol. 21, Medical Update, 1998. 17 Jan.
2001. <http://www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/...igchalk.com:US;EL&dtype=0~0&dinst=>
National Institutes of Health. "Foodborne Diseases." 2000. 27 Jan 2001.
<http://www.niaid.gov/factsheets/foodbornedis.htmm>

New Scientist. Debora MacKenzie. "A Quick DNA Test Seeks Out a Dangerous Bacteria That Lurk
In Food." 1999. 18 Jan. 2001. <http://www.eurekalart.org/releases.ns–aqd022399.html>
ARS News and Information. Doris Stanley Lowe. "Food Irradiation and Chlorine Team Up

The Federal Agencies Responsible For Food Regulation Essay
Every day, several times a day, we inhale air, drink water, bathe, and consume foods that has been
grown, manufactured, and prepared by someone else. We do so without giving a second thought as
to whether or not it is safe to do so. Corporations, government, and businesses have the
responsibility of ensuring that our air, water, and foods are safe for consumption. When safety
measures are violated, that could have been prevented, loss of life can occur, diseases, loss revenue,
and lack of trust can transpire. Although, harm is done indirectly by corporations that violate
policies and procedures that expose people to harmful conditions, products, or substances, it is
considered violence. According to Dragich, (2013), "The two federal agencies responsible for food
regulation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), focus primarily on food safety, fair dealing, and nutrition. The USDA notes
"that there is an expected level of contamination that naturally occurs when food is being harvested
and produced" (FDA, 2016). Additionally, the chemicals that are used on plants is principally for the
purpose of controlling insects, rodents, and other natural contaminants. According to the USDA, the
use of pesticides has little, if any impact on natural and unavoidable defects in foods. Pesticides are
used in the field to protect food plants from being ravaged by destructive plant pests (leaf feeders,
stem borers, etc.). Thus,

Listeriosis: A Serious Infection
Listeriosis is a serious infection that result from food contamination with the bacterium L.
monocyogenes. It I known to be in fact, "one of the most deadly bacterial infections currently
known– with a mean mortality rate in humans of 20 to 30% or higher despite early antibiotic
treatment" 11. Besides the transmission of foodborne, it can also be transmitted from mother to fetus
or human–to human physical interaction. A mother can consume contaminated food or liquid such
as milk during pregnancy and be able to transmit to the fetus through the maternal blood stream or
from a colonized genital tract5 (See Figure 3). This can cause serious factors leading to premature
delivery, miscarriage, or other serious health issues for the newborn.5

Mrsa ( Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is one of the most recent superbugs to
become a health problem. MRSA is a species of Staphylococcus Aureus that is resistant to the
antibiotic methicillin and antibiotics like it. Doctors are struggling to find proper treatment because
of its resistance to the beta–lactam ring, the core of most antibiotics. The most lethal strain is the
CC398 strain, most commonly found on livestock. There are approximately 80,000 invasive MRSA
infections and 11,000 deaths every year. (CNN.com) MRSA is a skin infection that can potentially
lead to death if not properly treated. Symptoms include rash, headaches, body aches, chills, fever,
extreme fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pains. The rash may appear as pimples or
boils and can be quite painful. There are two types of MRSA. HA–MRSA is an infection that was
contracted in a hospital or healthcare setting and CA–MRSA is an infection contracted by a healthy
individual in the community. Often times, those who contract CA–MRSA have a fragile immune
system, play sports that require contact to contact, live with health care professional, or live in
contaminated environments. Student athletes are most at risk. They can catch infections from gyms
and locker rooms that weren 't properly cleaned. If there is any suspicion of having the infection,
one should go to their doctor to determine if it is a MRSA infection. The longer one waits the harder
it will be to treat it.

Antibiotic Resistance As A Worldwide Health Risk Essay
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a worldwide health risk that has people brought by attention.
According to, Barlam, and Gupta authors in the article, "Antibiotic Resistance Spreads
Internationally Across Borders", state that "ABR develops when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics
either during treatments in humans or animals or through environmental sources contaminated with
antibiotic residues" (12). Therefore, ABR is causing humans with bacterial infections, unable to treat
infections because of the resistance to the antibiotics. Discussed in the article, ABR is "Spread
beyond those administered antibiotics occurs through direct contact with the infected or colonized
person or animal, through contact or ingestion of retail meat ..." (Barlam and Gupta 12). A variety of
food–producing animals is affecting humans' health due to farmers, and vets providing treatments to
animals. These farmers are allowing these vets to prescribe antibiotics to animals to help their
growth in their business. The types of antibiotics provided to the food–producing animals grow for
faster production, or to treat animals that are sick or have health issues. Nevertheless, farmers play a
big factor in the growth of ABR. The human population is exhibiting an increase in infections and
illnesses because the drugs doctors are prescribing, their body is resistant to the drugs. Adding
antibiotics to promote growth in food–producing animals, over–prescribing them for health reasons,
and allowing

