This topic is explain about development in Sociological Lens.

1. Development History & Meaning
mgptpUj;jp: tuyhWk;fUj;jhf;fKk;
MYM.Suheera,
Senior Lecturer in Sociology,
Interdisciplinary Unit,
Dept. Arabic language,
FIA
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2. • mgptpUj;jp’ vd;gJ – ehLfs; jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;w xU fUj;jpay;- fly; gazj;jpd; Nghjhd
ntspr;r tPl;L topfhl;ly; Nghy xd;W . ,J mwpTj; jsj;jpy; xU mopitj; jUfpd;w xU nrad;Kiwahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wj.(Gardner
& Lewis, 2012).
• Escober (1995)-
• xU vz;zpd;ifahd fUj;;Jf;fSk;> eilKiwfSk; ‘mgptpUj;jp’ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf xU mgptpUj;jpj;
je;jpNuhghakhf FbNaw;wthj (Colonial) kw;Wk; etPd FbNaw;wthjkhf (neo- Colonial domination) Mjpf;fkhf
njw;F ehLfspy; tlf;F ehLfshy;nraw;gL;jg;gl;LtUfpd;w xd;W.
• ,t;tpsf;fk; mgptpUj;jp vDk; fUj;jpd; Njhw;wkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhw;wpd;kPJ Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf,Ug;gjid Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
• NkYk; ,tu; tpsf;Fifapy;> ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l cyfshtpa njhlu;Gfshy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjhf
mike;Js;sJ.
• fhyzpj;Jtk; gdpg;Nghu; KbTf;F te;j gpd;du;> Kjyhspj;Jtk; Gjpa re;ijfis fz;Lgpbf;fTk;> tlf;F ehLfs; njhopEl;gk;> tpQ;Qhdk;
Mfpadtw;wpy; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;iffSk; kPs mgptpUj;jiia gad;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fshf ifahsgg;l;lJ.
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3. • Oxford dictionary (1988) ‘stage of growth or advancement’(வளர்ச்சி
அல்லது முன்னேற்றத்தின் நிலல).
• Truman 1949 fspy; ‘mjpfkhd ehLfs; cyfpy; ‘ underdeveloped’ vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ,j;jifa ehLfis tpUj;jp nra;tJ’ vd;fpd;w tpsf;fk; mgptpUj;jpf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ. (Esteva,1993).
• ,t;thW cyfg; gug;gpy; ‘ underdeveloped’ vd;gJ>xU Gjpa gpur;rpid cUthf;fhg;gl;lJ.
mjw;Fj; jPu;thf ‘mgptpUj;jp’ Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ gFj;jwpT – tpQ;Qhd
mwptpd; kPJ mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mjpfhuj;jpd; tpUj;jpaile;j epiy vd Horbert
(1993) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;;.
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4. Capitalism & Colonialism 1700- 1949- Kjyhspj;Jtk;
kw;Wk;fhyzpj;Jtk;
• 1949 w;F Kw;gl;l tuyhWfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ> [Nuhg;ghtpy; tuyhw;W uPjpahf nghUshjhu
r%fkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUe;jd.
• ,e;j czu;TepiyahdJ ‘progress’ Kd;Ndw;wk;’ vd;fpd;w czu;tpid toq;fpaJ. ,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w ek;gpf;ifia cyfkl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. (1700-1860 age of
competitive capitalism)
• Larrian (1989) tuyhw;W uPjpahd ‘ Kd;Ndw;wk;’ vd;fpd;w czu;Tepiyfis njhlu;e;Jk; [Nuhg;gh
Cf;Ftpj;jik. Fwpg;ghf (1700- 1860) fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nghl;b’ – r%f> murpay;
Nghl;bfs;> epyg;gpuGj;Jt tPo;r;rp vd;gd Kjyhspj;Jt tsu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jd. ,it ‘Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjid
tYg;gLj;jpaJ.
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5. • ,j;jifa murpay;> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; ‘ Gj;njhspf;fhykhf [Nuhg;ghit ntspf;fhl;baJ. ,j;jifa r%f gz;ghl;L
efu;Tfs; Nkiyj;njarpe;jidfspy;20Mk;Ehw;whz;LtiuMjpf;fk;nrYj;jpaj.
