UNIT 1: Internet Technology T

1.1 History and Development of Internets and Intranets
1.2 IANA, RIR/NIR/LIR and ISPs for internet number management
1.3 Internet Domain and Domain Name System
1.4 Internet Access Overview
1.5 Internet Backbone Networks: Optical Backbone, Marine
Cables, Teleports, Satellite and Terrestrial Links
Unit 1

History and Development of
Internets and Intranets
Unit 1

Internet
• The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks
that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (often called TCP/IP)
to serve billions of users worldwide.

Internet
• It is a network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies.

Intranet
• An intranet is a private network accessible only to an
organization's staff. Often, a wide range of information and
services are available on an organization's internal network
that are unavailable to the public, unlike the Internet.
• A company-wide network can constitute an important focal
point of internal communication and collaboration, and
provide a single starting point to access internal and
external resources.

Intranet
• In its simplest form, an intranet is established with the
technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide
area networks(WANs).
• Many modern intranets have search engines, user
profiles, blogs, mobile apps with notifications, and
events planning within their infrastructure.
Intranets began to appear in a range of larger
organizations from 1994.

Intranet: Benefits
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet
• Workforce productivity
• Time
• Communication
• Cost-effective
• Enhance collaboration
• Promote common corporate culture
• Immediate updates
• Supports a distributed computing architecture
• Employee Engagement

Intranet: History
• The history of the Internet begins with the development
of electronic computers in the 1950s
• The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as
early as the 1960s, including for the development of
the ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) project.
• The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 .

• Packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Merit Network, CYCLADES,
and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety
of communications protocols.
• Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics
Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which became a testbed for UK research for almost two
decades.
• The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which
multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.
• The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and
became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET.
Intranet: History

• In the 1980s, research at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in
Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in
the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information
system, accessible from any node on the network.
• Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on
culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant
communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and
the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking,
and online shopping sites
Intranet: History

1965: NPL network planning starts
1966: Merit Network founded
1966: ARPANET planning starts
1967: NPL network packet switching pilot experiment
1969: ARPANET carries its first packets
1970: Network Information Center (NIC)
1971: Tymnet switched-circuit network
1972: Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
Intranet: History

1972: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973: CYCLADES network demonstrated
1974: Telenet commercial packet-switched network
1976: X.25 protocol approved
1978: Minitel introduced
1979: Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980: USENET news using UUCP
1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1981: BITNET established
Intranet: History

RIRRegional Internet Registry
IANAInternet Assigned Numbers Authority
ISPInternet Service Provider

IANA
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
• responsible for coordinating some of the key elements that
keep the Internet running smoothly,
• Internet's oldest institutions, with the IANA functions dated
back to the 1970s
• allocate and maintain unique codes and numbering systems
that are used in the technical standards (“protocols”) that
drive the Internet.

IANA
• IANA is responsible for global coordination of the Internet
Protocol addressing systems, as well as the Autonomous
System Numbers used for routing Internet traffic.
• Currently there are two types of Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses in active use: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6
(IPv6). IPv4 was initially deployed on 1 January 1983 and is still
the most commonly used version.
• Deployment of the IPv6 protocol began in 1999.

IANA
• Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are generally assigned in a hierarchical
manner.
• Users are assigned IP addresses by Internet service providers (ISPs).
• ISPs obtain allocations of IP addresses from a local Internet registry (LIR)
or National Internet Registry (NIR), or from their appropriate Regional
Internet Registry (RIR).
• primary role for IP addresses is to allocate pools of unallocated
addresses to the RIRs according to their needs,
• and to document protocol assignments made by the IETF,

IANA
• When an RIR requires more IP addresses for allocation
or assignment within its region, IANA make an
additional allocation to the RIR.
• IANA do not make allocations directly to ISPs or end
users except in specific circumstances, such as
allocations of multicast addresses or other protocol
specific needs.

AS (Autonomous System)
• Autonomous System (AS) Numbers are used by
various routing protocols. IANA allocates AS Numbers
to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). The RIRs further
allocate or assign AS Numbers to network operators in
line with RIR policies.

Source: https://ipinfo.io/

Source: https://ipinfo.io/AS17501

IANA
Registry Area Covered
AFRINIC AFRICA REGION
APNIC ASIA/PACIFIC REGION
ARNIC Canada, USA, and some Caribbean Islands
LACNIC Latin America and some Caribbean Islands
RIPE NCC Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
APNIC
Asia Pacific Network Information Center

APNIC – Asia Pacific Network Information Center

Internet Domain
&
Domain Name System

Internet Domain
• Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of
the DNS root domain, which is nameless
• The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs),
• including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs),
• such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and
the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs).

