Organismal Biology Key Insights for Conservation

Organismal Biology
Organismal biology is the study of structure, function, ecology, and evolution at the level of the
organism. An understanding of the biology of animals and plants allows for a better prediction of
impacts on these organisms from human activity. Having a biological understanding of these
organisms also allows for better conservation practices. Organismal biology will allow me to have in
depth knowledge of species behavior, physiology, and evolutionary history, which is essential
information when making management and conservation plans for specific species. Understanding
the genetic structure and background, and evolutionary history of species and populations allows for
a better understanding of patterns of dispersal, and allows predictions to be made about how species
will react to future environmental threats such as climate change.
Ecology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Understanding how organisms interact with each other and their ecosystems is an important aspect
of conservation. Ecology will include the ecology of a diversity of species and environments such as
wildlife ecology and freshwater ecology. An understanding of ecology allows for better management
of human impacts on the environment. Ecology also provides necessary conservation tools such as
ways to model and organize ecosystems, which is necessary for areas such as wildlife management.
Ecology will allow me to understand the dispersal, migration, and population dynamics of species;
having an understanding of ecology is essential when working to create solutions for environmental
problems that species face, for example, in stabilizing populations of endangered
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Coral Reef Devastation Essay
Mariah Inghram
POLS 4335
April 14, 2016
Coral Reef Degradation
Coral reefs are diverse marine ecosystems that provide habitats to a wide range of organisms
(Mulhall 2009). Today, they are faced with the largest threat to their existence since the 200–300
million years ago in which they first emerged on Earth (Mulhall 2009). Since coral ecosystems are
in rapid decline, sustaining these ecosystems is becoming a viable goal for both national and
international organizations as an increasing number of nations across the world are being affected by
their degradation (Mulhall 2009). Although initiatives are being taken to preserve coral ecosystems,
the global society must continue to take more effective measures in order to preserve the world's
reefs and ensure that the benefits and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There remains a plethora of work to be done in order to combat the global issues threatening coral
reefs, such as climate change, terrestrial runoff, and unsustainable fishing practices (Mulhall 2009).
The belief that coral reef conservation is best accomplished at localized level needs to be challenged
by international organizations' (IOs), non–governmental organizations' (NGOs), and state
government programs' reports that examine the importance of global initiatives in addressing threats
to the world's reefs (Mulhall 2009). It is also crucial that more international funding is provided to
coral reef host countries in order to help them end the degradation to their reefs (Mulhall 2009).
Lastly, an international coral reef–specific agreement that focuses on the conservation of these
ecosystems and includes sanctions for noncompliance must be implemented to better address reef
degradation (Mulhall

Marine Genetic Resources And Bioprospecting
Marine Genetic Resources and Bioprospecting in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. Whether
Bioprospecting for Marine Genetic Resources in the areas beyond national jurisdiction should be
categorised under the common heritage of mankind or freedom of the sea principle. Within three to
four decades, oceanographers and biologists have been able to explore the ocean and its organisms
through the aid of advanced technologies for the purpose of discovering useful genetic materials to
be extracted and adapted for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and bioremediation industries.
However, the method of acquiring such resources requires a lengthy experiment and many
expensive equipment therefore few countries with monetary and scientific powers are only capable
of gathering the marine genetic resources in the deep ocean. There are two main international
instruments concerning these topics which need to be discussed in details which are the 1982 United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the 1982 UNCLOS) and the Convention on Biological
Diversity. In the first one, it divides the ocean space into several zones both vertically and
horizontally but for the purpose of the matters relating to bioprospecting and marine genetic
resources, there are three specific parts of the 1982 UNCLOS relating with the activity of
bioprospecting beyond national jurisdiction and the marine genetic resources in particular: the Area
(Part XI), the High Seas (Part VII) and Marine Scientific Research

Sustainable Development ( United Nations, 2015 )
Goal 14 addresses the issue of conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development (United Nations, 2015). There are seven targets that are used
to achieve success for this goal. The targets that are truly measurable are targets 14.1, 14.3, 14.5,
14.6 and 14.7. Target 14.1 is truly measurable because firstly, marine pollution in the form of debris
visibly fills the oceans and seas and can therefore be tracked to see how the amount changes with
every year. Nutrient pollution causes algal growth in waterways and the algal growth can be
measured to provide information on the amount of nutrient pollution in a water body. Target 14.3 is
measurable because oceans' pH levels can be measured and monitored to collect data over time.
Assuming that target 14.5 is referring to 10% of the entire world's coastal and marine regions, it is
measurable. Target 14.6 is measurable because fisheries subsidies are forms of government
intervention that have economic value. Since financial transfers from the government are involved,
they should be recorded. Since target 14.7 focuses on the economic benefit of Small Island
Developing States and Least Developed Countries, it can be measured by looking at the specific
economic activity and comparing it to previous years. The targets that may be more difficult to
measure are targets 14.2 and 14.4. Target 14.2 is very vague in the sense that it does not provide
enough detail or information about what is

Role Of Judiciary : Court 's Guidelines
Role of judiciary: – Court 's guidelines
INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
The fact remains that they have a persuasive value and command respect. The Rio declaration is the
product of hectic discussion out of the leaders of the nation of the world and it was after negotiations
between the develop and the developing countries that an almost consensus declaration had been
sorted out. Environment is an international problem having no frontiers creating trans– boundary
effects. In this field every nation has to cooperate and contribute and for this reason the Rio
declaration would serve as a great binding force and to create discipline among the nations while
dealing with environment problems.
The united nation conference on the human environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, India has been
an active participant in every such conference and has passed numerous environmental laws relating
to environmental protection. International environmental law has deep foundations in these laws and
India has not only ratified many UN conventions, but the judiciary has actively implemented them
on its own accord in the many landmark judgement, as far back as the 1980. India also has a
burgeoning NGO community which is deeply resourceful and committed to making India an
environmentally friendly state. As India is a commonwealth nation, one can frequently look to
countries like England USA and Australia for precedents. This gives legislators, lawyers and judges
access to global

