TU_BCA_7TH_SEM_Cloud_Computing_UNIT-1.pdf

Goal:
Cloud computing has become a great solution for providing a flexible, on-
demand, and dynamically scalable computing infrastructure for many
applications.
Cloud computing also presents a significant technology trends, and it is
already obvious that it is reshaping information technology processes
and the IT marketplace.
Thus objective of this course is to introduce the aspects of cloud
computing issues.
Cloud Computing: Goal of Syllabus

• Cloud Computing is a
general term used to
describe a new class
of network based
computing that takes
place over the
Internet.
• It is basically a step on from Utility
Computing
• a collection/group of integrated and
networked hardware, software and
Internet infrastructure (called a
platform).
• Using the Internet for communication
and transport provides hardware,
software and networking services to
clients
• These platforms hide the complexity and
details of the underlying infrastructure
from users and applications by providing
very simple graphical interface or API
(Applications Programming Interface).
Cloud Computing: An Introduction

• In addition, the platform provides on demand services,
that are always on, anywhere, anytime and any place.
• Pay for use and as needed, elastic
–scale up and down in capacity and functionalities
• The hardware and software services are available to
–general public, enterprises, corporations and
businesses markets.

• Cloud computing is an umbrella term used to refer to Internet
based development and services
• A number of characteristics define cloud data, applications
services and infrastructure:
– Remotely hosted: Services or data are hosted on remote
infrastructure.
– Ubiquitous: Services or data are available from anywhere.
– Commodified: The result is a utility computing model similar to
traditional that of traditional utilities, like gas and electricity -
you pay for what you would want.

• In 1963, DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency),
presented MIT with $2 million for Project MAC.
• The funding included a requirement MIT develop technology
allowing for a “computer to be used by two or more people,
simultaneously.”
• In this case, one of those gigantic, archaic computers using reels of
magnetic tape for memory and was the precursor to what has now
become collectively known as Cloud Computing.
• It acted as a primitive Cloud with two or three people accessing it.
• The word “Virtualization” was used to describe this situation.
Cloud Computing: The Emergence

• In 1969, J. C. R. Licklider helped develop the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network), a “very” primitive version of the Internet.
• The meaning of Virtualization began shifting in the 1970s, and now describes
the creation of a virtual machine, that acts like a real computer, with a fully
functional operating system.
• In its early stages, the Cloud was used to express the empty space between
the end user and the provider.
• In 1997, Professor Ramnath Chellapa of Emory University defined Cloud
Computing as the new “computing paradigm, where the boundaries of
computing will be determined by economic rationale, rather than technical
limits alone.”

• In 1999, Salesforce became a popular example of using Cloud Computing
successfully.
• They used it to pioneer the idea of using the Internet to deliver software
programs to the end users.
• In 2002, Amazon introduced its web-based retail services.
• In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services, which offers online services
to other websites, or clients.
• In the same year, Google launched the Google Docs services.
• In 2007, IBM, Google, and several universities joined forces to develop a
server farm for research projects needing both fast processors and huge data
sets.
• In 2011, IBM introduced the IBM SmartCloud framework

With the cloud computing
technology, users use
a variety of devices, including PCs,
laptops, smartphones, and PDAs to
access programs, storage, and
application-development
platforms over the Internet, via
services offered by cloud
computing providers.
Cloud based Services
six phases of computing

Grid Computing
• Grid computing is often confused with cloud
computing.
• Grid computing is a form of distributed
computing that implements a virtual
supercomputer made up of a cluster of
networked or Internetworked computers
acting in union to perform very large tasks.
• Grid computing is a computer network in
which each computer's resources are shared
with every other computer in the system.

Grid Computing
• Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected
(over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks
together, such as analyzing e-commerce data and solve a
complex problem.
• The grid size may vary from small to large enterprises network.
• A computing grid is constructed with the help of grid middleware
software that allows them to communicate.
• middleware is used to translates one node information passed
stored or processed information to another into a recognizable
format.

Grid Computing
• It is the form of "distributed computing" or "peer-to-peer
computing".
• In grid computing architecture, every computer in network
turning into a powerful supercomputer that access to
enormous processing power, memory and data storage
capacity.
• Grid computing solve Challenging problems such as
earthquake simulation and weather modeling.