Internet Domain
• Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs)
• .np (Nepal)
• .com.np
• .edu.np
• .org.np
• .gov.np
• .info.np

Domain Name System
• The domain name system (DNS) is the way that internet domain
names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses.
• The domain name system maps the name, people use to locate a website
to the IP address that a computer uses to locate a website.
• For example, if someone types http://www.google.com.np/ into a web
browser, a server behind the scenes will map that name to the IP address
172.217.194.94.

Domain Name System
How does DNS work?
• DNS servers answer questions from both inside and outside their own
domains.
• When a server receives a request from outside the domain for
information about a name or address inside the domain, it provides the
authoritative answer.
• When a server receives a request from inside its own domain for
information about a name or address outside that domain, it passes the
request out to another server –
• If that server does not know the answer or the authoritative source for
the answer, it will reach out to the DNS servers for the top-level domain.

Internet Backbone Networks
⌂ Optical Backbone
⌂ Marine Cables
⌂ Teleports
⌂ Satellite
⌂ Terrestrial Links

⌂ Optical Backbone/Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with
the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber.
Fiber optics transmit data in the form of light
particles -- or photons -- that pulse through a fiber
optic cable.
Fiber optics is a medium for carrying information
from one point to another in the form of light.
A basic fiber optic system consists of a
transmitting device that converts an electrical
signal into a light signal

A technology that uses glass threads to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle
of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light
waves. They are long, thin strands of very pure
glass about the diameter of a human hair.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-
optic communications, where they permit
transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire
cables.
Since its invent in 1970, the use & demand of
optical fiber has grown tremendously. The use
of optical fiber today are quite numerous. The
most common are telecommunication,
medicine, military, automobile and industrial
uses.
Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber
GYTC8S is a typical outdoor use self
supported fiber optic cable for aerial
applications; Fiber optic cable GYTC8S is also
called the figure 8 cable because of its structure
looks like the figure 8.
GYXTW is an outdoor use optical fiber cable suitable for
duct and aerial applications

Optical Fiber
As a light ray passes from one transparent medium to
another, it changes direction; this phenomenon is
called refraction of light. How much that light ray
changes its direction depends on the refractive index
of the mediums.
Source: http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/Merchant2/optical-fiber.php

Optical FiberSource: http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/Merchant2/optical-fiber.php
The light in fiber cable travels through the
core by constantly bouncing from the
cladding following principle of TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION
Since cladding doesn’t absorb any
light, light travels greater distance
The extend that the signal degrades
depends upon the purity of glass and
wavelength of transmitting light

Optical Fiber
Media Convertor Single Mode SFP Multimode Mode SFP

Optical Fiber
Fiber Tool Box Splicing Machine

⌂ Marine Cables

⌂ 1851: First submarine cable was laid in English Channel.
Communication method was Telegraph.
⌂ 1871: Two submarine cables between Nagasaki(Japan) to
Shanghai(China) and Nagasaki(Japan) to Russia by Great
Northern Telegraph Company.
⌂ By using this cable International telecommunication became
possible.
⌂ 1872: The first submarine cable by Japanese Government
⌂ 1859: the experiment of radio communication was succeed.
⌂ Marine Cables : History
www.k-kcs.co.ip

⌂ Marine Cables : History
⌂ 1901: The transatlantic radio communication was succeed.
⌂ 1964: The first transpacific submarine cable(TPC-1) was
constructed.
⌂ 1967: INTELSAT-II was launched over the Pacific Ocean, and
satellite communication.
⌂ 1980: an optical submarine cable was invented.
Currently, the main method for International
telecommunication is the use of submarine cables, and in
Japan, 99% of International telecommunication is using
submarine cables.
www.k-kcs.co.ip

⌂ Marine Cables
• A submarine communications cable is a cable laid on
the sea bed between land- based stations
• to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of
ocean.
• The first submarine communications cables, laid in the
1850s, carried telegraphy traffic.
www.k-kcs.co.ip

⌂ Marine Cables
www.k-kcs.co.ip
1 – Polyethylene
2 – Mylar tape
3 – Stranded steel wires
4 – Aluminium water barrier
5 – Polycarbonate
6 – Copper or aluminium tube
7 – Petroleum jelly
8 – Optical fibers

⌂ Marine Cables
www.k-kcs.co.ip

⌂ Marine Cables
www.k-kcs.co.ip
• In the 1980s, fiber optic cables were
developed.
• The first transatlantic telephone cable
to use optical fiber was TAT-8
(transatlantic communications cable),
which went into operation in 1988.
• A fiber-optic cable comprises multiple
pairs of fibers.
• Each pair has one fiber in each
direction.
• TAT-8 had two operational pairs and
one backup pair.