Essay on Biodiversity
Biodiversity
INTRODUCTION Franck and Brownstone define biological diversity as 'the variety and variability
of living organisms and the biological communities in which they live' (36). Decades of progress in
both the scientific and political arenas have advanced environmental legislation to protect
biodiversity at not only the ecosystem level, but for specific species and genetic material as well.
Research has shown the importance of every organism and their role in the global ecosystem, and
legislation has gradually matured to protect not only species which may become endangered, but the
habitats they need to survive as well. Growing consciousness surrounding environmental issues has
enabled these protections to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simultaneously, thousands of other species across the globe face the same threat: extinction.
Biodiversity is an essential part of our world, our global ecosystem. As Planet Earth?s resources
diminish and its creatures vanish, those who recognize the need to preserve what is disappearing
look to international politics to accomplish what individuals cannot. The most important instrument
for implementation of international policy has been the Convention On International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which went into effect in 1975.
The plight of the rhinoceros is not unlike the all–too–familiar danger that the elephant faces. Illegal
trade is greatly responsible for the endangerment of the species. Valued for their ivory horns, over
90% of the five rhino species have disappeared, while the rest continue to dwindle. The worth of one
rhinoceros horn is $44,000, and the demand remains high in the countries of China, Taiwan, South
Korea and in the Middle East. In East Asia, the horns are regarded as powerful medicinal tools,
known to cure everything from nosebleeds to food poisoning. In a powdered from, the horn is
thought to be a powerful aphrodisiac. Similarly, the animals? genitalia are also considered extremely
valuable.
Existing rhino populations continue to decline. In East Africa, the Black Rhinoceros

Oral Indigenous Knowledge Systems Different From Written...
Q1. How are oral Indigenous knowledge systems different from written Western science traditions?
Indigenous knowledge comprise of all knowledge pertaining to particular people and its region, with
the nature of knowledge transmission being primarily oral via generations. Knowledge such as
scientific, agricultural, technical as well as ecological knowledge is all part of the Indigenous
knowledge. Indigenous knowledge has some distinct features that are not seen in Western science
traditions. Unlike Western science traditions, where rights to knowledge are commonly owned by an
individual and/or company, indigenous knowledge is owned collectively by the indigenous people
of that region. Another distinct feature is the interdependence ... Show more content on
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They are also holistic in their approach, in the sense that land, people, animals, plants and other
objects are all seen together. Senses beyond the observable, such as intuition and 'feeling' are also a
distinguishing feature of Indigenous 'Ways of Knowing'. Inversely, Western Science is characterised
by being religiously agnostic, seeing self as being separate from surroundings, learning through
rational hypothesis testing, seeing objects, and the view that 'now' is for understanding the past and
predicting the future. The Western science traditions are founded on systematic and hierarchical
models, where there is a focus on scientific objectivity, which aims to alleviate any bias in results.
Thus western science traditions aim to be independent of influence from particular perspectives,
value commitments, community bias or personal interests. In summary, indigenous knowledge
systems and traditional western science systems are polarized. Western science is generally
objective and quantitative, as opposed to indigenous systems that are subjective and qualitative. Q2.
Compare and contrast how Indigenous communities classify, identify and name natural resources
with that of how Western scientists undertake these tasks. Western Scientists are process driven in
the method of classifying,

The Impact Of Marine Genetic Resources On The Areas Beyond...
From the beginning, the Group of 77 and China which can be called as a group of developing states
take the perspective that marine genetic resources in the areas beyond national jurisdiction should
also be considered as 'resources' as specified in Article 133 of the 1982 UNCLOS so they have to be
govern by the common heritage of mankind regime while The G–77 reserved its position on an
activity itself in bioprospecting of these resources in the Area. In the legal text, Article 133 states
that 'for the purposes of this part, resources mean all solid, liquid or gaseous mineral resources in the
Area at or beneath the seabed, including polymetallic nodules'. Thus, it is left largely arguable as
this provision does not refer to the living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More or less, one group of states insists that Article 133 is not limited to mineral resources and it
should also be extended to cover the living resources and these resources should have been
governed by the common heritage of mankind according to article 136 providing that resources of
the Area are to be under the common heritage of mankind principle. This position was brought by
delegates as the ground for the continuing disagreement in the later 2008 meeting and 2010 meeting
as the disagreement persists.
With the absence of genetic resources in the Law of the Sea Convention, On the point of
bioprospecting, there is also a supporting argument that bioprospecting is similar to the marine
scientific research so that the activity of collecting the marine genetic resources should be covered
by the 1982 UNCLOS regime under the common heritage of mankind regime not only under part XI
as it concerns with the Area but also by part XIII concerning the marine scientific research.
If this view is taken as an international regime, it means that the activity of searching for the genetic
resources at the deep seabed should have been managed by the International Seabed Authority for
the benefit of mankind as a whole and provide for the equitable sharing of financial and other
economic benefits derived from the activities in the Area and also the transferring of technology has
to be encouraged by the Authority. At present, the ISA manages merely activities related to

Targeting a National Strategic Action Plans in Aichi...
If India was not much into targets, there were some other countries which have already started
implementing the targets in their National Strategic Action Plans
Countries Initiatives
1. Japan Japan has always kept an upper hand in implementing for the Aichi Targets as the COP10
was conducted in Nagoya.
It has also established the Japan Biodiversity Fund, due to which a series of regional, sub regional
and global workshops is being organized in all regions of the world to initiate the process of
translating the Aichi Targets into national priorities and ultimately national laws and regulations
especially like implementation and technical support; social, economic and legal matters; scientific,
technical, technological matters; access and benefit sharing; biosafety; 'Satoyama' initiative
(Satoyama landscape is a traditional Japanese multi–functional land use system in which agricultural
practices and natural resource management techniques are used to optimize the benefits derived
from local ecosystems. The products obtained (including food and fuel) help safeguard the
community against poverty, but without degrading the land, water or other resources ); NBSAP
workshops.11
2. Europe Transforming Aichi Targets into National Targets – With the support of, and in
collaboration with, the International Academy for Nature Conservation, a division of the German
Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity

India's Goals for Conservation
Goal 1– Promote Conservation of Biological Diversity of Ecosystems, Habitats and Biomes
India's count of the Protected Area Network (PAN) has increased especially post the 'Programme of
Work on PAs by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)' in 2004, by a 15 percent. Almost all
state owned forests and other important ecosystems which are outside the PAN were also under
some kind of broad–based conservation planning. Fourteen more potential sites were considered to
get designated as Biosphere Reserves. Apart from the Wetlands, Coral reefs and Mangrove
Conservation areas, research and development activities are also being supported for their
management. So far out of the 115 wetlands in India, 25 have been recognised as Ramsar sites and 6
more are being pushed forward in consideration for the same. Initiatives for Lake Conservation – the
MoEF has been implementing the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) since 2001 for
conservation of polluted and degraded urban/semi–urban lakes, leading 10 lake rejuvenation in
terms of improvement in water quality and biodiversity. Forty two lakes in 12 states have been
covered under the plan so far and also under River Conservation – a National River Conservation
Plan (NRCP), launched by the MoEF in 1993 has been under implementation in 160 towns along
the polluted stretches of 34 rivers spread over 20 states. Since Community Conserved Areas (CCA's)
and the Sacred Groves have been traditionally an important part of a community