Slaughter : The Blind Eye
The Blind Eye Slaughter. As defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, slaughter is the violent
killing of a large number of people. Synonyms include; bloodbath, butchery, carnage, death,
holocaust, massacre. I, for one, hate this ugly word. It causes several things to come to mind when I
hear it muttered: The Holocaust, genocide, death, all of the repulsive and vial occurrences of the
world summed in one word. It 's a grim topic, and most certainly one that doesn 't occur in the US
anymore, right? After all, one of the world's leading superpowers couldn't possibly be dealing with a
magnanimous amount of bloodshed on our lands. Am I correct? Well, what if I told you that over 3.7
billion farm animals are killed every year in the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One woman who was contracted with Perdue to farm chickens shed light on what actually happens
to these company contracted farms, without Perdue's permission. Perdue was shown to keep
chickens in large, windowless, coops that are packed with so many birds, a chicken may not be able
to move. Perdue denied an interview and soon terminated the woman's contract. On investigation,
Perdue had placed a "values of the company " statement on their website that states, "At Perdue, Our
Vision is "To be the most trusted name in food and agricultural products," while Our Reason for
Being describes our purpose: To provide innovative food and agricultural products and services that
enhance the quality of life for everyone we touch." By the video evidence of their treatment of
animals, I presume those lives Perdue claim to touch is referring to their CEO's bank accounts. It is
surprising that Perdue had nothing to comment on the life of their animals if in fact their core values
they claim to have, are practiced by their company. This slaughter of animals piqued my interest
after reading a particularly gory essay written by Jeff Tietz, which depicted the horrendous
conditions in which pigs are kept. Other companies, in this specific case, Smithfield 's, was
responsible for the death of 27 million hogs (Jeff Tietz). As you can imagine, this created quite an
impressive revenue for Smithfield's, but at the cost of the hog's life. These pigs are

Campylobacter Infection
Campylobacter species are one of the most prevalent and widespread bacterial enteric pathogens in
both industrialized and developing countries [1]. It account for most cases of human gastrointestinal
infections worldwide, causing 400–500 million cases of diarrhea each year [2]. In the European
Union (EU) in 2008, 190,566 cases of campylobacteriosis was confirmed [3], while in the United
States (USA), an estimated 2.4 million incidents occur each year [4]. A total of 220,209
Campylobacter cases were reported and confirmed by the EU in humans in 2011, and 212,064
established cases in 2010 [5]. In developing countries, Campylobacter–related gastroenteritis rates
are most common amongst children less than five years old [6]. Campylobacter infection is
primarily a zoonotic disease as it is a commensal of food animals, particularly poultry, which serves
as the main reservoir for human infection [7]. Other sources of transmission, include water, milk,
and food animal meat products [8]. The disease characteristics vary from watery, non–bloody, non–
inflammatory diarrhea to a severe inflammatory diarrhea followed by abdominal pain and fever [9].
Amongst ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains poses a challenge in the management of
Campylobacter infections. Isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli with resistance to various antimicrobial
agents have been reported in both developed and developing countries [12]. There is a dearth of
surveillance systems/data? on clinical Campylobacter in South Africa, particularly in the private
healthcare environment. We therefore investigated the prevalence of resistance against ciprofloxacin
and erythromycin, as well as against newer antibiotics in these classes, viz., gatifloxacin,
azithromycin and tetracycline in clinical Campylobacter isolates from a private pathology laboratory
in South

Nortoid Research Paper
Most of us spend a lot of time vacuuming our carpet in order to ensure that it is fresh and clean.
However, even if you spend a lot of time vacuuming your carpet, there may still be some hazards
lurking in it. Below is a list of the potential health hazards that may be inside of your carpet:
Norovirus
The Norovirus is also known as the Norwalk virus. Exposure to the Norovirus can cause the
stomach flu. It can also cause a number of other digestive problems. The Norovirus can live inside
of the carpet fibers for anywhere from four to six weeks. If someone walks on the carpet, then it can
become airborne.
Salmonella
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Even though the main way to come
in contact with salmonella

Bacterial Infections of Humans Caused by Bites of Animals...
Bacterial Infections of Humans Caused by Bites of Animals (NOT insects)
Introduction
Animal bites on humans may cause open wounds or even crushing injuries. Like us, all animals
carry certain bacteria or viruses that can cause illness if passed on to humans via the open wounds.
The pathogen entry pathway for these zoonotic infections include bites or scratches, and direct
contact saliva or waste. These diseases bring about a considerable amount of inconvenience to
humans and therefore, the greatest concerns are of young children and immunocompromised
patients. Children are especially susceptible to getting bitten and an adult supervision is always
recommended because their immune systems are still weak and an infection that might mildly ...
Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headaches and fatigue, and usually resolves without
treatment. This is a mild disease that rarely leads to long term complications.
Rabies
This is a critical illness contracted through the infected saliva of an animal. This disease has a long
onset time and therefore, a vaccine following a bite of a rabid animal is available. The early
symptoms for rabies include fever and tingling at the site of infection. In the rare fatal cases, the
virus can cause acute inflammation of the brain. These domestic pets are common carriers of the
virus. However, widespread immunization has been successful in decreasing the chances of
transmission of rabies from animals to humans.
Ringworms
Also known as tinea, is a fungal infection of the skin caused by fungus found in soils and on the skin
of pets. Children can get ringworms by touching infected dogs and cats. Ringworm of the skin is
usually a non–fatal, scaly round area with a raised red bumpy border and a clear center. Ringworm
infections are treated with antifungal or oral medications.
Toxocariasis
The parasitic roundworm Toxocara, resides in the intestines of dogs and cats. As such, the eggs of
the worms are passed through the stools of the animals, contaminating the soil where kids play.
When a child accidentally takes in the contaminated soil, the eggs hatch in the intestine and spread
to