⌂ Marine Cables
www.k-kcs.co.ip
⌂99% of international data is transmitted by wires at the
bottom of the ocean called submarine communications
cables.

⌂ Marine Cables
https://sites.google.com/site/bit4554fibero
ptics/how-it-works
⌂ The cables must
generally be run across
flat surfaces of the ocean
floor, and care is taken to
avoid coral reefs, sunken
ships, fish beds, and
other ecological habitats
and general
obstructions.

⌂ Satellite
https://sites.google.com/site/bit4554fibero
ptics/how-it-works
• A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star.
• For example, Earth is a satellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise, the
moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.
• Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into
space and moves around Earth or another body in space.
• Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites.
• Thousands of artificial, or man-made, satellites orbit Earth.

⌂ Weather Satellite
https://www.360.org/news/meteosat-1-
2018
Satellites come in all shapes and sizes and play a variety of roles.
•Weather satellites help meteorologists
predict the weather or see what's
happening at the moment.
•The Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellite (GOES) is a good
example.
•These satellites generally contain cameras
that can return photos of Earth's weather,
either from fixed geostationary positions or
from polar orbits.
The first weather satellite was launched on
November 23th in the year 1977, the
beginning of a new satellite-era. The satellite
was named Meteosat-1.

⌂ Communication Satellite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicati
ons_satellite
• Communications satellites allow telephone and data
conversations to be relayed through the satellite.
• Typical communications satellites include Telstar and
Intelsat.
• The most important feature of a communications
satellite is the transponder --
• a radio that receives a conversation at
one frequency and then amplifies it and retransmits it
back to Earth on another frequency.
• A satellite normally contains hundreds or thousands of
transponders. Communications satellites are usually
geosynchronous (more on that later).
In 1962, the first communications
satellite, Telstar, was launched.

⌂ Communication Satellite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicati
ons_satellite
• Broadcast satellites broadcast television signals from one point to another (similar to communications
satellites).
• Scientific satellites, like the Hubble Space Telescope, perform all sorts of scientific missions. They look
at everything from sunspots to gamma rays.
• Navigational satellites help ships and planes navigate. The most famous are the GPS NAVSTAR
satellites.
• Rescue satellites respond to radio distress signals
• Earth observation satellites check the planet for changes in everything from temperature to
forestation to ice-sheet coverage. The most famous are the Landsat series.
• Military satellites are up there, but much of the actual application information remains secret.
Applications may include relaying encrypted communication, nuclear monitoring, observing enemy
movements, early warning of missile launches, eavesdropping on terrestrial radio links, radar imaging
and photography.

⌂ Earth Station
Nepal Telecom Sagarmatha Satellite Earth Station
Balambu, Kathmandu
• A ground-
based receiving or transmitting/receiving station in
a satellite communications system.
• The counter
part to the earth station is the satellite in orbit, whi
ch is the "space station."
• Earth stations use dish-shaped antennas,
the diameters of which can be under two feet for sa
tellite TV to as large as fifty feet for satellite operato
rs.
• Antennas for
space exploration have diameters reaching a hundr
ed feet.

⌂ Satellite: Frequency Bands
https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrat
ed_Applications/Satellite_frequency_bands

L-band (1–2 GHz)
Global Positioning System (GPS) carriers and also satellite mobile phones, such as Iridium; Inmarsat
providing communications at sea, land and air; WorldSpace satellite radio.
S-band (2–4 GHz)
Weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those of NASA for
communication with ISS and Space Shuttle. In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris mobile (a joint venture
between Eutelsat and Astra) were awarded each a 2×15 MHz portion of the S-band by the European
Commission.

