This document discusses the properties of various p-block elements, including boron, carbon, silicon, and aluminum. It provides general information on electron configurations, atomic radii, ionization energies, and trends within groups. Specific compounds are also examined, such as borax, boronic acid, diamond, graphite, fullerenes, silicon polymers, zeolites, and aluminum alloys. Common uses of carbon, silicon, and aluminum compounds/alloys in materials and applications are described. Global warming due to excessive carbon dioxide emissions is also briefly mentioned.

1. P- Block element

2. S Block
D Block
P Block
F Block

3. P-block element

4. Atomic radius

5. Inert paired effect

6. More Stable- BCl3 or TlCl3
?

8. Cl
Cl
Cl = F

9. Electron Deficient compound.

10. Boric acid(H3BO3)
Structure of Boric acid-
combine
This with many boric
acid.

13. General E.C-
ns2 np1

14. General E.C-
ns2 np2

15. General E.C-
ns2 np3

16. General E.C-
ns2 np4

17. General E.C-
ns2 np5

18. General E.C-
ns2 np6

20. E.C of Group 13 Element
Occurence

23. Highly
Reactive

24. General trends in group 13 elements

40. The amount of energy required to remove
the most loosely bound electron from the
valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
IONISATION ENTHALPY

46. Physical and chemical properties of Boron

48. Occurrence
Chemical reaction of Al

53. Introduction of Group 14 Element
Occurrence

75. General trends in group 14
element

82. Stability

83. Anomalous behavior of Carbon
Catenation
Allotropes of Carbon

93. Some Important compounds of Carbon
Diamond
Graphite

105. Fullerenes

108. Characteristic of fullerene

113. Of Carbon

116. Dry ice
• Solid CO2 called.
• It is directly, solid  gas
Uses-
• Food industry cooling food.
• Making cool bath lab.
• Fire extinguisher.

123. Silicon (E.F- R2SiO)
• Si are synthetic compound
containing R2SiO unit.
• R= CH3 or C6H5 group.
• short chain-oily liquid.
medium- viscous and jelly
long- rubbery elastomer.
• Water resistance.
• High thermal stability and
dielectric strength.

124. Application(use)
• Use to prepare water proof
paper, wood and textiles.
• Used as lubricant high and low
Temperature.
• Use as sealant(sealing or
seal), grease & electrical
insulator.
• Surgical and cosmetic.

125. Silicate- [SiO4
2-]
• Mineral of Silicon.
• Occur in Mica(mix of
mineral),clay or
feldspar(rock).

126. Zeolites or (aluminosilicate)
• Greek Zein-boiling,lithos-
stone.
• Silicate in which few Si atom
are replaced by Al atoms….
• They carry –ve charge.
• -ve charge balanced by cation
such as Na+,K+,Ca2+.

127. Water should not kept in aluminum
utensil. Reason?
• It give small amount of
Al3+ ion.
• Al3+ is harmful to health.
Al + H2O +O2  Al2O32 + H2

128. Aluminium wire is used to make
transmission cables.Reason?
• Al is light metal.
• Al alloy- strong and high
tensile
strength(tough).anticorrosion.
• Good conductor.
• Cheaper then Cu,Ag,Au.

129. Aluminium alloy are used to make
aircraft body.Reason?
• Al is light metal.
• Al alloy- strong and high
tensile
strength(tough).anticorrosion.
• Eg. Duralumin-
Al(95%),Cu(3%),Mn(1%),Mg(1%)

130. Concentrated HNO3 can be
transported in Al container.
• Al + HNO3 acid  thin film
of Al oxide on its surface.
• This protect Al from
further action.

131. Excessive content of CO2
responsible for global warming.
• Excessive CO2 lead green
house effect.
• Green house disturbed ozone
gas.
• increase the Temperature
causes climate change.

132. Excessive content of CO2
responsible for global warming.
• Excessive CO2 lead green
house effect.
• Green house disturbed ozone
gas.
• increase the Temperature
causes climate change.