Basic sytem care in computer fundamental

1. SYSTEM CARE
GUIDE
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2. SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
AND ITS TYPES
The process of monitoring, evaluating, and modifying of
existing information systems to make required or desirable
improvements may be termed as System Maintenance.
System maintenance is an ongoing activity, which covers a
wide variety of activities, including removing program and
design errors, updating documentation and test data and
updating user support. For the purpose of convenience,
maintenance may be categorized into three classes, namely:
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3. i) Corrective Maintenance: This type of maintenance implies removing errors in a
program, which might have crept in the system due to faulty design or wrong
assumptions. Thus, in corrective maintenance, processing or performance failures are
repaired.
Corrective maintenance is typically carried out in three steps:
1. Diagnosis of the problem. The maintenance technician must take time to locate the
failed parts or otherwise satisfactorily assess the cause of the system failure.
2. Repairand/orreplacement of faulty component(s). Once the cause of system failure
has been determined, action must be taken to address the cause, usually by replacing or
repairing the components that caused the system to fail.
3. Verification of the repairaction. Once the components in question have been repaired
or replaced, the maintenance technician must verify that the system is again successfully
operating.
ii) Adaptive Maintenance: In adaptive maintenance, program functions are changed to
enable the information system to satisfy the information needs of the user. This type of
maintenance may become necessary because of organizational changes which may
include:
a) Change in the organizational procedures,
b) Change in organizational objectives, goals, policies, etc.
c) Change in forms,
d) Change in information needs of managers.
e) Change in system controls and security needs, etc.
iii)Perfective Maintenance: Perfective maintenance means adding new programs or
modifying the existing programs to enhance the performance of the information system.
This type of maintenance undertaken to respond to user’s additional needs which may be
due to the changes within or outside of the organization. Outside changes are primarily
environmental changes, which may in the absence of system maintenance, render the
information system ineffective and inefficient. These environmental changes include:
a) Changes in governmental policies, laws, etc.,
b) Economic and competitive conditions, and
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4. 2. Preventive maintenance
It is a daily maintenance ( cleaning, inspection, oiling and re-
tightening ), design to retain the healthy condition of equipment and
prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic
inspection or equipment condition diagnosis, to measure
deterioration. It is further divided into periodic maintenance and
predictive maintenance. Just like human life is extended by
preventive medicine, the equipment service life can be prolonged by
doing preventive maintenance.
A. Periodic maintenance ( Time based maintenance - TBM)
Time based maintenance consists of periodically inspecting, servicing
and cleaning equipment and replacing parts to prevent sudden failure
and process problems.
B. Predictive maintenance
This is a method in which the service life of important part is predicted
based on inspection or diagnosis, in order to use the parts to the limit
of their service life. Compared to periodic maintenance, predictive
maintenance is condition based maintenance. It manages trend
values, by measuring and analyzing data about deterioration and
employs a surveillance system, designed to monitor conditions
through an on-line system.
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5. GENERAL SYSTEM
CARE FACTORS
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6. GENERAL SYSTEM CARE
FACTORS
There are many aspects to system care and maintenance that
affect the system as a whole, or every component in the
system, as opposed to being specific to a particular
component. These factors are discussed below.
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7. 1.ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
FACTORS
In the last few decades we all have become much more tuned
into our external environment and how it affects us. Well, it
affects your PC as well. Some of the issues are:
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8. 2. Ambient Temperature and Acclimation
• A critical factor in prolonging the life of your PC hardware is
the temperature of the components. Components that run hot
die young; those that stay cool last a much longer time. One
aspect of keeping components cool is using cooling
equipment and specific cooling procedures. Another is
providing a room environment that is appropriate for the
hardware.
• The general rule of thumb for room temperature is that PCs
like the temperatures that (average, normal ) people like,
good operating temperature for a PC is about 60 to 75
degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 24 or so Celsius).
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9. 3. Humidity
Much as the case is with temperature, computers prefer
moderate humidity as opposed to either extreme. PCs are not
as sensitive to humidity issues as they are to temperature, but
they are still affected by it.
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10. 4. Dirty Environments
Computers operate best when they are used in a clean
environment, and when they are cleaned regularly. Most
offices and homes are clean enough that a PC requires no
special treatment other than regular cleaning as part of routine
preventive maintenance. Industrial environments however can
be murder on PCs.
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11. 5. Tobacco and Silicon Don't Mix
•Cigarette smoke is bad for PC, but the simple facts cigarette
smoke, especially in high concentration, contaminates and
damages computer equipment. The smoke particles are very
small and work their way into all sorts of places that they do
not belong. Many problems, especially unreliable storage
devices, are related to cigarette smoke accumulating on
read/write heads and media.
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12. 6. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
•All electronic devices give off electromagnetic emissions. This
is radiation that is a byproduct of electrical or magnetic activity.
Unfortunately, the emissions from one device can interfere with
other devices, causing potential problems. Interference can
lead to data loss, picture quality degradation on monitors, and
other problems with your PC, or problems with other devices
such as television sets and radios. These are generally
categorized as e le ctro m ag ne tic inte rfe re nce or EMIproblems.