• ,jd; gadhf njhopEw;g vOr;rp> tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; gad;ghL > Gjpa gFj;jwpTf; fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,jdhy;
kdpjNeaj;jpw;fhdGj;njOr;rpahf‘mgptpUj;jp;vd;gJNehf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,j;jifa tuyhW> ‘backward’, ‘ primitive’, ‘civilized’, ‘ advanced’, ‘ superstition’, ‘
scientific’ ‘ nature’, ‘culture’ Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapy; ,UjUt epiyfis r%fj;jpy; cUthf;fpaj. (
Bloch and Bloch,1980).
• ,j;jifa,U epyikfs;‘ tsu;r;rpaile;j’>‘ tsu;r;rpailahj’vd;fpd;wtpsf;fq;fistoq;fpd.
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6. • Ex: Darwin - Origin of Species(1859).
• Emile Durkheim - The Division of Labor (1893)- ‘Primitive’ & ‘Modern
Society’.(G+u;tPf- etPd r%fq;fs; )- ghuk;gupa r%fk; - ,aw;jputpay; xUikg;ghL nfhz;lJ. Fiwe;j
njhopw;gpupg;G > > gykhd $l;Lzu;T ,jw;F vjpuhd epiyAilajhf etPd r%fq;fspy;> ‘ capupay; xUikg;ghL
‘ > cau; Nju;r;rp> njhopw;gpupg;G> r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; NtWghLfs;> cau; jdpkdpjthjk; Mfpad
tsu;r;rpaile;jr%fk;vd; milahsg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• Karl Marx (1860- 1945)
• r%fq;fs; cw;gj;jp Kiwapd; (mode of production) Clhf khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis
vy;yhr%fq;fSk; flf;fpd;wd vd;whu;id . gpupj;jhdpahtpy; epyg;gpuGj;Jt KiwapypUe;J r%fk; Kjyhspj;jt
cw;gj;jpKiwapd;%yk;khw;wk;fz;lJ.
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7. • ,e;jtuyhWmgptpUj;jp>fhyzpj;Jtj;jld;neUq;fpanjhlu;GgLfpd;wJ(Garnder,2012).
• fhyzpj;Jt gug;gpy; ,j;jifa mwpnthspr; rpe;jidfhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;FfUtpahf mike;jj. ,jdhy; fhyzpj;Jtthjpfs;Vida
r%fq;fis ‘ backward’ vd;fpd;w rpe;jidpapy; itj;Jg; ghu;f;f Kide;jdu; (Said,1978). Vidatu;fis ‘
undeveloped’vdtiuaWj;jdu;(Frank,1990).
• ,j;jifa nghUshjhu milTfs; > 19k;> 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fis cs;Su; r%fq;fspy;
khw;wq;fis > [Nuhg;gpa ehfuPfq;fis Vw;gLjJk; eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;fj; Jhz;baJ. Fwpg;ghf fy;tp> fpwp];j
trkak;>Gjpa murpay;gzpf;FOml;rpKiwik.,JxOf;fkhdflikahff;fUjg;gl;lJ(Mair,1984).
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8. • fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspy; ,j;jifa nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;r;rpahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jd. Ex: 1939 – Law of
development of the colonies to the law of development and welfare of
the Colonies- Mq;fpymuR cUthf;fpaJ.
• ,jd; %yk; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfspy; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpia Vw;glj;Jk;> eyd;fis Vw;glj;JtJk;
nghWg;Glikahff;fUjg;gl;lJ(Esteva,1993).
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9. Post- Colonial Era: 1949 onwards
• vdNt mgptpUj;jp’ vd;fpd;w tpsf;fj;jpy; [Nuhg;ghtpd; Kjyhspyj;Jtk;> fhyzpj;Jtk; Mfpadtw;wpd;
tuyhw;Wtplaq;fs;nry;thf;Fg;ngWfpd;wd.
• ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,j;jifa xU Fwpg;gpl;l ‘ mgptpUj;jp’’ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidAk; (mode of thinking)>
eilKiwfSk;> tsq;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk; ,d;W tpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;w ehLfshy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tpsf;fq;fis
toq;Ftjw;Fg;gad;gLfpd;wj.