Imagery In The Jungle And The Jungle By Upton Sinclair
During the progressive era, 1900–1920, Chicago had a growing population due to the vast number
of European immigrants settling there. By the 1900s, nearly 750,000 people, almost half of
Chicago's population was having to live in the central park. Trying to produce enough food to keep
the city feed was grueling. It was about meeting the demand. When The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
was published in 1906, which revealed the stomach turning ways of the meat packing companies, it
caused the people to become enraged. In The Jungle, he uses disturbing visual imagery to describe
the filthy conditions of the meat packing industry in Chicago during the progressive era, in order to
get the public's attention, henceforth gathering the public along his side to fight for better health
codes. In The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, he uses the idea of unhealthy food and no medicine, to
counterbalance the chances the meat packing companies are taking, therefore causing a union to
reform health codes for the better. In The Jungle, Upton states, It was only when the whole ham was
spoiled that it came into the department of Elzbieta. Cut up by the two–thousand–revolutions–a–
minute flyers, and mixed with half a ton of other meat, no odor that ever was in a ham could make
any difference. There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would
come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and
white–it would be dosed with borax and

Reaction Paper On Campylobacter
Campylobacter: I am a Gram–negative bacteria, I belong to the Phylum of Proteobacteria. The class
I belong to is Epsilonproteobacteria respectively.
I have almost 30 species.
Interviewer: But doesn't it gets difficult to differentiate between all of you considering that you all
being to the genus Campylobacter?
Campylobacter: Well you are right. But each one of us has a different surname. Well you see mine is
"Campylobacter Jejuni."
Interviewer: Wow! That's a difficult one. Now please tell us what it means because this scientific
term is difficult for us to understand. (Laughs)
Campylobacter: I can completely understand. Campylobacter is derived from Greek word, meaning
"curved bacteria", which is a genus of microaerophilic gram –negative ... Show more content on
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The cytolethal distending toxin is produced by most strains of the specie, Campylobacter Jejuni.
This toxin hinders the cells from dividing, thus activating the immune system. This helps the
bacteria to evade the immune system and it therefore survives for a limited time in the cells.
Interviewer: We have also heard that certain types of syndromes are also caused due to the disease
you cause. Is this true?
Campylobacter: You heard that right. The syndromes I cause are "hemolytic uremic syndrome" and
"thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". In some severe cases the Campylobacter infection can also
be a cause of the syndrome "Guillain–Barré syndrome". This, my friend is a disorder affecting the
peripheral nervous system. This syndrome develops usually two to three weeks after the initial
illness. This is rarely life threatening.
Interviewer: You're a very independent being. Tell

Personal Narrative: My Moments As An Olmsted Science Club...
My moments as an Olmsted Science club member have created noteworthy experiences with my
peers and mentors. In sophomore year of highschool, I was unsure as to how to venture out in my
interests outside of class hours. After hearing an announcement on the school's intercom, regarding
students who are interested in the entering the STEM field, I knew that I must join. When I entered
the club, I saw the science club instructor, Mrs.Pryor–Moncrieff, and several students that I was
already friendly with. This was the start of a close knit community that I will continue to be in until
my highschool graduation.
Dr. Koury is from the Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences in University at
Buffalo. He had informed us of the Western

How Does Climate Change Affect Salmonella
Climate Change Impacts; Salmonella Like Campylobacter there are strong links between
Salmonella and the environment especially ambient temperature. However, in contrast to
Campylobacter there is a much clearer biological mechanism explaining why higher temperature
leads to a higher incidence of Salmonella. At elevated ambient temperatures Salmonella
reproduction is enhanced. However, in spite of this biological mechanism, UK Infectious Disease
experts still do not consider Salmonella to be one of the diseases most likely to be affected by
climate change (Semenza et al. 2012). This may be because control measures appear to have
substantially reduced the disease burden since the early 1990's to the point where it is not considered
a priority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was recently highlighted by the VTEC O104 outbreak in Germany in 2011 which was
identified through health surveillance (Chattaway et al. 2011) and led to measures to control the
disease outbreak. In the UK Public Health Bodies of the UK identify food–borne disease. These
bodies identify food–borne disease outbreaks as well as longer term trends in incidence. An
excellent example of health surveillance leading to adaptation is the report into the deaths of 19
people from Salmonella Typhimurium in 1984 at the Stanley Royd hospital. The report into this
outbreak led to food safety improvements across the UK (Hugill 1986). More problematic are
incidences of food borne illness imported from overseas where the UK has less ability to investigate
and act. However, though the EU wide Rapid Alert System for Food and Feeds the UK is alerted to
food safety issues as they arise within other member