Will Economic Valuation Of Nature Be Happily Ever After...
Will Economic Valuation of Nature Be Happily Ever After for Canadian Boreal Forest?
"Nature with all her beautiful plants and animals along with humans lived happily ever after"– This
would be that perfect ending that I would envisage if I ever wrote a fairy tale with Nature as the
female protagonist. But with growing human population and increasing demand for natural
resources our planet's happily ever after story seems very distant and distraught. According to
Convention of Biological Diversity nearly 20,000 species of plants and animals are at a high risk of
extinction and if this trend continues, Earth would see another mass extinction event within a few
centuries.
Fortunately, in midst of these negative news reckoning the dooms ... Show more content on
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Can similar valuation exercise lead to Canadian Boreal forests happily ever after?
Picture 2: Mining and gas wells within Boreal forests Photo credit: Green Peace
Firstly, economic valuation of ecosystem services can provide a logical reasoning to oppose
unwarranted industrial development in Boreal zone. For instance, a study conducted by Canadian
Boreal Initiative on Counting Canada's Natural Capital estimated the total economic value of boreal
ecosystem services (both market and non–market values) in the year 2002 as 750 billion CAD
which would equate to 61 percent of the value of Canada's GDP (as of 2002). Furthermore, on
comparing the values, it was found that total non–market value of boreal ecosystem services is 13.8
times greater than the net market value of boreal natural capital extraction. The results imply that
economic, ecological and social benefits of boreal forest systems in their pristine state, may be
significantly greater than the market values derived from current industrial development–forestry,
oil and gas, mining, and hydroelectric energy– combined.
Secondly, the regeneration capacity of these forests are very low so the trees once destroyed, would
take much longer to grow back than forests in tropical regions. Fires in Canada's boreal forest are
common, burning an average of 2m ha every year. Insurance Bureau of Canada calculated the
damage from wildfire in Fort McMurray, Alta., as $3.58 billion, making it the most expensive
disaster for

Synthetic Biology : An Interdisciplinary Branch Of Biology...
Synthetic Biology Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering that
incorporates the design and development of new biological elements, equipment, and systems, as
well as the re–design of existing natural biological systems for useful functions. It is a practice that
guarantees improved drugs, better hydrated crops, greener fuels and even a potentially modernized
or reconstructed chemical industry. Synthetic biology also has the potential to reduce our
dependence on oil and address climate change (Waxman, " Synthetic biology can help fight climate
change and pollution"). According to Representative Henry Waxman of California, and Chair of the
House Energy and Commerce Committee, "Research is underway to develop microbes that would
produce oil, giving us a renewable fuel that could be used interchangeably with gasoline without
creating more global warming pollution." Not only that, "research could also lead to oil–eating
microbes, an application that, as the Gulf spill unfortunately demonstrates, would be extremely
useful." A relatively new and controversial topic, synthetic biology promises a better future for
mankind due to its beneficial impact on the environment. As biotechnologists have learned how to
interpret and manipulate genetic code, they have begun to take the useful genetic information from
one organism and add it to another. This has become the groundwork of genetic engineering, or
synthetic biology. It has allowed researchers to

Elephant Poaching
The complexity surrounding conservation is a theme that I found both important and compelling.
This topic came up during the "Class within a Class" on the Illegal Wildlife Trade. One of the
readings assigned was a New York Times article about elephant poaching. After working at a charity
focusing on wildlife preservation in Africa last summer, I had become passionate about elephant
conservation. I had learned about the rapid decline of elephants along with the threat of poaching
based on the ivory trade. Yet after completing the readings, I realized that the issue was more
complicated than I had previously appreciated. For example, I was unaware of the complex
geopolitical elements of the issue: the ivory demands of middle–class China, the ... Show more
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The severity of these political and economic factors often impacts the success of a given
convention's outcomes. We surveyed a variety of conservation treaties, from the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) to the Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats (EUROBATS). Some
of these, such as EUROBATS, were more successful, with a smaller group of countries being able to
work in close cooperation through this treaty. Most European countries are relatively politically and
economically stable and have a network of NGOs that can assist in conservation efforts. This
contributed heavily to the success of EUROBATS. Conversely, CITES is an agreement that spans
the globe, requiring the needs and interests of the global North and South be taken into account. As
seen with the elephant poaching case study, some countries lack the ability to enforce the rules of
CITES, even if they are a party to the convention. Without the cooperation of these countries, the
impact of CITES on wildlife conservation has been weakened. The complexity surrounding
conservation highlights the difficulties in creating an effective conservation regime for a given
species and the problems in designing a treaty acceptable to all global States. Yet it also stands as a
reminder of the necessity of global cooperation for solving trans–boundary environmental
problems–an overarching theme of this course that is applicable to almost every issue we

How Resource Managers Encourage The Attitudinal Changes
How should resource managers encourage the attitudinal changes that are required to inspire
conservation of indigenous biodiversity on private land?
Attitudinal changes towards conservation within landowners is a major issue for indigenous
biodiversity. For example according to (Debby, 2012) the US fails to maintain eight–hundred
thousand hectares of land yearly. Which compromises of forty–four million hectares of wetlands
placed on private land. Conservation policies have tried to address this issue, though regardless of
positive results private landowners still decide not to tell organisations about species habitats found
within their area as they are scared that their land–use opportunities will be limited (Debby, 2012). It
is a key role of resource managers to help inspire conservation through the use of conservation
programmes such as Networking approaches, communication and Easements. (fishburne, 2009)
states that Conservation easements are commitments amongst landowners and an organisation to
enhance conservation through the use of limiting development and certain land behaviour.
Landowners will gain tax income benefits as an incentive. This essay will highlight factors which
motivate and determine whether there is participation by landowners in conservation programmes
and how resource managers can capitalise on these determinants to enhance/encourage conservation
of indigenous biodiversity on private land. This paper will also examine current conservation
programmes

Global Climate Change, Sustainable Development
The Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO's) addressing international issues,
mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues
have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and
international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international
level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the
movement for international environmental protection grew significantly. The first issues such as oil
spills, nuclear testing, and overfishing was the areas targeted for ratification by the United Nations,
concerning the environmental protection of Antarctica. Increasing concerns over loss species and
poorer nations in the lack of resources lead to these three major issues, biodiversity, global climate
change, and sustainable development in which the paper will discuss. Keywords: biodiversity,
global climate change, sustainable development International Environmental Movements
Introduction
There are settings where international environmental disputes are arbitrated, such as National courts,
the International Court of Justice, and international panels. These meetings, however, generally
require that the disputing parties freely submit to the jurisdiction of the court or board.