• Fwpg;ghf> ‘ifj;njhopy;’> ‘nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp’ vd;gdtw;iw ‘mgptpUj;jp’ vd;fpd;w vz;zf;fUtpy;
ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
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10. • ,J mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njhopy;thz;ikahf> El;gkhf ifahsg;gl;L> Fwpg;gpl;l mgptpUj;jp
njhlu;ghd mwpT xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L Kfhik nra;ag;gl;L> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. –
mgptpUj;jp
• vdNt ,tuJ ghu;itapy;> mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ> xU tifahd ciuahly;fshf > xU tifahd mjpfhukhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,jdhy;jhd; 1949 Tuuman Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> ‘ tsu;r;rpailahj gFjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;F vkJ mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ed;ikfis fpilf;fr;
nra;tjw;fhd cWjpahdjpl;lNk mgptpUj;jp’
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11. •,f;fUj;jhdJ> gioa fhyzpj;Jtj;ij Jhug;gLj;jp> jkJ jpl;lj;ij Kd;itf;fpd;w ftdkhd tplakhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ ,J etPdj;Jtk;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp vd;fpd;w Gjpa nrhy; tbtj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa jpl;lkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ (Estevia, 1995).
•vdNt ‘mgptpUj;jp ‘vd;gJ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> ‘etPdkiljy;’; vd;fpd;w tpsf;fj;ij
toq;fpaJ.
•,j;jifa nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp vd;gJ ,d;Wk; nghJthfg; gad;gLjjg;gl;L tUfpd;wj.
• 1980 fspy; Vw;gl;l ghupa nghUshjhu rupTfspYk; $l nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia
mgptpUj;jpahf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w tuyhW 1990 tiu fhzg;gl;lJ.
•
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12. • ,j;jifafz;Nzhl;lq;fspy;1990fspy;nghUshjhurPu;jpUj;jk;vd;gJghupastpy;epWtdq;fspd;Kftu;fs;%ykhf
(World Bank) tpUj;jpaile;JtUfpd;wehLfspy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lte;Js;sJ.
• ,e;j,yf;Ffismile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf>tsu;r;rpahdJgy;NtWRl;bfshy;milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• efukakhf;fk;>njhopEl;gg;gad;ghL>cau;kl;lEfu;T>r%fk;>gz;ghl;Lkhw;wq;fs;vd;gd%yk;mstPL
nra;ag;gl;ld.,jw;fhfmuRfs;ifj;njhopy;kakhjiymgptpUj;jpf;fhdfUtpahfvLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
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13. • ntw;wpfukhd mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ> nghUshjhu Rl;bfshy; mstPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gross National
Products (GNP) ) my;yJ Per Capita income (PCI)- nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp
• - நாட்டின் எல்லைக்குள் உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட (பண்டம்/பணி) மதிப்பாகும்.
• (2019ம் ஆண்டின் இரண்டாவது காலாண்டில் 3,589,246 மில்லியோக
பதிவாகியுள்ளது.(Pirasath,2020 ,Jrhjfkhd tpistfis Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; tpsf;Ftjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lfpd;wJ.
• ,Ug;gpDk; >ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij milahsg;gLj;jpa NghJk;> ehl;bd; cz;ikahd mgptpUj;jp
kl;lj;ijmstplg;NghJkhdjy;y.(Seers,1970-85).
• nghUshjhutsu;r;rpNa–mgptpUj;jpvd;fpd;wvz;zf;fUNfs;tpf;Fs;shdJ?
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14. • mgptpUj;jp- kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy; cau;itf;fhl;tpy;iy. tWik> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> gps;isfspd; ,wg;G>
fy;tpawptpd;ik>Nghrhf;fpd;ikMfpamstPLfismilahsg;gLj;jtpy;iy(Gradner,2013).
• 1990fspy;khf;rParpe;jidfs;,j;jifatsu;r;rpiavjpu;j;Jtpsf;fq;fisKd;itj;jd.
Ex: Uganda- Plantation (Robertson,1984 ), South East Asia- jq;fpapUj;jiy
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpUj;jp nghushjhu cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupgf;f fld; toq;fy;> epjp cjtp Gupjy; (IMF, WB) - ,it
jq;fpapUf;Fk;nghUshjhuj;ijCf;Ftpj;jJ (Sobhan,1992)
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15. • tsu;r;rp %yk; xt;nthUtUk; Neubahf ed;ikailatpy;iy. cw;gj;jp> Ntiytha;g;G Mfpadtw;why;> gtrjpgilj;jtu;fs;
NkYk;trjpahdepiyf;Fs;cau;j;jg;gl;ldu;.‘trickle down effect’
• rpyehLfs;tpUj;jpaile;jitvd milahsggLj;j;paehLfspy;.tWik>Ntiyapd;ik>Nghrhf;fpd;ikepytpd.
