1. The term 'development' emerged in the post-colonial era to describe the process of transition from colonial domination and neo-colonial influences to greater independence and self-sufficiency. 2. During the colonial and post-colonial periods, Western powers promoted narratives that portrayed colonized nations as 'underdeveloped' or 'backward' in order to justify colonial control over their economies and societies. 3. Since the late 20th century, the concept of 'development' has increasingly emphasized poverty reduction, empowerment, and sustainability, moving beyond older economic definitions to encompass well-being, freedom, and local participation in progress.

1. Development History & Meaning
mgptpUj;jp: tuyhWk;fUj;jhf;fKk;
MYM.Suheera,
Senior Lecturer in Sociology,
Interdisciplinary Unit,
Dept. Arabic language,
FIA
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2. • mgptpUj;jp’ vd;gJ – ehLfs; jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;w xU fUj;jpay;- fly; gazj;jpd; Nghjhd
ntspr;r tPl;L topfhl;ly; Nghy xd;W . ,J mwpTj; jsj;jpy; xU mopitj; jUfpd;w xU nrad;Kiwahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wj.(Gardner
& Lewis, 2012).
• Escober (1995)-
• xU vz;zpd;ifahd fUj;;Jf;fSk;> eilKiwfSk; ‘mgptpUj;jp’ vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf xU mgptpUj;jpj;
je;jpNuhghakhf FbNaw;wthj (Colonial) kw;Wk; etPd FbNaw;wthjkhf (neo- Colonial domination) Mjpf;fkhf
njw;F ehLfspy; tlf;F ehLfshy;nraw;gL;jg;gl;LtUfpd;w xd;W.
• ,t;tpsf;fk; mgptpUj;jp vDk; fUj;jpd; Njhw;wkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhw;wpd;kPJ Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf,Ug;gjid Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
• NkYk; ,tu; tpsf;Fifapy;> ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l cyfshtpa njhlu;Gfshy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjhf
mike;Js;sJ.
• fhyzpj;Jtk; gdpg;Nghu; KbTf;F te;j gpd;du;> Kjyhspj;Jtk; Gjpa re;ijfis fz;Lgpbf;fTk;> tlf;F ehLfs; njhopEl;gk;> tpQ;Qhdk;
Mfpadtw;wpy; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;iffSk; kPs mgptpUj;jiia gad;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fshf ifahsgg;l;lJ.
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3. • Oxford dictionary (1988) ‘stage of growth or advancement’(வளர்ச்சி
அல்லது முன்னேற்றத்தின் நிலல).
• Truman 1949 fspy; ‘mjpfkhd ehLfs; cyfpy; ‘ underdeveloped’ vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. ,j;jifa ehLfis tpUj;jp nra;tJ’ vd;fpd;w tpsf;fk; mgptpUj;jpf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ. (Esteva,1993).
• ,t;thW cyfg; gug;gpy; ‘ underdeveloped’ vd;gJ>xU Gjpa gpur;rpid cUthf;fhg;gl;lJ.
mjw;Fj; jPu;thf ‘mgptpUj;jp’ Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ gFj;jwpT – tpQ;Qhd
mwptpd; kPJ mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mjpfhuj;jpd; tpUj;jpaile;j epiy vd Horbert
(1993) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;;.
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4. Capitalism & Colonialism 1700- 1949- Kjyhspj;Jtk;
kw;Wk;fhyzpj;Jtk;
• 1949 w;F Kw;gl;l tuyhWfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ> [Nuhg;ghtpy; tuyhw;W uPjpahf nghUshjhu
r%fkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUe;jd.
• ,e;j czu;TepiyahdJ ‘progress’ Kd;Ndw;wk;’ vd;fpd;w czu;tpid toq;fpaJ. ,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;w ek;gpf;ifia cyfkl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. (1700-1860 age of
competitive capitalism)
• Larrian (1989) tuyhw;W uPjpahd ‘ Kd;Ndw;wk;’ vd;fpd;w czu;Tepiyfis njhlu;e;Jk; [Nuhg;gh
Cf;Ftpj;jik. Fwpg;ghf (1700- 1860) fhyg;gFjpapy; vOe;j Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nghl;b’ – r%f> murpay;
Nghl;bfs;> epyg;gpuGj;Jt tPo;r;rp vd;gd Kjyhspj;Jt tsu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;jd. ,it ‘Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjid
tYg;gLj;jpaJ.
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5. • ,j;jifa murpay;> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; ‘ Gj;njhspf;fhykhf [Nuhg;ghit ntspf;fhl;baJ. ,j;jifa r%f gz;ghl;L
efu;Tfs; Nkiyj;njarpe;jidfspy;20Mk;Ehw;whz;LtiuMjpf;fk;nrYj;jpaj.