Quantitative Research In Nursing
Quantitative research is used throughout the science field but is also used immensely throughout
research in nursing. The author will investigate a study that has been conducted and understand the
role of it in the practice of nursing. Quantitative research can be achieved by polls, questionnaires,
interviews, or surveys. The primary focus is hand hygiene procedures and how it can reduce the risk
of infection among the home and community settings by using handwashing and alcohol based hand
sanitizers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of hand hygiene and how it decreases
the transmission of infection throughout (Bloomfield, Aiello, Cookson, O'Boyle, & Larson, 2007).
Handwashing can include alcohol based hygiene items and handwashing with soap and water. This
study main focus was on North American and Europe. There is plenty of supporting rationale to
backup why this study was conducted. Some of the few things this study wanted to achieve are hand
hygiene is key to staying healthy and reducing infection. This needs to be followed both in the
workplace and around the community to abstain from infections. Handwashing can be achieved by
soap and water or hand sanitizers that removes or eliminates many microorganisms on the surface of
the hand (de Oliveira Dourado, da Costa Barros, Diogo de Vasconcelos, & da Silva Santos, 2017).
This can impact many individuals by using this technique to keep foreign germs off of the hands.
The importance of washing hands

Slaughter Is The Violent Killing Of A Large Number Of People
Slaughter. As defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, slaughter is the violent killing of a large
number of people. Synonyms including; bloodbath, butchery, carnage, death, holocaust, massacre. I,
for one, hate this ugly word. It causes several things to come to mind when I hear it muttered: The
Holocaust, genocide, death, all of the repulsive and vial occurrences of the world summed in one
word. It 's a grim topic, and most certainly one that doesn 't occur in the US anymore, right? After
all, one of the world's leading super powers couldn't possibly be dealing with a magnanimous
amount of bloodshed on our lands. Am I correct? Well, what if I told you that over 3.7 billion farm
animals are killed every year in the United States for food. The ongoing slaughter of billions of
animals a year, with little thought or consideration to the inhumane abuse that these animals
experience, is a saddening truth that shouldn't be a fact today. Many say that the process of farming
today is a marvel, with the fact that we can feed an entire nation so quickly. There is no famine, no
lack of food at any time. It is a marvel we can create such a method that is so effective to feed
thousands a day and I would agree if animals that are killed for food weren't treated like a machine
on an assembly line. Several companies, like Perdue, make claims that their animals are treated
righteously, live happy, and healthy lives, however, the movie Food Inc. sheds light on how
corporate business has

Animal Husbandry And Hygiene Behaviors Associated With...
Calf diarrhea or 'scours' is a commonly reported disease and a significant cause of economic losses
and decreasing productivity of dairy producers. Disease prevention and management is important
from both a calf and public health perspective due to positive association between exposure to
domestic animals and human diarrheal disease. The aim of the community report and scientific
review is to identify the zoonotic enteric diseases of neonatal calves and identify animal husbandry
and hygiene behaviors associated with calf rearing linked to infection and outline recommended
interventions to mitigate the transmission to people working in the dairy industry. This topic is
relevant as it's extremely important farmers know that some types of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cryptosporidium is wide spread in Australian dairy calves with prevalence as high as 100% in some
herds. Infected calves can be asymptomatic, however, typical clinical signs include: loose, watery
diarrhea, straining, anorexia, weight loss, depression, dehydration. Humans can be infected either
directly or indirectly by consuming food or water contaminated with ooysts or by inadequate hand
washing practices after exposure to infective feces or animals. Many people do not develop illness
after exposure. Individuals with the greatest susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis include the young
childeren, elderly, malnourished, disease impaired (i.e. those with diabetes, or chronic disease), and
a broad group of immunocompromised individuals (i.e. AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and
those receiving chemotherapy) who may become infected with lower number oocysts. For those
individuals that show clinical signs, explosive watery diarrhea and abdominal pain are common.
Vomiting, nausea, fever, and muscle cramps can also occur. The symptoms usually resolve in 7 to 14
days in an immunocompetent host. Oocyte excretion may continue to occur for up to an additional 1
to 4 weeks post resolution of clinical signs. Cryptosporidium are able to survive for prolonged
periods in the environment under favorable conditions (temperatures from 0°C to 65°C) and are
resistant to most common disinfectants (including chlorine bleaches and alcohol). Cryptosporidium
loses its infectivity by

Essay on Background Information of Food Borne Illnesses
Background Information of Food Borne Illnesses
Food borne illnesses are occurring world wide with greater frequency than ever before and as a
result, food safety is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over
the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. Food borne illnesses are diseases,
usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the
ingestion of food. "In industrialized countries, the percentage of people suffering from food borne
diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America, for example,
around 76 million cases of food borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000
deaths, are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The onset of salmonellosis is twelve to thirty six hours (CDC). Once consumed, salmonella bacteria
inhabit the small intestine where they live and multiply throughout the duration of infection
averaging two to seven days (CDC). Various symptoms include fever, diarrhea, and abdominal
cramps, and headache (CDC). Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal wall, where they trigger
inflammation. They also produce irritating intestinal poisons. In some rare cases, Salmonella
bacteria may enter the bloodstream and settle in tissues and organs far away from the intestines. This
spread of Salmonella infection is most common in infants, in the elderly, and in patients whose
immune defenses are weakened.
Infants, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems are at a
greater risk of falling ill from salmonella in the first place (Foodbourne 10). Unfortunately, there is
not much that can be done to treat salmonella. While plagued by salmonella, bodily fluids will come
out of both ends (BBC). It is important to get lots of rest, and not exert yourself strenuously.
(Foodbourne 4). This will give your body the ability to devote more of its resources towards your
immune system in an effort to get you healthy again. Occasionally, if someone is having difficulty
recovering on their own, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics

The Campylobacter Report
It is believed that the first report about Campylobacter was back in 1886 by Escherich who observed
and described non–culturable corkscrew–shaped bacteria isolated from the colonic contents of
infants who had died as a result of "cholera infantum" (Escherich, 1886; Skirrow and Butzler, 2000;
King and Adams, 2008; Vandamme et al., 2010). Campylobacter identified for the first time in 1906
by John McFadyean and Stewart Stockman, who reported the presence of large numbers of a
peculiar organism in the uterine mucus of a pregnant sheep (Skirrow, 2006; Zilbauer et al., 2008).
After this in 1913, McFadyean and Stockman isolate these microorganisms from aborted bovine
fetuses and successfully cultured for the first time (McFadyean and Stockman, ... Show more
Later in 1947, Vicent and his associates isolate the bacteria from pregnant women (Vincent et al.,
1947; Zilbauer et al., 2008).It was not until the 1950's that Elizabeth King first suggested these
"vibrios" could be associated with the human enteric disease. King cultured them from the blood of
infected individuals and was the first to study this human disease causing "Vibrio" species in depth
(King, 1957). She observed that they grew at a distinctly higher optimum temperature than the other
vibrios they were grouped with and referred to this subgroup as "related–vibrios" (King, 1957).
Sebald and Véron formally separated these "related–vibrios" from the Vibrionaceae family and
proposed the genus name Campylobacter (Greek meaning, a curved rod) in 1963 (Sebald & Véron,
1963). The differences which lead to this separation were their requirement for microaerophilic
growth conditions, the DNA being of a low guanine and cytosine base composition, their non–
fermentative metabolism and their elevated optimum growth temperature (Sebald & Véron,

Analysis Of The Documentary 'Compassion In World Farming'
This documentary is perfect to bring awareness to the problem that the vast majority of the general
public is not aware about. Personally, I've been aware about this problem for a couple years so it's
just tragic to see that not everyone is on board with the issues drug–resistant bacteria could have on
the whole human population. As the documentary showed, everyone is at risk of becoming infected
by drug–resistant bacteria as it moved from just being contain in the hospital to being spread to the
general public. Antibiotics are the foundation in which all medicine rests in so the fact that bacteria
are resistant to it, it's just terrifying.
Additionally, I've been aware of the use of antibiotics in animal feed as growth promoters in the ...
Something that I have seen really prevalent throughout the video and a lot of articles I read is that
the meat industries are always trying to undermine the problem. The industries only care about mass
producing in mass quantities without seeing all the adverse consequences their actions could cause.
For instance, instead of being lenient to having research in their farms most of them neglect such
studies to take place. Which leads me to believe that they are trying to hide their over use of
antibiotics on animals. The FDA by giving them the opportunity to voluntarily report their usage is
doing a huge mistake because no one is going to report the things they are doing wrong. As stated in
the Compassion in World Farming, "for some major human bacterial infections, such as Salmonella
and Campylobacter, farm animals are the most important source of antimicrobial resistance" (4).
Although the research is not conclusive for all antibiotic resistant bacteria, I feel that there is some
evidence that shows a strong enough link between agricultural antibiotic use and human antibiotic
resistant infections to demand change in farming practices. Unfortunately, we will start realizing this
when there is major outbreak the affects a large percent of the population and sadly it would be to
late to do something about it by

Food Safety Practices By Consumers, New Zealand
Summary This study identifies that costs of food safety are high in the developed world, and
consumer awareness on food safety practices is lacking especially in younger consumers. The
explosion of ever increasing fast food chains and poor food eating practices by Consumers, New
Zealanders' increasingly are getting affected by Obesity and diseases such as Diabetes. According to
the World Health Organisation, New Zealand has an Obesity rate of 27% (who.int, 2008) and is
ranked the 12th most overweight country in the world (nzherald.co.nz, 2013). 225,000 kiwis also
have either Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes (diabetes.org.nz, 2012). It can be argued that because of the
increases in rates of Diabetes and Obesity, consumers are scared of the impacts to their health and
wellbeing as they grow older and are increasingly becoming more health conscious in the choices
they make for food consumption. In the US, 64% of Consumers now agree that it's important to eat
healthy foods compared to 57% in 2010 (newhope360.com, 2013). As consumers become more
health conscious, food producers and sellers look to take advantage of this to promote and sell their
food in new and different ways that might be perceived as healthier options. One such method that is
changing consumer food preference is the emergence of local Weekend Food Markets as a 'hip' and
trendy way to sell food to consumers versus traditional retail avenues such as supermarkets and
grocery stores. Consumers arguably favour these

