1.
The Skeletal
System:
Function, and Diseases
of the bones and joints

2.
2
Bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly
joined to form a strong, flexible framework
called skeletal system.
SKELETAL SYSTEM

3.
3
Movement: Skeletal system provides points of
attachment for muscles. Your legs and arms move when
the muscles pull on the bones.
Support: The backbone is the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your head up and protects your
spinal cord.
Functions of the skeletal system

4.
4
Protection: The bones of skull protect your brain. Ribs
protect your lungs and heart from injury
Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed by
tissue called marrow, which is in the center of the bone.
Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and
phosphorus.

5.
5
Types of bones
Bones can be categorized
according to their general shape:
 long bone
 short bone
 flat bone
 irregular bone

6.
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1

7.
7
1. Provide a framework of the body
2. Give attachment to muscles and tendons
3. Permit movement of the body as a whole and of parts
of the body, by forming joints that are moved by
muscles.
4. Form the boundaries of the cranial, thoracic and pelvic
cavities protecting the organs they contain
5. Contains red bone marrow in which blood cells
develop.
6. Provide a reservoir of calcium.
Functions of bones

8.
8
The bones of skeleton are divided into
two groups
Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

9.
9
Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures

10.
Simple Fracture
• Also called closed fracture
• Bone breaks cleanly, and
does not penetrate skin.
• Little chance of infection

11.
Compound Fracture
• Bone breaks completely
• Bone ends protrude through
skin
• Major chance of serious
bone infection
• Open fracture

12.
12
• If the fracture totally
separates the two bones
fragments it is called
complete
• It doesn’t it is called
incomplete.

13.
13
Comminuted fracture is one in
which the bone breaks into
more than two fragments.

14.
14
Fractures can also be classified
according to the direction of the
fracture line as
• Linear: parallel to the long axis.
• Transverse : at right angles to
the long axis.
• Oblique at an angle other than
a right angle to the long axis.

15.
15
An incomplete fracture that occurs on
the convex side of the curve of a
bone is called a green stick fracture.

16.
Compression Fracture
• Bone is crushed
• Common in porous bones
• Especially common in
vertebrae of osteoporosis
patients

17.
Depression fracture
• Broken bones are
forced inward
• Common in skull
fractures

18.
Impacted Fracture
• Broken bone ends are
forced into each other
• Common in falls (ie.
From ladder) where
person attempts to
break their fall

19.
Spiral Fracture
• Occurs from excessive
twisting force on bone
• Common in sports
injuries

20.
Greenstick Fracture
• Bone breaks
incompletely
• Common in children
due to more collagen in
bones

21.
21
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization
• Realignment of the bone

22.
Joints
• Any point where bones
meet
• Also called articulations
• Every bone (except hyoid)
articulates with at least 1
other bone

23.
Classifications of Joints
• Can be classified by
mobility, or by the type
of tissue which
connects the bones

24.
Joint classification by Mobility
• Can be one of three types.
– 1) Synarthroses – immovable
joint
– 2)amphiarthroses- slightly
moveable joint
– 3)diarthroses- freely
movable

25.
Classification by connective tissue type
• Joints are connected by
either fibrous, cartilage,
or synovial connective
tissue.
• Fibrous is usually
synarthroses,
• Synovial – diarthroses

26.
Fibrous Joints
• Fibrous tissue
• Example= sutures of the
skull
• Tight fibrous tissue allows
for essentially no
movement

27.
Cartilaginous Joints
• Cartilage
• Example= intervertebral
joints
• Can express either type
of movement

28.
Synovial Joints
• Bones separated by synovial
cavity
• Empty pocket serves to reduce
friction between moving bones
• Usually located in extremities,
where movement is necessary