Components of Cloud Computing
The basic components of cloud computing in a
simple topology are divided into 3 (three) parts,
namely
• clients,
• datacenter, and
• distributed servers.
The three basic components have specific goals
and roles in running cloud computing operations.

•Clients on cloud computing architecture are said to be
the exact same things that are plain, old, everyday local
area networks (LANs).
• They are, typically, the computers but they might also be
laptops, tablet computers, mobile phones, or PDAs.
• Clients are interacting with to manage their information
on the cloud.

•Datacenter is collection of servers where the application to which you
subscribe is housed.
•It could be a large room in the basement of your building full of servers
on the other side of the world that you access via the Internet.
•A growing trend in the IT world is virtualizing servers. That is, software
can be installed allowing multiple instances of virtual servers to be
used.
• In this way, you can have half a dozen virtual servers running on one
physical server.

•Distributed Servers is a server placement in a different location.
•But the servers don't have to be housed in the same location.
• Often, servers are in geographically disparate locations.
• But to users, the cloud subscribers, these servers act as if they're
humming away right next to each other.

Components of Cloud Computing services
Cloud Computing services have several components
Cloud Clients, a computer or
software specifically designed for
the use of cloud computing based
services.
Example:
Mobile - Windows Mobile, Symbian
Thin Client - Windows Terminal
Service,
Thick Client - Internet Explorer,
FireFox, Chrome

Cloud Services, products, services and
solutions that are used and delivered
real-time via internet media.
Example:
Identity - OpenID, OAuth, etc.
Integration - Amazon Simple Queue
Service.
Payments - PayPal, Google Checkout.
Mapping - Google Maps, Yahoo!
Maps.

Cloud Applications, applications that
use Cloud Computing in software
architecture so that users don't need
to install but they can use the
application using a computer.
Example :
Peer-to-peer - BitTorrent, SETI, and
others.
Web Application - Facebook.
SaaS - Google Apps, SalesForce.com,
and others.

Cloud Platform, a service in the form of a
computing platform consisting of hardware
and infrastructure software. This service is a
service in the form of a computing platform
which contains infrastructure hardware and
software. Usually has an application certain
businesses and use PaaS services as
application infrastructure his business
Example:
Web Application Frameworks - Python
Django, Ruby on Rails, .NET
Web Hosting
Propietary - Force.com

Cloud Storage, involves the process of
storing data as a service.
Example:
Database - Google Big Table, Amazon
SimpleDB.
Network Attached Storage - Nirvanix
CloudNAS, MobileMe iDisk.

Cloud Infrastructure, delivery
of computing infrastructure as
a service.
Example:
Grid Computing - Sun Grid.
Full Virtualization - GoGrid,
Skytap.
Compute - Amazon Elastic
Compute Cloud

Categories of Cloud Computing components
The 11 main categories other of cloud computing components
1. SAAS (Storage-as-a-service)
2. Database-as-a-service
3. Information-as-a-service
4. Process-as-a-service
5. Application-as-a-service (AaaS)
6. Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
7. Integration-as-a-service
8. Security-as-a-service
9. Management / governance-as-a-service (MaaS and GaaS)
10.Testing-as-a-service (TaaS)
11.Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)

Features/Characteristics of CC

Types/Model of Clouds
Cloud deployment models indicate how the cloud services are
made available to users. The four deployment models
associated with cloud computing are as follows:
Model/Types
• Public cloud
• Private cloud
• Hybrid cloud
• Community cloud

Cloud Computing Deployment Models
• Public cloud As the name suggests, this type of cloud
deployment model supports all users who want to make
use of a computing resource, such as hardware (OS,
CPU, memory, storage) or software (application server,
database) on a subscription basis.
• Most common uses of public clouds are for application
development and testing, non-mission-critical tasks such
as file-sharing, and e-mail service.

• Private cloud True to its name, a private cloud is typically infrastructure
used by a single organization.
• Such infrastructure may be managed by the organization itself to
support various user groups, or it could be managed by a service
provider that takes care of it either on-site or off-site.
• Private clouds are more expensive than public clouds due to the
capital expenditure involved in acquiring and maintaining them.
• However, private clouds are better able to address the security and
privacy concerns of organizations today

• Hybrid cloud In a hybrid cloud, an organization makes use of
interconnected private and public cloud infrastructure.
• Many organizations make use of this model when they need to
scale up their IT infrastructure rapidly, such as when leveraging
public clouds to supplement the capacity available within a private
cloud.
• For example, if an online retailer needs more computing resources
to run its Web applications during the holiday season it may attain
those resources via public clouds.