The Importance of Biodiversity
'Define Biodiversity and using examples, explain why it is important'
Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. A fuller definition is given in the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) from the 1992 Earth summit: 'Biodiversity is the variability among
living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and
the ecological complexes of which they are part ; this includes diversity within species, between
species and of ecosystems' (Hambler, C., 2004, 11).
Within planet earth today Biodiversity forms the foundation for the vast array of ecosystem services
that critically contribute to human well being. It is as important in human managed ecosystems as
well as natural ecosystems (Hambler, C., ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Endangered species of plants or animals may have properties yet to be discovered that could provide
important medicines (Hambler, C., 2004, 29). In addition to such direct benefits, the world's diverse
living creatures working in concert provide important ecological functions such as air and water
purification, climate regulation, erosion control, and providing oxygen in the atmosphere that
humans need to breathe (Hambler, C., 2004, 29).
Some ecologists also stress the aesthetic value of a natural world rich with an abundance of varied
and often beautiful life–forms. Many common human behaviours exhibit the importance of being
able to enjoy Biodiversity in many different ways. It may be that survival is possible but life without
this biodiversity being available may prove boring and unfulfilling (Primack, R.B, 2002,24).
In addition, the interactions taking place between world economics and biodiversity also has to be
taken into consideration. The arguments for the conservation of biodiversity with regards to
economics are divided quite broadly into 'direct use value' and 'indirect use value'. direct use value is
involved with microbial products such as animals and plants whereas indirect use is involved with
the ecosystem services that are provided by a group of species and habitats, these include the likes
of flood

The Anthropocene Epoch : Humanity Essay
The Anthropocene Epoch
Humanity is confronted by multiple environmental challenges which threaten to undermine the
advances in health achieved over recent decades. The Rockefeller Foundation/Lancet Commission
on Planetary Health showed how climate change, loss of biodiversity, land use change, ocean
acidification and overfishing, nitrogen and phosphorus loading and environmental pollution more
generally all have the potential to adversely affect health through a range of pathways1. A recent
joint publication by WHO and Convention on Biological Diversity articulated the myriad
connections between biodiversity and health and the threats to both posed by environmental
change2. The dramatic changes in the global environment have led many scientists to conclude that
we are living in a new geological epoch – the Anthropocene – in which the activities of one species
– homo sapiens –have become the dominant driving force transforming the Earth's natural systems3.
These natural systems provide food, clean water and air and modulate the global temperature within
limits in which humanity has been able to flourish for around 11,500 years during the preceding
Holocene epoch.
The scale and pace of change is dramatic; for example, the extinction of species is occurring at
around 100–fold pre–human rates4. The population sizes of vertebrate species have, on average,
declined by half over the last 45 years5. More than 2.3 million km2 of primary forest has been felled
since 20006. About

The Council Of The United States Essay
made up of fifty four member countries elected by the general assembly for three year terms with
staggered elections and each member has one vote
Secretariat
The secretary–general of the UN is the closest thing to a "president of the world" that exists. The
secretary general is nominated unanimously by the Security Council which must include the five
permanent states, and then approved by the general assembly. The staff of the secretary general can
be regarded as an international civil service, which is not to seek nor receive instructions from any
other authority but the UN itself. Trusteeship Council
The trusteeship council now defunct was established in order to supervise the trust territories created
after the end of the second war. The administration of each territory was carried out by a specific
state, but certain supervisory responsibilities were performed by the General Assembly through the
agency of the Trusteeship Council.
International Court of Justice
The international court of justice now called the world court is the organ of the UN responsible for
the handling of judicial disputes between states. The Court which is headquartered in The Hague is
composed of fifteen judges elected by concurrent vote of the General Assembly and the Security
Council. However only states, not individuals or businesses, can sue or be sued in the World Court.
Current Roles of the United Nations
The current roles of the United

Global Climate Change, Sustainable Development
The Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO's) addressing international issues,
mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues
have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and
international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international
level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of environmental harm and the
movement for international environmental protection grew significantly. The first issues such as oil
spills, nuclear testing, and overfishing was the areas targeted for ratification by the United Nations,
concerning the environmental protection of Antarctica. Increasing concerns over loss species and
poorer nations in the lack of resources lead to these three major issues, biodiversity, global climate
change, and sustainable development in which the paper will discuss. Keywords: biodiversity,
global climate change, sustainable development International Environmental Movements
Introduction
The environment has no replacement, and therefore, it is the role of the earth's inhabitant to ensure it
is handled correctly. International Environment Movements have stepped in to aid in the fight of
saving the environment for the future generation. The key concerns identified by International

The Protection Of The Environment
Introduction
Information and public participation play an important role in the protection of the environment. To
that end they have become rights which are protected internationally, continentally and domestically,
ensuring that all citizens and organizations are able to play an active role in the management of the
environmental at all levels. By enabling public participation, governments are inevitably providing
transparency in governance and therefore reinforcing the legislative and institutional safeguards that
have been put in place to protect the environment. It is important that some level of transparency is
available regarding environmental decisions in order to allow the public be aware of decision–
making procedures, as well the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under Principle 10, public participation is a creature of three distinct requirements Firstly, there is a
recognition that participation does not occur in a vacuum; rather, it is facilitated by a healthy
understanding of the current state of the environment. The Rio Declaration recognized that "at the
national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the
environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and
activities in their communities ."
As such, there is a responsibility on governments to make available information on the environment
and the current risks faced to the citizens. The Rio Declaration states that "states shall facilitate and
encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available" . This
includes educating local communities as to the environmental risks they specifically face and their
sources. It also means providing an adequate mechanism for governmental bodies to provide this
information.
Secondly when the public is fully aware of the status of their environment, then citizens and interest
groups should be provided with "the opportunity to participate in the decision making–process ".
Individuals and organizations should have a say in the drafting of legislation, regulation and
guidelines.

