2. What is Software
A set of instructions that performs specific task in
the computer is called a computer program. The
collection of computer programs and related data
that provide the instructions telling a computer
what to do is called a software.
Software is a set of programs, which are designed
to perform a well-defined function. A program is a
sequence of instructions written to solve a
particular problem.
There are two types of softwares:
System Software
Application Software
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3. System Software
The system software is a collection of programs
designed to operate, control and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software are generally prepared by
computer manufacturers.
These softwares comprise of programs written in
low level languages which interact with the
hardware at a very basic level. System software
serves as the interface between hardware and the
end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating
System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.
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4. Basically, a system software performs the
following tasks(Functions).
Monitoring the use of all the hardware
components.
Communicating with peripheral devices such as
printer, scanners, webcam, card readers etc.
Managing the files and folders
Providing an easy interaction between the users
and components.
Running the application software
Development of other types of software.
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5. Application Software
Application softwares are the softwares that
are designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment.
Application software may consist of a single
program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for
writing and editing simple text. It may also
consist of a collection of programs, often called
a software package, which work together to
accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
package.
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6. Examples of Application softwares are the
following:
Payroll Software
Student Record Software
Inventory Management Software
Income Tax Software
Railways Reservation Software
Microsoft Office Suite Software
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Powerpoint
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7. The Application software can be subdivided
into two types:
1. Tailored or Customized software
2. Packaged software
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8. Tailored or customized software:
It is the software designed to meet the specific
requirement of an organization or individual.
For example, payroll system, result
processing, library system, banking system
etc.
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9. General or packaged software:
It is a generalized set of software that perform
specific task. For example, word processing
package, (Ms word), spreadsheet package
(MS-Excel), Data package(Ms-Access),
Multimedia package (Ms-Powerpoint), graphic
package (Photoshop) etc.
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10. Features of Application Software are the following:
It is close to user.
It is easy to design.
More interactive.
Slow in speed.
Generally written in high-level language.
Easy to understand.
Easy to manipulate and use.
Bigger in size and requires large storage space
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11. Utility software
Utility software is a collection of those
programs that helps the programmer in
performing some specific tasks to reduce the
overall programming effort of the programmer.
It also provides a useful service to the user of
the computer by providing facilities for
performing common tasks such as data
transfer, search and merge of files, data and
file recovery, diskette management, disk
cleaner, disk defragmenter, system restore,
antivirus etc.
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12. Introduction to Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible
components of the computer, i.e., the components
that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are following:
Input devices -- keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output devices -- printer, monitor, etc.
Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD,
DVD, etc.
Internal components -- CPU, motherboard,
RAM, etc.
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14. Relationship between Hardware
and Software
Mutually dependent. Both of them must work
together to make computer produce a useful
output.
Software cannot be utilized without supporting
hardware.
Hardware without set of programs to operate
upon cannot be utilized and is useless.
To get a particular job done on the computer,
relevant software should be loaded into the
hardware.
Hardware is a one time expense.
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15. Software development is very expensive and
is a continuing expense.
Different softwares can be loaded on a
hardware to run different jobs.
A software acts as an interface between the
user and the hardware.
If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system,
then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other.
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20. What is Firmware
Firmware is a combination of software and
hardware. Computer chips that have data or
programs recorded on them are firmware. These
chips commonly include the following:
ROMs (read-only memory)
PROMs (programmable read-only memory)
EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only
memory)
Firmware in PROM or EPROM is designed to be
updated if necessary through a software update.
Typical examples of devices containing firmware
are embedded systems (such as traffic lights,
consumer appliances, and digital watches),
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21. What is Middleware
The term is most commonly used for software that enables
communication and management of data in distributed
applications.
In the computer industry, middleware is a general term for
any programming that serves to "glue together" or mediate
between two separate and often already existing programs. A
common application of middleware is to allow programs
written for access to a particular database to access other
databases.
Typically, middleware programs provide messaging services
so that different applications can communicate. The
systematic tying together of disparate applications, often
through the use of middleware, is known as enterprise
application integration (EAI).
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23. Middleware is the infrastructure which facilitates
creation of business applications, and provides core
services like concurrency, transactions, threading,
messaging, and the SCA framework for service-
oriented architecture (SOA) applications. It also
provides security and enables high availability
functionality to your enterprise.
Middleware includes Web servers, application servers,
content management systems, and similar tools that
support application development and delivery. It is
especially integral to information technology based on
Extensible Markup Language (XML), Simple Object
Access Protocol (SOAP), Web services, SOA, Web
2.0 infrastructure, and Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP)m etc.
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