Rheumatic Fever Research Paper
There are four pounds of bacteria on and in your body and three–hundred different types of bacteria
on a dollar bill.
Bacteria can grow in more places than a human will ever live and are in more places you would
think. Bacteria are microorganisms that are interesting and found in many ways. There are many
types of bacteria and only few types are pathogens. Some bacteria that are common are harmful and
one of those bacterium is streptococcus. This bacteria is somewhat ot harmful but can also be
harmful when the immune system cannot fight the bacteria. Streptococcus can cause rheumatic
fever, scarlet fever, crohns, meningitis, and kidney failure. When this bacteria triggers Crohn's
disease the digestive tract lining to inflame and cause numerous symptoms. Rheumatic fever is
caused when strep throat is not treated. It causes stroke, heart damage and even death when
Rheumatic fever is not treated. Scarlet fever is also caused by leaving strep throat untreated, it
causes rash, high fever and sore throat and can be treated with antibiotics. When this bacteria causes
meningitis the fluid found by the spinal cord and brain becomes infected and the brain ... Show more
(ss) E–coli is a good bacteria short for Escherichia coli. It was mentioned before as bad but can only
cause disease when the numbers of bacteria are too large or spreads out of the intestinal tract. (2,5)
E–coli is found in our intestines and helps us digest food. (5,2) Another helpful bacteria is
lactococcus lactis. These bacterium's group in pairs or short chains. Lactococcus lactis produces
lactic acid vital to the dairy industry. This bacterium is used heavily in the production of buttermilk
and cheese. Almost all forms of cheese are made with a strain of this bacterium. (7) Bacteria is
somewhat blamed for being bad but really some bacteria are quite helpful. They make cheese and
help our bodies.

Campylobacter Enteritis Research Paper
With all this talk of grilling outdoors, picnics in parks, road trips and other reasons for food to be
served in less–than–sterile conditions, we'd be remiss not to at least briefly mention food poisoning.
If you've ever had it, and you probably have once in your life, your skin just crawled. Sorry.
Below are our eight favorite causes of gastrointestinal upset, tingling in the extremities and other
symptoms of food gone terribly, terribly wrong – and how to avoid them. Spoiler alert: A lot of it
has to do with the basic washing and refrigerating of stuff.
1. Campylobacter enteritis
A common bacterial infection producing severe gastrointestinal upset that can hang around as long
as two weeks. It's rarely fatal in healthy people.
The culprits:

Helicobacter Pylori Research Paper
The history of Helicobacter pylori goes back to 1875 when German scientists found the spiral
shaped bacteria in the stomach linings of patients ("Helicobacter Pylori," Wikipedia). However,
Helicobacter pylori, also known as H. pylori, was officially discovered in 1982 by Barry Marshall
and Robin Warren when they ended up leaving petri dishes incubating over Easter weekend
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). After returning to the petri dishes after five days they discovered
they had unintentionally successfully cultured the bacteria and were finally able to visualize it
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Until 1989, Helicobacter pylori was called Campylobacter pylori
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). However further research done in 1989 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When found in the pyloric antrum H. pylori causes duodenal ulcers and when in the corpus, or body
of the stomach, H. pylori can cause gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). Helicobacter pylori can be detected by a blood test, urea breath test, stool antigen test,
and/or stomach biopsy done during an endoscopy ("Helicobacter Pylori Tests"). When treating
Helicobacter pylori, patients will typically be given three medications ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). The use of the three medications is called triple therapy ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). One example of a triple therapy used to treat H. pylori is the use of Omeprazole, a
proton pump inhibitor, along with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, antibiotics ("Helicobacter pylori,"
Wikipedia). However, a patient may be given substitute proton pump inhibitors, such as
pantoprazole or rabeprazole, if they are allergic to omeprazole ("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia).
Substitute antibiotics may also be prescribed if the patient is allergic to amoxicillin, such as,
metronidazole ("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Through research, triple therapies have been
found to have better results in curing H. pylori than monotherapies or dual therapies (Fuccio et al.
746–747). The triple therapy must be taken for at least seven days and in some cases up to 14 days
("Helicobacter pylori," Wikipedia). Eating yogurt that contains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
has also been shown to increase the rate at which H. pylori is cured ("Helicobacter pylori,"