Copyright And Copyright Of Copyright Essay
COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARK
1. Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually
Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE CONVENTION/ TREATY/ AGREEMENT
The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually
Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (MVT) is the most recent expansion to the assemblage of
global copyright bargains directed by WIPO. It has a reasonable compassionate and social
improvement measurement and its principle objective is to make a situated of required limits and
exemptions for the advantage of the visually impaired, outwardly hindered and generally print
incapacitated (VIPs).
It obliges Contracting Parties to present a standard arrangement of impediments and special cases to
copyright governs to allow proliferation, dispersion and making accessible of distributed works in
organizations intended to be available to VIPs, and to allow trade of these works crosswise over
fringes by associations that serve those recipients.
The Treaty illuminates that recipient persons are those influenced by a scope of handicaps that
meddle with the powerful perusing of printed material. The expansive definition incorporates
persons, who are blind, outwardly impeded, or perusing debilitated or persons with a physical
handicap that keeps them from holding and controlling a book.
Just works "as content, documentation and/or related representations, whether distributed or

Economic Impact Of The Fossil Fuel Industry
4.3 ECONOMIC EFFECIENCY It is very difficult to replace the heavy capital invested in the fossil
fuel industry . Thus nations are several years away from decarbonisation. NETs are flexible
mitigation technologies allowing the use of existing energy infrastructure to meet increasing power
demands minus the resulting carbon emissions. One of the promising features of NETs such as CCS
is its ability to pull out the undesirable CO2 emissions, allowing the use of domestically available
supplies of fossil fuels . This can lead to huge cost savings. NETs such as bio char, AR, wetland
restoration, SCS and BECCS are estimated to be more cost effective than mitigation methods; some
of them being available at costs below $100/tC02 . These NETs ... Show more content on
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Since 1890, industrialised countries have contributed 54.5% of the global GHG emissions due to
which emission reduction targets in the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol were based on the
principle of CBDR (common but differentiated responsibility) . Developed nations have been the
major contributors of cumulative emissions, but the developing nations are most likely to suffer its
effects in future; leading to a possible moral corruption in the form of delay in the research and
deployment of NETs by the industrialised nations . 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND EQUITY If CO2
removal is to become feasible climate policy, determining the differentiated climate responsibilities
of states will be as important as determining its expense and negative impacts . Ethical questions
about justice and consent with respect to control over C02 levels and other complex political issues
will arise . Should contribution to historic cumulative emissions, financial capabilities and access to
advanced technology be factors in determining differentiated responsibilities of nations towards
NETs? Meeting the 1.5C or 2C target carries a threat of conflict regarding burden sharing . Hence
clarity regarding the burden sharing, distribution and other administrative and implementation issues
related to these technologies is

International Law And National Levels
Introduction All through the most recent four decades, coordinated endeavours have been taken by
states at universal, local and national levels to address natural difficulties postured far and wide.
Amidst this period, global understandings have been made running from the "marine environment to
space and from species conservation to assurance of the ozone layer". In addition, the author
peddled that this period has additionally seen the foundation of new global establishments which
have reinforced endeavours towards tending to the difficulties postured by natural concerns.
Remarkably, the United Nations Environment Program ( 'UNEP ') and the United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development ( 'UNCSD ') are two conspicuous bodies ... Show more
Thereafter, the author will provide a critical analysis of the various laws and the compliance and
enforcement mechanisms available to discern whether or not they are effective. The author of this
essay shall subsequently conclude by arguing that international environmental laws have not been
very effective due to the non–binding nature of many of the procedures put in place. The Sources of
International Environmental Law and the Enforcement Mechanisms According to the author,
sources of international environmental law are essentially the "same as those from which all
international law emanates", because international environmental law is simply a branch of
international law. The sources of law fall into two broad categories, namely hard and soft law. The
former are comprised of treaties / conventions, customary international law, case law, inter alia, and
the latter – soft–law – are comprised of "non–binding declarations, codes, guidelines, or
recommended principles". The Establishment of International Environmental Law The author
predicates that, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment ('UNCHE') was
established in 1972 with the purpose of establishing "common principles to inspire and guide the
peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment".
Subsequently, the author posits that these efforts were aimed at

Egypt Controversy: The New Suez Canal
The "New Suez Canal"
The Suez Canal is the shortest waterway between the east and the west due to its unique location. It
is the longest waterway without locks, this means that all the bodies of water are at the same level.
Opened in 1869 after 10 years of work, it is liable to be widened and deepened to accommodate the
big developed ship. On the 5th of August 2014 the Egyptian president, Abdel Fattah Al Sisi, began
the project of digging a new Canal. The new 45–mile waterway would run alongside the 193 Km
Suez Canal, it will include 37 Km of dry digging and 35 Km of expansion and deepening of the
current Canal. Building the second canal will, promote safety, allow two–way traffic and cut waiting
times down from 11 hours to 3 hours, and will also allow ships that are 66ft deep to travel in both
directions. The completion of this ambitious project will increase the number of ships able to pass
the canal from an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
18 scientists stated that the new canal " is sure to have a diverse range of effects, at a local and
regional scales, on both the biological diversity and the goods and services of the Mediterranean
Sea." Israeli daily Haaretz reported Monday. They are worried that new species will enter the
Mediterranean since "of nearly 700 multicellular and nonindigenous species currently recognized
from the Mediterranean Sea, fully half were introduced through the Suez Canal since

The Importance Of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of all plants and animals (species of different flora, fauna and micro–
organisms and their genes) and the ecosystem (terrestrial and aquatic) in which they live. It supplies
humans with goods and services vital for living (CBD 2010) which are the basic needs such as food,
fresh water, clean air, and timber for shelter, fiber for clothing, fuel and medicine. These also
provide cultural services that include aesthetic, spiritual, recreational and educational (MEA 2003).
Environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity is exacerbated due to human activities
influenced by modernization. To continue human existence there is a need to conserve biodiversity.
The involvement of the International Labor Organization (ILO) with the indigenous peoples' issues
led to the creation of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention of 1989 (No. 169) that deals with
the rights of the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and tribes in independent countries. In the article 5 of the
said convention states the recognition and protection of their cultural values and practices as well as
the social and spiritual values.
The Philippines is an archipelago composed of 7,641 islands as reported by National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA). According to the United Nations Development
Programme (2010), it has an estimated 14–17 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs) that belong to 110
ethno–linguistic groups. These people depended so much on natural resources and the services