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13. COOLING AND
VENTILATION CARE
FACTORS
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14. •Cooling and Ventilation Care Factors
• keeping your system cool is very important. A cool system
runs more reliably and lasts longer than one that runs hot.
Overheating of the internal components can lead to data loss
or even damage to your equipment. In recent years, as
processors in particular have gotten faster and hotter, the
subject of cooling has become more important than ever.
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15. 1. Internal AirFlow
•The "first line of defense" in cooling the overall system is the
fan that is used to provide overall air flow within the system
case. This is normally the fan located within the power supply
at the back of the case; some newer machines, especially full-
tower cases, employ more than one fan, to provide more
cooling.
•It's important to realize that the fan (or fans) used in the case
and/or power supply work by establishing a flow of air through
the case.
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16. 2. Component Cooling
• There are several key components inside the PC that require
specific attention when it comes to cooling:
• The PowerSupply: The fan in the back of the power supply
provides air flow for the entire system case, but it also serves
to ventilate and cool the power supply itself, which contains
many components that get quite hot.
• The Processor: Newer CPUs generate m uch more heat than
older ones did, and as a result a whole new class of cooling
devices--heat sinks and CPU fans--has come into existence.
Improving your processor's cooling method can improve its
reliability greatly and reduce many cooling-induced problems
such as program crashes and system lockups.
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17. • Hard DiskDrives: Some of the high-end hard disks that run
at high RPM speeds can generate a great deal of heat. It is
not generally practical to cool these directly, so the use of
proper air flow through the case is key especially when using
multiple devices. It is also essential to space them so that
they are not near each other.
• The Motherboard: The components on the motherboard do
not usually require any active cooling devices such as fans,
although some of them, such as voltage regulators use a
heat sink for cooling. These should be kept away from other
heat-generating components. Also, the inside of the box
should be cleaned regularly, since dust accumulation will act
as an insulator and prevent proper cooling.
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18. 3. External Ventilation
• In order for system cooling to be effective, it is mandatory
that there be good air flow not only within the system case
but also immediately outside it as well. If the PC is located
somewhere where it will not get adequate ventilation, it can
overheat no matter how many fans you have on the inside of
the box.
• Ventilation is closely related to ambient temperature of
course, since air flow outside the box is more important in a
hot room than a cool one. The best environment for the
computer is one with regulated temperature settings, air
conditioning, and active ventilation of the entire room.
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19. POWER CARE
FACTORS
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20. •Power Care Factors
•Many issues with PCs are ultimately related to power
problems. Providing a good, reliable power source to your PC
is one essential aspect of system care. In fact, the quality of
the power used to run your PC is so important. Some of the
power care factors are:
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21. •PowerProblemProtection
•Power problems include line noise, surges, brownouts and
blackouts. When power problems strike, they can cause
permanent damage--either to your equipment or your data.
The only effective way to deal with power problems is to
prevent them from happening in the first place. Here are some
steps you can take to greatly reduce the chances of power
problems with your PC:
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22. Use PowerProtection Devices:
CheckProtection Devices Regularly:
Use Dedicated Circuits, If Possible:
Turn Off PowerDuring a Blackout:
Turn Off and Disconnect the PowerCord During an Electrical
Storm:
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23. •Leave the SystemOn orTurn it Off? (Thermal Stress vs.
Wearout)
•One of the endless debates in the computer world, along with
such controversies as the use of parity memory or the choice
of IDE vs. SCSI, is the question of whether or not, and for how
long, a PC should be left running when it is not in use.
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24. •PowerManagement: Pros and Cons
•The idea behind power management is a good one: to reduce
the power use of systems when someone walks away from
their PC or stops using it after a period of time, by sending the
hardware into a "sleep mode" of sorts. Several components
include support for power management features, including
motherboards (via BIOS settings), processors, hard disks and
monitors. Power management can save you a reasonable
amount of money if your system is left on a lot.
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25. •Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
•Ele ctro static discharg e or ESD is caused by the buildup of
electrical charge on one surface that is suddenly transferred to
another surface when it is touched. This discharge is actually
typically several thousand volts! It just has very little current,
which is why it doesn't kill you, unlike those high-tension lines
with several thousands volts.
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26. DATA LOSS AND
VIRUS PREVENTION
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27. DATA LOSS AND VIRUS
PREVENTION
The hardware in your system will work better and more
reliably, and last longer, if it is maintained regularly according
to the directions. But ultimately you can "get away with" poor
preventive maintenance practices in most cases; at worst your
hardware will fail and you will have to replace it. However,
there is one thing that if lost, cannot be readily replaced: your
data.
Data can never be properly replaced; it can only be protected
against loss. This is why it is so critical that you take positive,
proactive steps to reduce your chances of data loss.