Animal Health Fact Sheet Essay
1 Animal Health Fact Sheet INFECTIOUS REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES OF SMALL
RUMINANTS Clell V. Bagley, DVM, Extension Veterinarian Utah State University, Logan UT
84322–5600 June 2001 AH/Sheep/19 INTRODUCTION Several diseases which infect small
ruminants result in abortion or reduced fertility and some may also infect humans (zoonotic
diseases). Each of the diseases listed below will be briefly outlined. Those marked with an asterisk
(*) may also cause human disease. Akabane Disease Bluetongue Disease Border Disease (Hairy
Shaker) * Brucellosis Cache Valley Virus * Campylobacter (vibrio) * Enzootic (Chlamydial)
Abortion Flagellated bacterium (Flexispira rappini) * Leptospirosis * Listeriosis (see the October
1999 International Animal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaccines have been used in Australia and Japan Treatment: None Human Effects / Prevention: No
known effects. BLUETONGUE DISEASE Causative Agent: Viral agent – 22 strains identified
worldwide; 5 of those in U.S.; very little cross– protection between strains. The Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), which affects white–tail deer, is a closely related virus and it
may also affect cattle. Disease Signs: Adult cattle show few if any signs. Sheep of any age may be
affected and will show edema of head and ears as well as erosions of the mucous membranes and
skin of the feet. Resorption, autolysis or mummification of the conceptus, Birth of stillborn, weak,
or dummy calves and lambs. Nervous system lesions – hydrocephalus; cerebral cysts; other brain
lesions. Spread of Agent: Primarily spread by a gnat (Culicoides variipennis) but also by semen
from infected bulls and transplacentally. This gnat uses breeding sites of fecal–contaminated shallow
water, animal and human waste water lagoons, and stagnant water in streams or ponds. Diagnosis:
Viral isolation, but only if the fetus was infected in late–term pregnancy.3 Precolostral serum from
aborted or newborn fetus – for antibodies Prevention /

Staphylococcus Epidermidis Research Paper
Nowadays seen as an important opportunistic pathogen "Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of
thirty–three known species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus" (5). It can be found within the
mucous membranes, as a part of the skin flora, and in animals. If S. epidermidis comes in contact
with a person who has a compromised immune system, it may cause infection merely to those inside
of hospital settings. It like to live on the surface, but once inside a host can cause serious problems.
There are many different strands of Staphylococcus, but this particular bacterium was "first
differentiated from other forms of Staphylococcus in 1884 by Friedrich Julius Rosenbach" (6). S.
flexneri causes dysentery that results in the destruction of the epithelial

Chronic Diarrhea
Diarrhea is divided into two types: Acute or Chronic. Acute diarrhea is defined as an alteration in
frequency, and consistency of stool evacuation (increased), that last for no more than 14 days ( 2
weeks ), and it may be associated with symptoms of nausea, abdominal cramping, and vomiting
(Thielman & Guerrant, 2004). On the other hand, chronic diarrhea known also as Persistent diarrhea
stays for longer time.
Infectious diarrhea is the second cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In addition, it leads
to other serious long–term complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal failure that
followed by enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection. Also, Guillain–Barré syndrome comes after C.
jejuni ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Example: Campylobacter species.
Metronidazole is a very effective against Giardia species, gram–negative anaerobes, and Entamoeba
species.
Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim are antibiotics used for inhibition of bacterial growth by
inhibiting the folate synthesis. Used to treat E coli infections by ratio 1:5 trimethoprim to
sulfamethoxazole.
Vancomycin is an antibiotic that works against C difficile that cause colitis.
Rifaximin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that used specifically for the gastrointestinal tract enteric
pathogens (especially Gram–positive, Gram–negative, aerobic and anaerobic). It inhibits the
bacterial RNA synthesis. And the main indication is for travelers' diarrhea caused by E.coli.
Eventually, some unexpected diarrhea occurs with the administration of antibiotics. Several known
antibiotics associated with diarrhea in different percentage, it has been found that patients who are
treated with amoxicillin, cefixime, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, clarithromycin,
erythromycin, and tetracyclines may suffer from diarrhea, and in this case, it called antibiotic–
associated– diarrhea. (John and Bartlett,

The Role Of Irritable Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Although the gut microbiota are involved in a range of functions within the human body, this essay
will focus on their role in the development of Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). The human gut
microbiota play a significant role in the metabolic health of individuals with irritable bowel diseases
such as Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). IBD, UC and CD are chronic
gastrointestinal illnesses, all of which have an uncertain etiology. Symptoms of these illnesses can
include diarrhoea, weight loss, ulceration, proliferation and even total obstruction of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (1). However the causes of these diseases are not strictly known(2). There
are a vast number of bacterial species that reside within the GI tract, some of which can play a role
in producing inflammation. It is believed that microbial patterns may play a role in causing IBD.
The innate immune system may play a role in altering the gut microbiota profile. Certain pathogens
have also been found to play a role in the development of IBD. Finally, diet and nutrition play a role
in IBD, however certain nutrients are believed to have both positive and negative effects. This essay
will aim to critically explore what is responsible for IBD: both internal and external factors that
influence the human gut microbiota, and hence trigger IBD, or more specifically; an abnormal
immune response in a vulnerable individual, or a deviation in immune function that leads to an
altered immune response