100th Of The World's Worst Invasive Species
A question that usually ask by people when travelling to different countries is whether carrying the
native–species across the boundary or not?
One of the solutions to solve the lacking resources and native plant for agriculture and farming is
that investigate other species from different country. This sound good for developing the economy
but it is also the risk that can bring threat to the environment by interrupting the native food chain.
Many species going through the natural immigration to the new area, also have to face with the
challenge to posse the evolutionary adaptions in order to survive in the new surroundings. Usually,
the invasive species are introduced and transported to the new habitats through global commerce
and trade. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.
The convention on biological diversity is now putting the invasive species on judge for the decision
on the trading of nonnative alien species from its natural environment to new area due to the issue
and impact .
Kriticos, Darren J., et al. "Invasive Alien Species In The Food Chain: Advancing Risk Assessment
Models To Address Climate Change, Economics And Uncertainty." Neobiota 18 (2013): 1–7.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.
This article investigates what risk is created when the invasive species are disrupting the native food
chain. The author is using the reference from different majorities to showing many dissimilar views
about this situation. Invasive alien species are not only harm the environment but also the economy
and uncertainty.
Blackburn, Tim M, et al. "A Unified Classification Of Alien Species Based On The Magnitude Of
Their Environmental Impacts." Plos Biology 12.5 (2014): e1001850. MEDLINE with Full Text.
Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
Diamond, Jared M. Collapse : How Societies Choose To Fail Or Succeed. n.p.: New York : Viking,
2005., 2005. Print. 20 Oct.

Analyzing Climate Change
Climate change has become one of the most important issues on the global political agenda. This is
largely due to the fact that the developments that influence climate change also impact the way in
which life is conducted at local, regional, national, and global level.
The present paper aims to analyze climate change from a general perspective with due consideration
for aspects that eventually define climate change as an essential challenge as well as for humanity in
its entirety and for the individual as a single element of society.
The first part of the research provides background information on what climate change is, what are
its most important constituent elements, and what are its implications. Climate change represents in
essence a global challenge that can only be tackled at the global level. This is why it is important to
consider the views and perspectives of global organizations such as the United Nations, through the
United Nations Environment Program among other organisms under the coordination of the United
Nations. Climate change has been at the center of vivid debates in recent decades particularly
because it affects all strata of human life, from food supplies to education, health, and sustainable
development. Its complex impact on human life makes climate change an all the more important
aspect to be taken into account by policy makers, world leaders, and decision takers around the
world.
The second part of the research focuses on the initiatives

Water Potential Essay
The western part of the country has exhibited the criteria that has warranted water relocation efforts.
For a time, the water diversion efforts worked to serve the communities around it appropriately.
However, as the withdrawal of water has exceeded the supply and as climate change has contributed
to decreasing water supply, there are serious threats to the future of available water in the western
United States. One proposed solution involves diverting water from the Great Lakes in Michigan to
the southwest. The location of the Great Lakes, positioned between the United States and Canada,
leads to international considerations and a controversial problems regarding international law. The
lakes serve as a water source to both the Americans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, there is a high demand for water. At present, Pennsylvania does not face the water shortages
that warrant water relocation, however, if surface and groundwater withdrawals increase it could
push Pennsylvania closer to considering installing more hydrological alterations and exacerbate the
problems that currently face the nation as a whole.
There is a clear demand for water in locations that do not naturally have an adequate supply. Water
diversion projects serve their purpose in providing water for individual consumers as well as for
irrigation and industry. However, as illustrated in this paper, there are severe consequences that arise
when disrupting the natural flow of water the ecosystem around it. To mitigate some of the
consequences national geographic has suggested restricting the construction of dams, providing
incentives for farming business to reduce the use of pesticides, establishing protected wetlands
areas, and regulating water withdrawal for human use (Freshwater Threats, 2016). It is important
that the solutions to reduce the negative effects of hydrological alterations are aimed at various
areas. Efforts should be aimed at reducing the demand for water by increasing efficiency in industry
and irrigation as well as increasing the efficiency of water delivery. Efforts should be aimed at the
careful planning, engineering, and construction of the hydrological alterations with special attention

Essay On Normative Work
Focus Area 1: Normative Work
The UN has served as the key forum where Member States and experts have developed universal
norms and standards in conventions, declarations, regulatory frameworks, agreements, guidelines,
codes of practice and other standard setting instruments, at national and regional levels. The UN's
normative work in Afghanistan operates at three categories: a) support in the development of norms
and standards; b) support in integrating norms and standards into legislation, policies and
development plans; and c) support in implementing legislation, policies and development plans
based on the international norms, standards and conventions. On the one hand, the UN's normative
work acts as a foundation for the work of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather, it builds on decades of lessons learned and experience and will also facilitate the insertion of
any country in international exchanges and trade or movement of persons and goods or simply
provide common references when two countries discuss border management, educational standards
or combatting illegal trade. The UN also assists with regional coordination to assist countries to
establish norms and to implement transnational actions in complex areas, such as regional activities
under the 1988 Convention to prevent chemical precursors being smuggled into Afghanistan for use
in the illicit manufacture of drugs, and support to regional peace negotiation efforts.
The UN has developed unique expertise in training people on how to adopt and work with the
international norms, adjust legislation in all relevant sectors once such norms are introduced and
prepare and support
Page | 3
governments and other stakeholders (civil society or private sector) toward the new operating
conditions they often create. In Afghanistan, as elsewhere, the normative work is part of the ongoing
relationship with government counterparts and as such does not take place only through established
bilateral or multi–agency mechanisms of dialogue with counterparts. For example, the entire
protection architecture, with its multiple subsidiary bodies (clusters and working groups), relies on a
large and expanding set of norms from