• Community Cloud This deployment model supports multiple
organizations sharing computing resources that are part of a
community;
• examples include universities cooperating in certain areas of
research, or police departments within a county or state
sharing computing resources.
• Access to a community cloud environment is typically
restricted to the members of the community.

Benefits & Challenges of Cloud Computing
1. Long-Term Cost Savings
•Cost reduction is a top benefit of cloud education software.
Compared to managing an on-premise data center, cloud
migration supports an IT ecosystem. It does so by helping
companies shift from capital expenses to predictable monthly
operation expenses. These predictable monthly expenses bring
several benefits to institutions, including: Reduced data storage
costs
•Minimal data center maintenance
•Less money spent on replacing aging physical IT hardware
•This is a cost effective way to enhance your learning environment
and create new educational opportunities.

2. Better Collaboration
• Real time collaboration is an important aspect of cloud computing education.
• Cloud software helps to:
• Support student communication
• Create teacher management portals
• Power remote learning virtual classrooms
3. Easy Access and Resource Availability
• A cloud based education platform also improves physical and digital access to resources.
• It makes it easier for students to access the same materials and learning resources, regardless of the devices or
internet browsers they use.
• Virtual solutions like cloud computing also provide ongoing learning opportunities for all students.

4. Scalability
Compared with scaling on-premise data centers, cloud based software helps to reduce costs associated with
facility growth. No matter how many students you have or higher education facilities you manage, your cloud
system can grow alongside you.
5. Modernizing Learning Environments
Solutions like the VMware cloud for education, available through Microsoft DaaS, are the best way to prepare
educational institutions for the future. These technologies make your school more desirable for incoming
students and allow you to provide a higher standard of learning.

Challenges
1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through the cloud
by using the internet connection. If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any
other way to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face problems when transferring their services from one
vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less control
over the function and execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important information. But, before adopting cloud
technology, you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing
service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

1.6 Applications in Cloud Computing
Cloud service providers
provide various applications in
the field of art, business, data
storage and backup services,
education, entertainment,
management, social
networking, etc.
The most widely used cloud computing applications

Applications in Cloud Computing
1. Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily
design attractive cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art
applications are given below:
• Moo: Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing
business cards, postcards, and mini cards.
• Vistaprint: Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such
as business cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.
• Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers,
and other creative professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image
editing programming, Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.

2. Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization
requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business
applications are 24*7 available to users.
There are the following business applications of cloud computing –
• MailChimp: MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design,
send, and save templates for emails.
• Salesforce: Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more. It
also provides a cloud development platform.
• Chatter: Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.
• Slack: Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides a user-
friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for communication.

3. Data Storage and Backup Applications
Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the cloud and access this
information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is responsible for providing security, so they offer various
backup recovery application for retrieving the lost data. A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given
below:
• Box.com: Box provides an online environment for secure content management, workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store
different files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag & drop
service for files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.
• Mozy: Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It schedules automatically back up for
each day at a specific time.
• Joukuu: Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many users use joukuu to search files,
folders, and collaborate on documents.
• Google G Suite: Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes Google Calendar, Docs, Forms,
Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools for managing cloud apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is
Gmail. Gmail offers free email services to users.

4. Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online distance learning
platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of using cloud in the field of education is
that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach
for the students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.
There are the following education applications offered by the cloud :
• Google Apps for Education: Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email,
calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
• Chromebooks for Education: Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is
designed for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.
• Tablets with Google Play for Education: It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions
into the classroom and make it available to their students.
• AWS in Education: AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community colleges, and
schools.

5. Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud
computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video conferencing.
• Online games
Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers various online
games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are Shaow, GeForce Now,
Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.
• Video Conferencing Apps
Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected experience. It allows us to
communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video conferencing.
The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases efficiency, and removes
interoperability.

6. Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types of cloud activities,
such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These management tools also provide
administrative control over the platforms, applications, and infrastructure.
Some important management applications are -
• Toggl : Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
• Evernote: Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes in
one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version. It uses platforms like
Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
• Outright: Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track income,
expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.
• GoToMeeting: GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows you
to start a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or tablets.
Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to the management such as join meetings
in seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming meetings, etc.

7. Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using social networking
applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.
There are the following cloud based social applications -
• Facebook :Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files, photos, videos,
status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the cloud storage system. On Facebook, we
will always get notifications when our friends like and comment on the posts.
• Twitter: Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to follow high profile
celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives short posts called tweets.
• Yammer: Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat, share images,
documents, and videos.
• LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

Cloud Storage in Cloud Computing
What is cloud storage?
• In this fast-moving world it become necessary to store data on the cloud storage.
• The biggest advantage of cloud storage is that we can store any type of data in digital
form on the cloud.
• Another advantage of cloud storage is that we can access data from anywhere,
anytime on any device.
• There are many cloud storage providers such as, Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive,
iCloud, etc.
• They provide free service for limited storage but if you want to store beyond the limit, you
have to pay.
• We will discuss what is cloud storage, uses of cloud storage, and its architecture in detail.

Cloud Storage
The cloud storage is a computer data storage model in which the data that is digital in format is
stored, and hence it is said to be on the cloud, in logical pools. This physical storage consists of
multiple servers which can be located in the different parts of the country or may be in different parts
of the world depends on many factors. The maintenance of these servers is owned by some private
companies.
The cloud storage services are also responsible for keeping the data available and accessible 24x7,
and it also safeguard the data and run the physical environment. In order to store user, entity, or
application information, individuals and organisations purchase or lease storage capacity from
providers.
The Cloud storage resources, for example a cloud desktop storage, a cloud storage portal or a
Network-based content management system in the cloud. These all can be easily accessed with the
help of a co-located cloud computing service or it can be a web service application programming
interface which in general is known by the name of API or applications that use the API.

Cloud storage is:
• It consists of several distributed resources, but still functions as one, either in a cloud architecture of
federated or cooperative storage.
• Highly fault-tolerant via redundancy and data distribution.
• Extremely durable through the manufacture of copies of versions.
• Ultimately, it is usually compatible with data replication advantages.
• Companies just need to pay for the storage they actually use, normally an average of a month's
consumption. This does not indicate that cloud storage is less costly, rather that operating costs are
incurred rather than capital expenses.
• Cloud storage companies can cut their energy usage by up to 70 percent, making them a
greener company.
• The provision of storage and data security is inherent in the architecture of object storage, so the
additional infrastructure, effort and expense to incorporate accessibility and security can be
removed depending on the application.

Cloud storage is:
• Tasks for storage management, such as the procurement of additional storage space, are
offloaded to the service provider 's obligation.
• It provides users with immediate access of wide variety of tools and software housed in another
organisation's infrastructure through a web service interface.
• As there are usually 2 or 3 separate backup servers located in different locations across the globe,
cloud storage may be used as a natural disaster proof backup.
• With the WebDAV protocol, cloud storage can be mapped as a local drive. For organisations with
several office locations, it may act as a central file server.
https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-cloud-storage

Data security
• It increases the number of networks the data travels over.
• It is possible for other customers to access the data by sharing storage and networks with many
other users or customers.
• Sometimes due to wrongdoing, defective equipment, a malfunction, and sometimes due to
criminal purpose.
• With encryption technology, the possibility of making data read during transmission can be
mitigated.
• It is the role of the transit encryption in order to safeguard the data as it is transferred to and from
the cloud service.
• In-rest encryption protects the data stored by the service provider.
• Both forms of encryption security can be offered by encrypting data in an on-site cloud service on-
ramp scheme.
https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-cloud-storage

1.8 Cloud Service Requirement
https://easyexamnotes.com/cloud-service-requirements/

Cloud Service Requirement
• Efficiency / cost reduction
• Data security
• Scalability
• Mobility
• Disaster recovery
• Control
• Market reach
• Automatic Software Updates

1. Efficiency / cost reduction
By using cloud infrastructure, you don’t have to spend huge amounts of money on purchasing and
maintaining equipment.
2. Data security
Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data is securely stored and handled. Cloud
storage providers implement baseline protections for their platforms and the data they process, such
authentication, access control, and encryption.
3. Scalability
Different companies have different IT needs — a large enterprise of 1000+ employees won’t have the same
IT requirements as a start-up. Using cloud is a great solution because it enables enterprise to efficiently —
and quickly — scale up/down according to business demands.