• ,jd; gadhf njhopEw;g vOr;rp> tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; gad;ghL > Gjpa gFj;jwpTf; fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,jdhy;
kdpjNeaj;jpw;fhdGj;njOr;rpahf‘mgptpUj;jp;vd;gJNehf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,j;jifa tuyhW> ‘backward’, ‘ primitive’, ‘civilized’, ‘ advanced’, ‘ superstition’, ‘
scientific’ ‘ nature’, ‘culture’ Mfpatw;wpw;fpilapy; ,UjUt epiyfis r%fj;jpy; cUthf;fpaj. (
Bloch and Bloch,1980).
• ,j;jifa,U epyikfs;‘ tsu;r;rpaile;j’>‘ tsu;r;rpailahj’vd;fpd;wtpsf;fq;fistoq;fpd.
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6. • Ex: Darwin - Origin of Species(1859).
• Emile Durkheim - The Division of Labor (1893)- ‘Primitive’ & ‘Modern
Society’.(G+u;tPf- etPd r%fq;fs; )- ghuk;gupa r%fk; - ,aw;jputpay; xUikg;ghL nfhz;lJ. Fiwe;j
njhopw;gpupg;G > > gykhd $l;Lzu;T ,jw;F vjpuhd epiyAilajhf etPd r%fq;fspy;> ‘ capupay; xUikg;ghL
‘ > cau; Nju;r;rp> njhopw;gpupg;G> r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; NtWghLfs;> cau; jdpkdpjthjk; Mfpad
tsu;r;rpaile;jr%fk;vd; milahsg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• Karl Marx (1860- 1945)
• r%fq;fs; cw;gj;jp Kiwapd; (mode of production) Clhf khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis
vy;yhr%fq;fSk; flf;fpd;wd vd;whu;id . gpupj;jhdpahtpy; epyg;gpuGj;Jt KiwapypUe;J r%fk; Kjyhspj;jt
cw;gj;jpKiwapd;%yk;khw;wk;fz;lJ.
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7. • ,e;jtuyhWmgptpUj;jp>fhyzpj;Jtj;jld;neUq;fpanjhlu;GgLfpd;wJ(Garnder,2012).
• fhyzpj;Jt gug;gpy; ,j;jifa mwpnthspr; rpe;jidfhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;FfUtpahf mike;jj. ,jdhy; fhyzpj;Jtthjpfs;Vida
r%fq;fis ‘ backward’ vd;fpd;w rpe;jidpapy; itj;Jg; ghu;f;f Kide;jdu; (Said,1978). Vidatu;fis ‘
undeveloped’vdtiuaWj;jdu;(Frank,1990).
• ,j;jifa nghUshjhu milTfs; > 19k;> 20 Mk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fis cs;Su; r%fq;fspy;
khw;wq;fis > [Nuhg;gpa ehfuPfq;fis Vw;gLjJk; eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLf;fj; Jhz;baJ. Fwpg;ghf fy;tp> fpwp];j
trkak;>Gjpa murpay;gzpf;FOml;rpKiwik.,JxOf;fkhdflikahff;fUjg;gl;lJ(Mair,1984).
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8. • fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspy; ,j;jifa nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;r;rpahf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jd. Ex: 1939 – Law of
development of the colonies to the law of development and welfare of
the Colonies- Mq;fpymuR cUthf;fpaJ.
• ,jd; %yk; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gl;l ehLfspy; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpia Vw;glj;Jk;> eyd;fis Vw;glj;JtJk;
nghWg;Glikahff;fUjg;gl;lJ(Esteva,1993).
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9. Post- Colonial Era: 1949 onwards
• vdNt mgptpUj;jp’ vd;fpd;w tpsf;fj;jpy; [Nuhg;ghtpd; Kjyhspyj;Jtk;> fhyzpj;Jtk; Mfpadtw;wpd;
tuyhw;Wtplaq;fs;nry;thf;Fg;ngWfpd;wd.
• ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,j;jifa xU Fwpg;gpl;l ‘ mgptpUj;jp’’ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidAk; (mode of thinking)>
eilKiwfSk;> tsq;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk; ,d;W tpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;w ehLfshy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tpsf;fq;fis
toq;Ftjw;Fg;gad;gLfpd;wj.