Cross Contamination The Illness That Can Kill Your Restaurant
Cross Contamination the Illness That Can Kill Your Restaurant Jared Foster Ms. Brandi Weiand
Sanitation and Safety 1 November 2016 Executive summary An explanation of cross–contamination
and the six most contagious pathogens often associated with it along with a look at some of the way
is cross–contamination can be prevented Cross–Contamination two words that can not only lead to
the closing of a restaurant, but could also cause the death of any one of its patrons. The definition of
Cross–contamination is the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally
transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect. By its very definition
cross–contamination is a very serious thing however it is sometimes taken far too lightly by those in
the foodservice industry, to better understand the danger that cross–contamination poses to public
health we must first have an understanding of the most common microorganisms that are
unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another of which there are many in fact
the FDA has listed over 40 types of bacterial viruses pathogens and fungi that can contaminate
Foods and cause illness but they have singled out six that are the most contagious and that cause the
most severe symptoms. These big six are E–coli: found in feces illness results from ingesting
microscopic amounts in contaminated food or

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Essay
Guillain–Barre Syndrome
Guillain–Barre Syndrome, or acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, is a self–limiting
disease characterized by areflexia and acute progressive motor weakness of at least one limb. Other
symptoms include motor weakness of the extremities and face, loss or reduction of deep tendon
reflexes, decreased sensation throughout the body,ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. In severe cases
respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction may occur. Respiratory failure results from the
demyelination of the phrenic and intercostal nerves. Consequently, the person loses the ability to
inhale and exhale. Autonomic dysfunction resulting from the demyelination of the sympathetic and
vagus nerves can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If he/she was on a respirator, the mean time doubles to 169 days. The affected individual can usually
expect a full recovery; however, some are left with a residual deficit after one year.
0.6 to 1.9 persons per 100,000 people are afflicted with GBS each year. The disease occurs
worldwide and can strike anyone. Recent data has shown that white Caucasian males between the
ages of 16 to 25 and 45 to 60 are the most prone. 15 to 20% of GBS patients require some form of
mechanical ventilation during the course of the disease. Although mortality rate is 2.4 to 6.4%, there
is an 80% recovery. Despite the high recovery rate, 15% of the survivors retain some disability.
90% of GBS patients had a viral–like illness and 4.5% received vaccinations within one month of
the onset. Most of the illnesses preceding GBS were caused by cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr
viruses. Strong correlations also occurred with Campylobacter jejuni infections, Lyme disease, and
AIDS. IgM and IgG antibodies to C. jejuni were detected in 15 of 38 GBS patients. Of the
individuals that contracted GBS following vaccinations, the swine flu vaccine of 1976–77 had the
highest correlation rate. On a lesser note, five cases of GBS werereported following vaccinations
with Haemophilus influenza's type b diphtheria toxoid–conjugate. Since 14 million doses of the
vaccine have been distributed since June 1990, the incidence remains marginal.
Experimental evidence linking GBS in humans with allergic

Campylobacter Jejuni Research Paper
Campylobacter jejuni is a pathogenic bacteria that causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and
malaise. It is often found in animal feces. It is also found in poultry that humans eat which means it
causes food poisoning which has the symptoms listed above. People will often feel these symptoms
from twenty fours hours to around a week, but it could last longer but is very rare to last longer than
a week.
Campylobacter jejuni has a curved rod shape to it. The reason it mainly is found in poultry such as
birds, is because the body temperature of a bird usually ranges anywhere from forty one to forty two
degrees celsius and the pathogen thrives at thirty seven to forty two degrees celsius. Then when
humans digest it, our body temperature is thirty seven degrees celsius so the pathogen will thrive
within us also and cause illness. So humans get it from eating it because the server didn't cook all
the way through and we eat it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist Theodor Escherich discovered this pathogen in 1886. He found them while looking at stool
samples of kittens. When looking further in depth he learned that this pathogen is mainly found in
the colon, or anywhere in the digestive tract such as the intestines. It was found that it was not
capable of growing on solid mediums such as fat but could be kept alive for several days in a liquid
culture medium such as the blood stream or loose stool. He reported it being a "spirilla" like
bacterium. It was found out later in research that the pathogen is not life threatening but makes a
living animal or human very uncomfortable or ill. It is found all over the world in almost every
country known but most commonly found in Europe and the United

A Brief Note On Helicobacter Pylori
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Helicobacter pylori have been implicated in cases of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases( includes
duodenal and gastric ulcers). Even though these diseases were linked to stress factors, in 1983,
Australian microbiologists Warren and Marshall proved that gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases were
infectious diseases caused by a bacterium (1). This bacterium has also been linked to gastric
carcinoma and Mucosa associated lymphocyte (MALT) lymphoma (2)
This organism was formerly classified under the genus Campylobacter because scientists found a
campylobacter–like bacterium in the gastric mucus of patients with chronic gastritis. It was thus
formerly called Campylobacter pylori, however, further study of the organism at genetic level by
analyzing a sequence of the 16s rRNA gene necessitated the formation of a new genus, hence the
name Helicobacter pylori (3).
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram negative spiral shaped microaerophilic rod (4). The term
microaerophilic means that the organism requires small amounts of oxygen to survive. It is also a
rapidly motile organism due to the multiple polar flagella (4). The bacterium is approximately 3µm
long and 0.5µm in diameter. The organism has 4–7 polar sheathed flagella which helps it to move in
the gastric mucus in the stomach (3). It is also a fastidious organism. This means that it requires
special nutrients to grow. The common media for isolation include Skirrow's medium with
vancomycin, polymixin B,

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