Here are the key effects of high uric acid levels in the body: - Gout - When uric acid crystallizes and forms needle-like deposits (tophi) in joints, tendons and surrounding tissue. This causes sudden, severe attacks of arthritis, usually in the big toe. - Kidney stones - Uric acid can precipitate into hard, painful stones in the kidneys that can block urine flow if not treated. - Kidney damage - Over time, high uric acid can damage the kidneys and impair their ability to excrete uric acid normally. This can lead to more severe hyperuricemia. - Cardiovascular issues - Some research links long-term hyperur

1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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2. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
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4. RED BLOOD CELLS
• Biconcave shape
• No nuclei
• Spongy cytoplasm enclosed
in an elastic cell membrane
• Red pigment called
hemoglobin
• Are made by the red bone
marrow of certain bones in
the skeleton: ribs, vertebrae
and breastbone
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5. Haemoglobin (Hb)
• Hb + O₂ oxyhaemoglobin (OHb)
In places where the O₂ concentration is low, OHb breaks down
and releases its O₂. Where??
• Oxygenated blood : contains mainly OHb.
• Deoxygenated blood : with little OHb.
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6. WBC (Leucocytes)
• Larger than red cells
• They have nuclei
• They are made in the bone marrow
• Life span of 120 days
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7. Types of WBC
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8. WBC (Phagocytes)
• They collect at the site of an infection, engulfing (ingesting)
and digesting harmful bacteria. They prevent the spread of
infection through the body.
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9. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
•Platelets are a component of blood whose
function (along with the coagulation factors)
is to react to bleeding from blood vessel
injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood
clot.
• Platelets have no cell nucleus
•They are the fragments of cytoplasm that
are derived from the megakaryocytes of
the bone marrow, which then enter the
circulation
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10. PLATELETS
They help to clot the blood
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11. Differences
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12. PLASMA
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13. Functions of the blood
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14. Transport
Substance From To
Oxygen Lungs Whole body
Carbon dioxide Whole body lungs
Urea liver kidneys
Hormones glands Target organs
Digested food intestine Whole body
Heat (opening and closingof
blood vessels)
Abdomen and muscle Whole body
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15. DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIONS
• WHITE CELLS:
- Phagocytes: - at the sites of a wound
-in the blood capillaries
-in lymph nodes
ingest harmful bacteria and stop them
entering the general circulation
- Lymphocytes: Production of antibodies
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16. CLOTTING
• When tissue is damaged and blood vessels cut
• Platelets clump together and block the smaller capillaries.
• Fibrinogen fibrin (network of fibres across
the wound)
• Red cells become trapped in this network and form a blood
clot.
↓ entry of harmful bacteria
prevents
further loss of blood
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17. Human Heart
• 4 chambers:
- 2 atria (thin-walled)
- 2 ventricles (thick- walled)
• Veins: deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein
• Arteries: Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
• Valves: They stop blood flowing backwards.
• Coronary arteries: They supply the heart muscle with
food and oxygen.
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18. Heart Anatomy
The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers and an
equal number of valves.
The two chambers at the top of the heart are known as
the atria, a right and a left.
The two bottom chambers are the ventricles.
The atria receive blood that returns from the different
parts of the body
the ventricles pump that blood back to all body tissues.
Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles are
called the atrio-ventricular valves. There are two:
the tricuspid on the right and the mitral on the left.
Valves at the ventricular outlets are called semi-
lunar valves. The two semi-lunar valves are
the pulmonary and the aortic
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19. Heart Anatomy
The heart wall consists of three layers: the
outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the
inner endocardium.
The epicardium and endocardium are thin layers.
The myocardium forms the main bulk of the heart and is
made up of cardiac muscle fibers.
The outermost layer that surrounds the entire heart is called
the pericardium. There is presence of pericardial fluid which
protects heart from mechanical injury or sudden shock.
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body are
called arteries, while those that bring it back are called veins.
The largest artery is named the aorta. It arises from the left
ventricle.
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20. Human heart
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21. HEART BEAT
• Heart rate, also known as pulse, is the number of times a
person's heart beats per minute.
• At rest: normal heart rate, 50-100 beats per minutes.
• During exercise: 200 beats/min
• The heart beat is initiated by the pacemaker, a small group of
specialized muscles cells at the top of the right atrium.
• Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood on the
walls of blood vessels.
• The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. It means the
systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is
80 mm Hg.
• Blood pressure is measured by Sphygmomanometer.
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22. Cardiac Cycle
The cardiac cycle is defined as a sequence of alternating
contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to
pump blood throughout the body
Each cardiac cycle has a diastolic phase and systolic phase.
Diastole: the heart chamber is in a state of relaxation and fills
with blood that receives from the veins and
Systole: the heart chambers are contracting and pumps the
blood towards the periphery via the arteries.
Both the atria and the ventricles undergo alternating states of
systole and diastole.
In other words, when the atria are in diastole, the ventricles
are in systole and vice versa.
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23. THE CIRCULATION
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25. Blood Pressure
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26. BLOOD VESSELS
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27. Blood vessels
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30. Diabetes (Blood Sugar Level)
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A disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone
insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and
elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of
blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to
the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves

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Junk
No exercise
Weight gain
Hereditary
>35 yrs

32. Blood Sugar/Diabetes
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33. Blood Sugar Level
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35. Uric Acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
with the formula C₅H₄N₄O.
Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called
Purines. Purines are normally produced in the body and are also found in some
foods and drinks. Foods with high content of Purines include liver, anchovies,
mackerel, dried beans and peas, and beer.
A waste product left over from normal chemical processes in the body and
found in the urine and blood.
Abnormal buildup of uric acid in the body may cause a condition called gout.
Increased levels of uric acid in the blood and urine can be a side effect of
chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Most of the time, a high uric acid level occurs when your kidneys don't eliminate
uric acid efficiently. Things that may cause this slow-down in the removal of uric
acid include rich foods, being overweight, having diabetes, taking certain diuretics
(sometimes called water pills) and drinking too much alcohol. Other less common
causes are a diet high in purine-containing items or your body producing too much
uric acid.
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36. Causes
Uric acid in blood plasma above normal range = Hyperuricemia
Uric acid in blood plasma below normal range = Hypouricemia
Causes of Hyperuricemia:
Diuretics (water retention relievers)
Drinking too much alcohol
High fructose corn syrup or table sugar
Purines-rich diet — liver, game meat, anchovies, sardines,
gravy, dried beans and peas, mushrooms, and other foods
Renal insufficiency (caused by rapid release of cells into blood
caused by certain cancers or by chemotherapy for those cancers)
Control:
Drinking a lot of water
Consuming baking soda
Consuming cherries (control burning pains)
Avoid red meat, dry pea, bean, gram, sea food
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37. Effects of High Uric Acid
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Symptom: Night time attack of swelling, tenderness, redness and sharp pain
in our big toes. It causes arthritis.
(Sudden burning pain, stiffness and swelling in joints)
(Reduced kidney excretion)