• Fwpg;ghf> ‘ifj;njhopy;’> ‘nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp’ vd;gdtw;iw ‘mgptpUj;jp’ vd;fpd;w vz;zf;fUtpy;
ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
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10. • ,J mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njhopy;thz;ikahf> El;gkhf ifahsg;gl;L> Fwpg;gpl;l mgptpUj;jp
njhlu;ghd mwpT xOq;fikf;fg;gl;L Kfhik nra;ag;gl;L> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. –
mgptpUj;jp
• vdNt ,tuJ ghu;itapy;> mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ> xU tifahd ciuahly;fshf > xU tifahd mjpfhukhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,jdhy;jhd; 1949 Tuuman Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> ‘ tsu;r;rpailahj gFjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf;F vkJ mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ed;ikfis fpilf;fr;
nra;tjw;fhd cWjpahdjpl;lNk mgptpUj;jp’
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11. •,f;fUj;jhdJ> gioa fhyzpj;Jtj;ij Jhug;gLj;jp> jkJ jpl;lj;ij Kd;itf;fpd;w ftdkhd tplakhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ ,J etPdj;Jtk;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp vd;fpd;w Gjpa nrhy; tbtj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa jpl;lkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ (Estevia, 1995).
•vdNt ‘mgptpUj;jp ‘vd;gJ nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> ‘etPdkiljy;’; vd;fpd;w tpsf;fj;ij
toq;fpaJ.
•,j;jifa nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp vd;gJ ,d;Wk; nghJthfg; gad;gLjjg;gl;L tUfpd;wj.
• 1980 fspy; Vw;gl;l ghupa nghUshjhu rupTfspYk; $l nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia
mgptpUj;jpahf Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w tuyhW 1990 tiu fhzg;gl;lJ.
•
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12. • ,j;jifafz;Nzhl;lq;fspy;1990fspy;nghUshjhurPu;jpUj;jk;vd;gJghupastpy;epWtdq;fspd;Kftu;fs;%ykhf
(World Bank) tpUj;jpaile;JtUfpd;wehLfspy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lte;Js;sJ.
• ,e;j,yf;Ffismile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf>tsu;r;rpahdJgy;NtWRl;bfshy;milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• efukakhf;fk;>njhopEl;gg;gad;ghL>cau;kl;lEfu;T>r%fk;>gz;ghl;Lkhw;wq;fs;vd;gd%yk;mstPL
nra;ag;gl;ld.,jw;fhfmuRfs;ifj;njhopy;kakhjiymgptpUj;jpf;fhdfUtpahfvLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
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13. • ntw;wpfukhd mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ> nghUshjhu Rl;bfshy; mstPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gross National
Products (GNP) ) my;yJ Per Capita income (PCI)- nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp
• - நாட்டின் எல்லைக்குள் உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட (பண்டம்/பணி) மதிப்பாகும்.
• (2019ம் ஆண்டின் இரண்டாவது காலாண்டில் 3,589,246 மில்லியோக
பதிவாகியுள்ளது.(Pirasath,2020 ,Jrhjfkhd tpistfis Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; tpsf;Ftjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lfpd;wJ.
• ,Ug;gpDk; >ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij milahsg;gLj;jpa NghJk;> ehl;bd; cz;ikahd mgptpUj;jp
kl;lj;ijmstplg;NghJkhdjy;y.(Seers,1970-85).
• nghUshjhutsu;r;rpNa–mgptpUj;jpvd;fpd;wvz;zf;fUNfs;tpf;Fs;shdJ?
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14. • mgptpUj;jp- kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy; cau;itf;fhl;tpy;iy. tWik> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> gps;isfspd; ,wg;G>
fy;tpawptpd;ik>Nghrhf;fpd;ikMfpamstPLfismilahsg;gLj;jtpy;iy(Gradner,2013).
• 1990fspy;khf;rParpe;jidfs;,j;jifatsu;r;rpiavjpu;j;Jtpsf;fq;fisKd;itj;jd.
Ex: Uganda- Plantation (Robertson,1984 ), South East Asia- jq;fpapUj;jiy
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpUj;jp nghushjhu cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupgf;f fld; toq;fy;> epjp cjtp Gupjy; (IMF, WB) - ,it
jq;fpapUf;Fk;nghUshjhuj;ijCf;Ftpj;jJ (Sobhan,1992)
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15. • tsu;r;rp %yk; xt;nthUtUk; Neubahf ed;ikailatpy;iy. cw;gj;jp> Ntiytha;g;G Mfpadtw;why;> gtrjpgilj;jtu;fs;
NkYk;trjpahdepiyf;Fs;cau;j;jg;gl;ldu;.‘trickle down effect’
• rpyehLfs;tpUj;jpaile;jitvd milahsggLj;j;paehLfspy;.tWik>Ntiyapd;ik>Nghrhf;fpd;ikepytpd.