4. Mobility
Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smartphones and devices, which is a great way to
ensure that no one is ever left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long way away from the
corporate office, can use this feature to keep instantly up-to-date with clients and coworkers.
5. Disaster recovery
Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data security. Storing your data in the cloud
guarantees that data is always available, even if your equipment like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-based
services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency scenarios.
6. Control
Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over your data. You can easily decide which users have what
level of access to what data.
7. Market reach
Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market quickly.
8. Automatic Software Updates
Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update themselves.

1.9 Cloud & Dynamic Infrastructure
https://easyexamnotes.com/cloud-and-dynamic-infrastructure/

1. Service management
This type of special facility or a functionality is provided to the cloud IT services by the cloud service
providers. This facility includes visibility, automation and control to delivering the first class IT services.
2. Asset-Management
In this the assets or the property which is involved in providing the cloud services are getting
managed.
3. Virtualization and consolidation
Consolidation is an effort to reduce the cost of a technology by improving its operating efficiency
and effectiveness. It means migrating from large number of resources to fewer one, which is done by
virtualization technology.
4. Information Infrastructure
It helps the business organizations to achieve the following : Information compliance, availability of
resources retention and security objectives.

5. Energy-Efficiency
Here the IT infrastructure or organization sustainable. It means it is not likely to damage or effect
any other thing.
6. Security
This cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management. Risk management Refers to the
risks involved in the services which are being provided by the cloud-service providers.
7. Resilience
This infrastructure provides the feature of resilience means the services are resilient. It means the
infrastructure is safe from all sides. The IT operations will not be easily get affected.

1.10 Cloud Adoption
• Cloud Adoption is a strategic move by organizations of reducing
cost, mitigating risk and achieving scalability of data base
capabilities.
• Cloud adoption may be up to various degrees in an organization,
depending on the depth of adoption.
• In fact the depth of adoption yields insight into the maturity of best
practices, enterprise-ready cloud services availability.
https://www.itexico.com/blog/what-is-cloud-adoption

1.10 Cloud Adoption
• Organizations that go ahead with the strategic decision of adopting cloud based technologies have
to identify potential security thefts and controls, required to keep the data and applications in the
cloud secured.
• Hence there is a need for compliance assessment during cloud adoption.
• The following measures are taken for compliance assessment to ensure security and accountability of
data and applications in the cloud services:
• Matching the security requirements of the organization with the security capabilities of the cloud
service provider
• Analyzing the security policies of the cloud service provider along with history of transparency
and security related practices
• Proper understanding of the technical aspects of data and traffic flow
• Proper understanding and documentation of the roles and responsibilities of the cloud service
provider
• Understanding of the certifications and compliances that can be leveraged from the cloud
https://www.itexico.com/blog/what-is-cloud-adoption

1.10 Who needs Cloud Adoption & WHY?
• A variety of industries benefit from cloud adoption, including healthcare, marketing and
advertising, retail, finance, and education. Benefits include:
• Healthcare: Fueled by digital and social consumer behaviors and the need for secure and
accessible electronic health records (EHRs), hospitals, clinics, and other medical
organizations are using cloud computing for document storage, marketing, and human
resources.
• Marketing and Advertising: In an industry dependent on social media, as well as the quick
creation and publishing of customer-relevant content, agencies are using hybrid cloud
adoption strategies to deliver critical client messages to their local and worldwide
audiences.
• Retail: A successful e-commerce strategy requires a sound Internet strategy. With the help of
cloud adoption, Internet-based retail is able to effectively market to customers and save
their product data for less money.

1.10 Who needs Cloud Adoption & WHY?
• Finance: Efficient expense management, human resources, and customer communications
are three of the most important business needs of today’s finance organizations. For these
reasons, financial services institutions are now placing their email platforms and marketing
tools in the cloud.
• Education: Internet-based education opportunities are now more popular than ever. The
cloud allows universities, private institutions, and K-12 public schools to provide learning,
homework, and grading systems online.

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