C-band (4–8 GHz)
Primarily used for satellite communications, for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds.
Commonly used in areas that are subject to tropical rainfall, since it is less susceptible to rainfade than
Ku band (the original Telstar satellite had a transponder operating in this band, used to relay the first
live transatlantic TV signal in 1962).
X-band (8–12 GHz)
Primarily used by the military. Used in radar applications including continuous-wave, pulsed, single-
polarisation, dual- polarisation, synthetic aperture radar and phased arrays. X-band radar frequency
sub-bands are used in civil, military and government institutions for weather monitoring, air traffic
control, maritime vessel traffic control, defence tracking and vehicle speed detection for law
enforcement.

Ku-band (12–18 GHz)
Used for satellite communications. In Europe, Ku-band downlink is used from 10.7 GHz to 12.75 GHz
for direct broadcast satellite services, such as Astra.
Ka-band (26–40 GHz)
Communications satellites, uplink in either the 27.5 GHz and 31 GHz bands, and high-resolution,
close-range targeting radars on military aircraft.

⌂ Terrestrial Links
A communications line that travels on, near or below ground is terrestrial link.
⌂ Radio Links
⌂ Wireless Networks
⌂ 2.4 GHz
⌂ 5 GHz
⌂ Point to Point Connection (P2P)
⌂ Access Point (AP)
⌂ Subscribers Module (SM)

Radio Frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is
the oscillation rate of an alternating
electric current or voltage or of
a magnetic, electric
or electromagnetic field or mechanical
system
the frequency range from around
twenty thousand times per second
(20 kHz) to around three hundred
billion times per second (300 GHz)
This is roughly between the upper limit
of audio frequencies and the lower limit
of infrared frequencies

Wireless Network
2.4 GHz and 5GHz
• Wireless network is a network set up by
using radio signal frequency.
• It is used to communicate among
computers and other network devices.
• Sometimes it’s also referred to
as WLAN.
Wireless icon

Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network)
Wireless icon
• Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
connect devices within a relatively small
area,
• that is generally within a person's
reach. For example, Bluetooth radio and
invisible infrared light

Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
Wireless icon
• A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or
more devices over a short distance using a
wireless distribution method,
• usually providing a connection through an access
point for internet access.
• Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards
are marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name

Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

Wireless MAN
• Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless
network that connects several wireless LANs.
• WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by
the IEEE 802.16 standard.

Wireless MAN
Components of a wireless MAN
generally come in matching pairs
because they support fixed wireless
connectivity from one point to
another.

Wireless MAN
Secondary Link Primary Link
Central
Office

Wireless WAN
• Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically
cover large areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities.
• These networks can be used to connect branch offices of
business or as a public Internet access system.
• The wireless connections between access points are usually point
to point links.
• A typical system contains base station gateways, access points
and wireless bridging relays.

Cellular Network • A cellular network or mobile network is a
radio network distributed over land areas
called cells,
• each served by at least one fixed-
location transceiver, known as a cell
site or base station.
• In a cellular network, each cell
characteristically uses a different set of radio
frequencies
• from all their immediate neighboring cells
to avoid any interference.

Wi-Fi Network
2.4 GHz and 5Ghz
802.11 b/g/n standard by IEEE
Generation
IEEE
Standard
Maximum Link rate
Wi-Fi 6 802.11ax 600–9608 Mbit/s
Wi-Fi 5 802.11ac 433–6933 Mbit/s
Wi-Fi 4 802.11n 72–600 Mbit/s
Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect
to the Internet via a WLAN and
a wireless access point.
Wi-Fi is technology for
radio wireless local area
networking of devices based on
the IEEE 802.11 standards.
Different versions of Wi-Fi exist, with
different ranges, radio bands and
speeds. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the
2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz
The old Wi-Fi Alliance logo
Introduced September 1998

Assignment - 02
1. Explain the history of Internet & Inranet.
2. What is IANA & RIR? Explain their working Principal.
3. What is AS? Briefly explain AS of any ISP with its AS number, ip block.
4. Explain the working principal of DNS.
5. What is Optical fiber? Explain the working Principal of Optical Fiber.
6. What is Marine Optical Cables? How is marine cable useful for
telecommunication industry?
Prepare a presentation on any 5. Number 10 is compulsory.
Last date of submission: 1st April 2019

7. What is a satellite? Explain different types of satellite based on its nature of
use.
8. Explain about the satellite frequency band.
9. What is wireless technology? Explain the types of wireless technology.
10. Explore about ITU and NTA.
Assignment - 02
Prepare a presentation on any 5. Number 10 is compulsory.
Last date of submission: 1st April 2019

UNIT 1: Internet Technology T

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UNIT 1: Internet Technology T