• vdNt mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ‘ mjpfcw;gj;jpiaj;Jhz;Lfpd;wkiwKf tpisTfspd;nraw;ghLfs;’(Mosley,1987)
• 1990fspy;tsu;r;rpvd;gJkf;fspd;tho;f;ifj;juj;ijcau;j;jKbahjJvd;fpd;wtplak;Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
• vdNt mgptpUj;jpapd;Nehf;fk;nghUshjhutsu;r;rpvdfpd;wfUj;Jkhw;wkile;jJ(WB, 1990).
•
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16. Cont..
• 1970 njhlf;fk;mgptpUj;jpvd;gJgadilatpy;iy.UN policy planning and National
development report (1991):
‘ mgptpUj;jpvd;gJr%fg;>nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwapy;kpfg;ghupamstpy;tWik> xJf;fk;>tpopk;Gepiyfis
cUthf;fpAs;sJ’
1970fspd;gpd;du;mgptpUj;jpvd;gJr%f>nghUshjhu> epu;thf>murpay;$Wfiscs;slf;fpaxU rpf;fyhd
tbtk;nfhz;lJ.
1991fspy;>mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ>tho;f;ifj;juj;ijNkk;gLj;Jtjhf>tUkhdj;ijcau;j;JtjhfmikatjhapDk;>mjidtpl>
tpUk;gj;jf;ffy;tp>cau;thdRfhjhuKk;Nghrhf;Fk;>tWikePf;fk;>Coy;,y;yhjJhaRw;whly;>
vy;NyhUf;Fk;rkkhdtha;g;G>jdpg;gl;lRje;jpuk;gy%l;lg;gly;>nropg;ghdfyhrhutho;fiif(World
Development Report,1991)
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17. Cont…
• 1990fspd;gpd;du;……Development as the satisfaction of basic needs
mgptpUj;jp– mbg;giljPtpur%fkhw;wj;ijNtz;bepw;fpd;wJ.
epyGzuikg;G.rKjhamgptpUj;jp>tUkhdg;gfpu;T.ngz;fspd;gq;Fgw;wy;..
• ILO (International Labor Organization)–mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ> jdpeguxUtu;jkJ;r%f.
cs> ngsjPfmgptpUj;jpiamile;J nfhs;tjw;fhdKOikahdre;ju;g;gj;ijtoq;fy;.
• 1990fspy;Human development report – ‘ Human development index’
• mgptpUj;jpvd;gJ‘kf;fs;’kag;glj;jg;gl;lJ.
1.MAs;
2.mwpT
3.tho;f;ifj;juk;;
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18. Cont…
1995fspy;> mgptpUj;jpvd;gJgpujhd,yf;FfisKd;itj;jJ> ,tw;iwmile;J nfhs;tNjmgptpUj;jp(World
Bank,1995)
1.Poverty reduction
2.Universal primary education
3. Gender Equality
4. Reduction of infant mortality rate
5. improvement reproductive health services
6. Environment preservation
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19. Cont..
• Myers ( 1999)- mgptpUj;jprkaj;Jld;njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ>kdpjdpd; KOtho;tpYk;
nghUs;rhu;>r%fk;rhu;> Md;kPfk;rhu;tho;tpy;Vw;gLfpd;w tpUj;jp mgptpUj;jp
transformational development.
• Amertya Sen(2000) “Development as Freedom”
cz;ikahd Rje;jpuj;ij kf;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; NghJmgptpUj;jp rhj;jpakilfpd;wJ.
Rje;jpuk; vd;gJVida jPu;Tg; nghjpapy; jq;fpAs;sJ. murpay;> Fbapay; cupikfs;> mJNghy r%f
> nghUshjhu cupikfs;
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20. Cont..
2000k;mz;LkpNydpak;mgptpUj;jp,yf;F.(2000-2015)
08 Goal - 1. Eradicate poverty
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child morality
05. Improve mental health
06. Combat HIV/ AIDS , Malaria and other disease
07. Ensure environmental sustainability
08. A global partnership for development
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21. • 2016 sustainable development “ Development is that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
• 2016 – Sustainable development Goal 17 ( 2015- 2030)
• epiyj;J epw;gJk;>Nkk;gl;lJkhd tpUj;jp –mgptpUj;jp
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22. 8/17/2022 22

23. 1. 2000 k;mz;LkpNydpak; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;F. (2000-2015)
2. ,yq;if
3. 2016 – Sustainable development Goal 17 ( 2015- 2030)
4. ,yq;if
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