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28. Data Problem Prevention
The best way to avoid data loss is of course to prevent it by
using your computer wisely. There are many specific activities
you can undertake, that will help protect your data and prevent
it from being lost. Some of them are:
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29. BACKUPS
By creating backups of important data on a timely basis, you
ensure that your data, or most of it anyway, will never be truly
lost; at worst, some will be lost and you will experience the
inconvenience of restoring it in the event of a hard disk failure,
for example. It is absolutely critical that you create backup
copies of all important data, documents and programs on your
hard disk, so that you have some protection in the event that
catastrophe strikes.
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30. Preventing Data Loss and SystemProblems At Shutdown
Virus Detection and Protection
Viruses are unwanted programs that spread from computer to
computer, much the way real viruses do in humans and
animals. They are sometimes very dangerous and can in fact
wipe out your entire hard disk if you are unlucky--and if you
don't protect yourself. Taking steps to protect yourself from
viruses is an essential part of any data problem prevention
routine.
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31. Data Problem Detection
While following the suggested activities listed in the section on
problem prevention will minimize the chances of your having
problems with, or losing, your data. If prevention is the best
cure for data woes, then early detection is the next-best thing.
Many data problems start small until they cause much more
damage. Regular problem detection can help avoid data loss
by catching problems before they get out of hand.
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32. Scanning forFile SystemData Corruption
Detecting Hard DiskRead Errors
There are many different ways that hard disks can fail. This
can be very distressing, because unlike virtually every other
part of your PC, when your hard disk dies, it takes your data
with it. If your keyboard or modem or monitor stops working, it
can be expensive to fix the problem but your files will still be
where you left them. Hard disk reliability issues are:
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33. BACKUP METHODS
There are hundreds of ways available to back up your data,
but some of them are far and away better than the others.
Here's a list of some of the best and most secure ways to back
your data up without spending too much money.
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34. CD/DVD-ROMs
It may seem obvious, but these days, nearly every computer
has a DVD-ROM drive that can write large amounts of
information relatively quickly to either a DVD-R or CD-R disc.
The discs themselves are relatively inexpensive, and they're a
great form of data backup, as long as they're kept properly
labeled and checked for consistency.
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35. Remote data storage via the Internet.
Some companies offer services with small monthly fees for
online data storage, usually starting around ten bucks a month.
The advantages to these services are pretty awesome; your
data is encrypted, so it's kept very safe. Since it's not in your
physical location, if there's a natural disaster, your files are still
fine; no matter what happens, you're never more than a click
away from your data.
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36. Flash drives/USBthumb drives
If you don't have a massive amount of data to back up, a
portable flash drive is a great backup method. Flash media is
extremely hard to break, very reliable, and modern thumb
drives can hold upwards of three or four gigabytes of
information. Plus, the portability means that you're never
without your crucial files. They're also fairly inexpensive, and
they're pretty stylish, to boot. Flash drives are a fantastic form
of data backup, and they're catching on quickly.
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37. External hard drives
External hard drives are my choice for the most reliable,
simplest, and most affordable method of backup for home
users. They're gradually increasing in size and reliability, and
many now come with software that can be used to back up
your data regularly and perfectly. You can even set up a
nightly backup to take place when you're sleeping and wake up
with your crucial data safe and secure.
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38. Full Backup
Full backup is a method of backup where all the files and folders
selected for the backup will be backed up.
Incremental backup
Incremental backup is a backup of all changes made since the last
backup. With incremental backups, one full backup is done first and
subsequent backup runs are just the changes made since the last
backup.
Differential backup
Differential backup is a backup of all changes made since the last full
backup. With differential backups, one full backup is done first and
subsequent backup runs are the changes made since the last full
backup. The result is a much faster backup then a full backup for
each backup run.
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39. MirrorBackup
Mirror backups are as the name suggests a mirror of the source
being backed up. With mirror backups, when a file in the source is
deleted, that file is eventually also deleted in the mirror backup.
Full PC Backup orFull ComputerBackup
In this backup, it is not the individual files that are backed up but
entire images of the hard drives of the computer that is backed up.
Local Backup
Local backups are any kind of backup where the storage medium is
kept close at hand or in the same building as the source. It could be
a backup done on a second internal hard drive, an attached external
hard drive, CD/ DVD –ROM or Network Attached Storage (NAS).
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40. Offsite Backup
When the backup storage media is kept at a different
geographic location from the source, this is known as an offsite
backup.
Examples of offsite backup include taking the backup media or
hard drive home, to another office building or to a bank safe
deposit box.
Online Backup
These are backups that are ongoing or done continuously or
frequently to a storage medium that is always connected to the
source being backed up.
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41. Remote Backup
Remote backups are a form of offsite backup with a difference
being that you can access, restore or administer the backups
while located at your source location or other location. You do
not need to be physically present at the backup storage facility
to access the backups.
Cloud Backup
This term is often used interchangeably with Online Backup
and Remote Backup. It is where data is backed up to a
service or storage facility connected over the Internet.
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42. FTPBackup
This is a kind of backup where the backup is done via FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) over the Internet to an FTP Server.
Typically the FTP Server is located in a commercial data
centre away from the source data being backed up.
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