The Whaling Of Whaling Nations
1. What is the IWC? In 1946, whaling nations established the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling in order to prohibit the killing of certain endangered whale species, set
quotas and minimum size for whales caught commercially and regulate the whaling seasons. This
convention was not an environmental agreement, but a club of whaling nations to regulate the
practice of catching whales. The International Whaling Commission, (IWC), was the decision
making body in charge of the regime and was tasked with the duty of protecting this marine species.
Unfortunately, not only was the IWC largely toothless in terms of enforcing their rules, many of
their actions were actually counterproductive. The IWC would met in secret to haggle over quotas
that were set so high more whales were being killed than before the convention and the total number
of whales killed doubled between 1951 and 1962. Even worse, while the major whaling nations
were members of the IWC, many developing countries refused to join or abide by its decisions and
even went so far as to allow pirate whalers who sold their products to Japan to operate within their
territories. Overall, the IWC was largely ineffective until the blue whale became endangered in the
1960's. 2. What is land–degradation neutrality? Land–Degradation Neutrality was defined at COP12
(12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity) in 2015 as
"A state whereby the amount and quality of land

Sovereignty Vs Environmental Sustainability
State Sovereignty vs. Environmental Sustainability
With humanities growing knowledge of skills and technology, we have been able to manipulate
nature to meet the growing needs of humans. By doing this humans have fished, gathered species,
hunted for food, fuel, and shelter. Humans have domesticated plants and animals, cut forests, used
anything from fire to technological advancements to alter habitats, and have significantly changes
chemical hydrological and geochemical cycles. As a result humans do not reflect what life on earth
is, but changes to landscape and sea reflect human culture. As species die, humans lose their food,
medicines and industrial resources and products that supply today for tomorrow. For humans to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As third world countries try to compete with their flourishing neighbors, earth's natural resources
have been stressed to an unsustainable level which poses two main problems. Humans moving from
rural to urban areas of the country allow people to use resources that wouldn't have been available if
local sustainable lifestyles had been maintained. And second, as the human population drastically
increases, resources needed per capita increases, consequentially adding stress on the environment.
1 As need for resources increased, so did technologies in transportation, which allowed for extensive
logging in tropical rainforest. The degradation of such habitats continues to result in the loss of an
enormous amount of species. Scarcity of natural resources has posed a large problem not only on the
earth, but has created conflict among countries. Disagreements according to the specific details of
environmental problems and how to solve them have created problems in international relations.
The intractable difference between all countries who express concern is their sovereignty. "The
dominant tradition within International Relations is state–centric, centered around concepts of state
sovereignty and the beliefs that states are the primary actors in international affairs and that
international affairs and international politics are largely driven by states pressing their interest."2
Environmental problems usually affect more than one

Anthropocene Pros And Cons
Though, stratigraphic conventions presently place the modern world in the Holocene epoch, it is
unlikely this classification persists for much longer. As human environmental impacts continue to
grow exponentially, it has become increasingly obvious that mankind is no longer a captive
participant in the global ecosystem. Instead, throwing off the shackles of environmental
determinism, humans have fundamentally altered their relationship with nature, becoming agents of
environmental change unlike any the world has witnessed before. This new era, defined by our
environmental actions, christened the "Anthropocene," has become progressively more popular
since its inception in the late 1800s. Yet, despite its pervasiveness in today's scientific literature, ...
Built upon newly discovered silver resources, once limited European influence and trade grew
explosively. The Spanish silver Reales, the first global currency, unshackled expansive business,
altering mankind's relationship with nature, and birthing capitalism, an economic and cultural
marker of the Anthropocene's onset. Capitalisms expansion saw natural resources became
increasingly monetized and transported globally. Quite often, though not necessarily intentional, an
array of biotic life accompanied these commodified exports on their transoceanic movements. Soon,
exotic species of plants and animals found their ways new countries and continents alike, notably
increasing 16th century local biological diversity on a global scale. Pigs, cows, goats, cats, horses,
and rats became common sight in lands the world over, leaving upon their death potential fossilized
remains, ideal and distinct geological markers signaling the age of man. Complementing these
aforementioned 16th century cultural and stereographic anthropogenic markers, is a noticeable
atmospheric anomaly, the 1610 Orbis Spike. Riding alongside and inside the biological life
transported across the oceans in the 16th century was an array of diseases, often completely foreign
to their countries of destination. Once hitting new shores, these diseases spread

Essay On Gene Diversity
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING:
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Benefits Arising from their Utilization (the Protocol) was concluded in October 2010 under the
auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity after many years of negotiations. This provides
an international framework for establishing national regimes on Access and benefit sharing (ABS).
ICC played an active role coordinating business participation in the negotiations and continues to
coordinate business input in the process of national implementation of the Protocol.
ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS:
Both the diversity of traditional knowledge system on use of medicinal plants as ... Show more
 The 'Recommendations at the Multilateral Level' of the Expert Meeting on Systems and National
Experiences for Protecting Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices, held in UNCTAD
from 30 October to I November, 2000, noted that 'exclusions from patentability of TK based
products in one country, for instance, would not exclude others from granting it a patent'.
 . In order to ensure that national level regimes for preventing bio–piracy and ensuring benefit
sharing arrangements are effectively implemented and are not violated when use or
commercialization of TK takes place outside the country, suggestions have been made by India in
international fora under the aegis of CBD as well as WTO, that applications for patents should
disclose the following: The source of knowledge and biological material; and an undertaking that
the prevalent laws and practices of the country of origin have been fully respected.
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF NATIONAL LEVEL SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTION OF
TK
 . It is quite clear that the existing forms of intellectual property protection regimes do not
adequately recognize the rights of TK holders. National level mechanisms and legal provisions to
prevent bio–piracy

Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvianamazonia Through...
Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia through integrated action
139
Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia through integrated action Conservación de
Biodiversidad en la Amazonía peruana a través de acciones integradas Sanna–Kaisa Juvonen1*,
Luis Campos Baca2, León Bendayan Acosta2, Ada Castillo Ordinola2, Lizardo Fachin Malaverri2,
Darwin Gómez Ventocilla2, Risto Kalliola2, Kember Mejía Carhuanca2, José Luis Mena Alvarez2,
Víctor Miyakawa Solís2, Fernando Rodríguez Achung2, Juan José Rodríguez Gamarra2, Kalle
Ruokolainen2, Jukka Salo2, José Sanjurjo Vilchez2, Pekka Soini Nordberg2 & Hernán Tello
Fernandez2
1
Project Biological Diversity of Peruvian Amazonia (BIODAMAZ, Peru–Finland), Instituto de
Investigaciones de ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many different institutions, among them universities and research institutions, non–governmental
and governmental organizations, store and manage data on Peruvian Amazonia but this information
is not available for users. Lack of inter–institutional coordination has so far prevented formation of a
truly functional national biodiversity information system and led to unnecessary doubling of efforts
and waste of scarce resources. For the existing information to be readily available for the decision–
makers and to other users Peru needs an information system on biological diversity that is accessible
by many. In the vicinity of the city of Iquitos there is a newly established protected area,
AllpahuayoMishana Reserved Zone, which is in need of financial and technical assistance in
developing a management plan for the Reserve and accompanying studies to understand the
biological diversity of the area. The Reserve is considered to be one of the most important sites for
biodiversity conservation in Peruvian Amazonia. This is because of a very diverse plant and animal
life and the mosaic nature of the forest. Ex situ conservation facilities form an important part of
biodiversity. There are only a few ex situ conservation facilities in Peru. These facilities become
important when animal and plant species are in danger of extinction, the protected areas are
threatened and the areas outside protected areas are not protected. Botanical gardens function as

Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvianamazonia Through...
Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia through integrated action
139
Conservation of Biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia through integrated action Conservación de
Biodiversidad en la Amazonía peruana a través de acciones integradas Sanna–Kaisa Juvonen1*,
Luis Campos Baca2, León Bendayan Acosta2, Ada Castillo Ordinola2, Lizardo Fachin Malaverri2,
Darwin Gómez Ventocilla2, Risto Kalliola2, Kember Mejía Carhuanca2, José Luis Mena Alvarez2,
Víctor Miyakawa Solís2, Fernando Rodríguez Achung2, Juan José Rodríguez Gamarra2, Kalle
Ruokolainen2, Jukka Salo2, José Sanjurjo Vilchez2, Pekka Soini Nordberg2 & Hernán Tello
Fernandez2
1
Project Biological Diversity of Peruvian Amazonia (BIODAMAZ, Peru–Finland), Instituto de ...
Introduction After the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity in the United Nations
Congress on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, a number of development
projects addressing the theme of biodiversity has considerably increased. Many of these projects
have been channeled through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) or other international
agencies. Also, many bilateral projects have seen light. In the aftermath of the signing of the
Convention the Peruvian Government approached the Finnish Government in 1995 with a proposal
of a technical assistance project to assess the biological diversity of Peruvian Amazonia and to assist
Peru in developing a national strategy for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in that
region – a requirement of the Convention. This request was a result of a long–term research
engagement between Peru and Finland through institutional cooperation between Peruvian
institutions and universities and the University of Turku in Finland. This cooperation had already
produced valuable new insights to assessment of biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia (Kalliola et al.
1993, Tuomisto et al. 1995, Ruokolainen et al. 1997, Kalliola & Flores 1998). The Peruvian
proposal resulted in a three–year cooperation project (1999–2002) between the governments of Peru
and Finland called the Biological Diversity of Peruvian Amazonia Project in order to address

The Decline Of Biodiversity In Australia
Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world and as such is an important aspect of
all human life. Nature provides food, and ways of preventing diseases. Overall, it makes Earth a
livable place for all life. It's been estimated that there are around thirty million species on earth but
only around 1.7 million are identified. The issue with biodiversity is that it is rapidly declining in
many parts of the world and once the biodiversity in an area is wiped out, it is basically impossible
to revive. There are a couple of reasons as to why there is a steady decline in biodiversity. Some of
the ways include habitat loss, spread of diseases or invasive species, and climate change. One way
the rate at which biodiversity decreases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australia is considered a mega diversity nation, meaning that Australia has a very large portion of
the Earth's biodiversity compared to other nations. Even though it holds a large portion of the
biodiversity, it also has had the largest decline in biodiversity compared to any other country. The
Australian Government recognizes the issues presented by biodiversity loss in their country and has
acts in place in order to make improvements. Acts such as implementing the Australian Biodiversity
Conservation Strategy 2010 – 2030, which had been reviewed in 2015. Their strategy includes
enlisting the help of the majority of their people by "mainstreaming" the issue, reducing the threats
to biodiversity and implementing intense monitoring. This is one country where the government
understands the importance of biodiversity and are taking action against the decline but although the
australian government has programs in place, they don't seem to be making very much progress.
According to an article focused entirely on Australia's progress in biodiversity conservation,
Australia has barely made any progress in actually reducing the growing loss of biodiversity there.
The country itself has a greater amount of biodiversity compared to other countries and doesn't have
the pressures of population but has made very little progress in conserving it. There's at least 46
other countries that have better and more

Humanitarian Affairs Segment
Throughout the world, nations are struck by inevitable disasters that agitate the equilibrium of
everyday lives. From the destruction to relief, the Economic and Social Council takes on
humanitarian actions to aid the ones who are in need. ECOSOC Humanitarian Affairs Segment
compiles together members of the United Nations to assist and ease affected communities. Every
year in June, the Humanitarian Affairs Segment is brought together to devise an action plan on how
to approach the most recent disaster. With this technique, they are able to besiege each situation. A
possible countermeasure that should be taken is to spread awareness to gain volunteers to be able to
initiate the strategy effectively offered by the Humanitarian Affairs Segment.

The And Its Effects On Indigenous People
"Bioprospecting is aimed to make humans rich, not to conserve forests" (Onaga 2001). Even though
the Convention on Biological Diversity called for more benefit sharing, in most cases
bioprospecting agreements cannot be enforced by source countries, communities, or the convention
(Sandhu 3,4). This makes biopiracy common, since the country that makes a successful commercial
product is likely to want to protect their intellectual property rights and neglect indigenous
contributions (Cluis 1). A local curing plant that was once a free commodity to indigenous people, is
now a marketed one that becomes unaffordable for the ones that discovered its value and used it
before anyone else (Cluis 1). In 1969, a fungus containing 'cyclosporin' was collected in Norway
and brought to Switzerland for screening (Dhillion et al. 492). It happened to be an
immunosuppressant that could treat patients with organ transplantations. This discovery was before
the Convention on Biological Diversity, so Norway got no credit. However, if they would have
received a mere 2% royalty from the profit, they would have gained $24.3 million in 1997 alone,
proving the incredible economic potential bioprospecting has (Dhillion et al. 492). Bioprospecting
can also harm the environment, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been criticized for
devastating populations of "Maytenus Buchananii," a native Kenyan species with medicinal uses
(Dhillion et al. 492). Lack of legal framework and indigenous

Organismal Biology Key Insights for Conservation

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