• vdNt mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ‘ mjpfcw;gj;jpiaj;Jhz;Lfpd;wkiwKf tpisTfspd;nraw;ghLfs;’(Mosley,1987)
• 1990fspy;tsu;r;rpvd;gJkf;fspd;tho;f;ifj;juj;ijcau;j;jKbahjJvd;fpd;wtplak;Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
• vdNt mgptpUj;jpapd;Nehf;fk;nghUshjhutsu;r;rpvdfpd;wfUj;Jkhw;wkile;jJ(WB, 1990).
•
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16. Cont..
• 1970 njhlf;fk;mgptpUj;jpvd;gJgadilatpy;iy.UN policy planning and National
development report (1991):
‘ mgptpUj;jpvd;gJr%fg;>nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwapy;kpfg;ghupamstpy;tWik> xJf;fk;>tpopk;Gepiyfis
cUthf;fpAs;sJ’
1970fspd;gpd;du;mgptpUj;jpvd;gJr%f>nghUshjhu> epu;thf>murpay;$Wfiscs;slf;fpaxU rpf;fyhd
tbtk;nfhz;lJ.
1991fspy;>mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ>tho;f;ifj;juj;ijNkk;gLj;Jtjhf>tUkhdj;ijcau;j;JtjhfmikatjhapDk;>mjidtpl>
tpUk;gj;jf;ffy;tp>cau;thdRfhjhuKk;Nghrhf;Fk;>tWikePf;fk;>Coy;,y;yhjJhaRw;whly;>
vy;NyhUf;Fk;rkkhdtha;g;G>jdpg;gl;lRje;jpuk;gy%l;lg;gly;>nropg;ghdfyhrhutho;fiif(World
Development Report,1991)
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17. Cont…
• 1990fspd;gpd;du;……Development as the satisfaction of basic needs
mgptpUj;jp– mbg;giljPtpur%fkhw;wj;ijNtz;bepw;fpd;wJ.
epyGzuikg;G.rKjhamgptpUj;jp>tUkhdg;gfpu;T.ngz;fspd;gq;Fgw;wy;..
• ILO (International Labor Organization)–mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ> jdpeguxUtu;jkJ;r%f.
cs> ngsjPfmgptpUj;jpiamile;J nfhs;tjw;fhdKOikahdre;ju;g;gj;ijtoq;fy;.
• 1990fspy;Human development report – ‘ Human development index’
• mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ‘kf;fs;’kag;glj;jg;gl;lJ.
1.MAs;
2.mwpT
3.tho;f;ifj;juk;;
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18. Cont…
1995fspy;> mgptpUj;jpvd;gJgpujhd,yf;FfisKd;itj;jJ> ,tw;iwmile;J nfhs;tNjmgptpUj;jp(World
Bank,1995)
1.Poverty reduction
2.Universal primary education
3. Gender Equality
4. Reduction of infant mortality rate
5. improvement reproductive health services
6. Environment preservation
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19. Cont..
• Myers ( 1999)- mgptpUj;jprkaj;Jld;njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ>kdpjdpd; KOtho;tpYk;
nghUs;rhu;>r%fk;rhu;> Md;kPfk;rhu;tho;tpy;Vw;gLfpd;w tpUj;jp mgptpUj;jp
transformational development.
• Amertya Sen(2000) “Development as Freedom”
cz;ikahd Rje;jpuj;ij kf;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; NghJmgptpUj;jp rhj;jpakilfpd;wJ.
Rje;jpuk; vd;gJVida jPu;Tg; nghjpapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. murpay;> Fbapay; cupikfs;> mJNghy r%f
> nghUshjhu cupikfs;
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20. Cont..
2000k;mz;LkpNydpak;mgptpUj;jp,yf;F.(2000-2015)
08 Goal - 1. Eradicate poverty
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child morality
05. Improve mental health
06. Combat HIV/ AIDS , Malaria and other disease
07. Ensure environmental sustainability
08. A global partnership for development
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21. • 2016 sustainable development “ Development is that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
• 2016 – Sustainable development Goal 17 ( 2015- 2030)
• epiyj;J epw;gJk;>Nkk;gl;lJkhd tpUj;jp –mgptpUj;jp
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23. 1. 2000 k;mz;LkpNydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;F. (2000-2015)
2. ,yq;if
3. 2016 – Sustainable development Goal 17 ( 2015- 2030)
4. ,yq;if
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