Cement, Glass, Ceramics, Plastics, Fibers, Soaps and Detergents, Chemical fertilizers and Chemical Pollution

1. Cement:- Cement is a grey powder which is a mixture of calcium
silicate and calcium aluminate. It is binding material for
construction purposes.
Invention – Joseph Aspidin in 1824 in England.
Raw Materials:-
i. Limestone (CaCO3) – Source of lime (CaO)
ii.Argillaceous (A special type of clay)–Source of Aluminium
oxide(Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2)
Characteristics
Mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate
Readily mixes with water.
Grey in color

2. Manufacture of Cement:
Limestone + Aluminium oxide + Silicon oxide Calcium silicate + Calcium
aluminate
CaCO3 + Al2O3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CaAl2O3
Heating the mixture of limestone and a special type of clay in the ratio 2:1 at a
temperature about 1600 degree C.
Slurry: The mixture of fine ground limestone, clay and water is called slurry.
Cement Clinker:- Slurry is partially melt and small marble sized hard grayish
particle is formed called cement clinker.
Mortar: The homogenous mixture of cement, sand and water is called mortar.
Concrete: The homogenous mixture of cement, sand, water and gravel is called
concrete.
Gypsum(CaSO4.2H2O): It is added to cement to increase setting time of cement.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC): The concrete having an iron frame work
inside it acting as a support. It is used for making pillars and roofs and
bridges.

3. Glass is a homogenous mixture of silicates of different metals.
Silicates of calcium, potassium, sodium, lead, copper, nickel,
chromium and cobalt.
Essential raw material: Silica (SiO2)
Physical State:- It is a super cooled liquid as the molecules of glass
move down slowly when kept in vertical position for long time.
Types:
Quartz/Silica glass Borosilicate/ Pyrex glass
Water glass Lead crystal glass
Ordinary/ Soda lime glass Colored glass
Hard glass/ Potash glass Laminated or bullet proof glass

4. Quartz glass or, Silica glass:
It is prepared by heating silica at very high temperature (16000C) and cooled
suddenly. It is very hard and insoluble in acid and water. It is not affected by
temperature change as silica has expanding property.
Water Glass:- (Sodium Silicate or, potassium silicate)
It is prepared by heating sodium carbonate or, potassium carbonate with silica at
8000C. It is soluble in water.
SiO2 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + CO2 OR SiO2 + K2CO3 = K2SiO3 + CO2
Ordinary glass / soft glass / soda glass
It is prepared by heating a mixture of silica (50%), Sodium carbonate (15%),
Calcium Carbonate (10%) and glass pieces (25%). It melts at very low
temperature so called soft glass.
2SiO2 + Na2CO3 + CaCO3 = Na2SiO3.CaSiO3 .4 SiO2(Ordinary glass) + 2CO2

5. Hard glass or, Potash lime glass
It is prepared by heating a mixture of silica, Potassium carbonate and Calcium
Carbonate.
It is also called potash lime glass because of presence of calcium carbonate and
potassium carbonate.
It is very hard, insoluble in water and acids and melts only at high temperature.
Borosilicate glass / Pyrex glass
It is prepared by heating a mixture of silica, Sodium carbonate, Calcium
Carbonate and boric oxide. Boric oxide is added to make it heat resist.
It is very hard, not affected by temperature fluctuation and not soluble in acids.
5SiO2 + Na2CO3 + CaCO3 + B2O3 = Na2SiO3.CaSiO3. B2SiO3 + CO2

6. Lead crystal glass or, Flint glass
It is prepared by heating a mixture of silica, potassium carbonate and
lead monoxide. Lead monoxide is added to increase refractive index.
It has very high refractive index so used for making optical instruments.
Colored glass
The oxides of transition metals form colored metal silicates which make
the glass colored.
Laminated or Bullet proof
It is produced by binding several layers of safety glass with a transparent
adhesive.

7.  Blue
 Black
 Green
 Red
 Yellow or, Brown
 Purple or, Violet
 White
 Cobalt oxide
 Nickel oxide
 Chromium oxide
 Cuprous oxide
 Ferrous oxide
 Manganese oxide
 Tin oxide

8. Ceramics are articles made up of special kind of clay called china clay.
It is a special type of clay contains hydrated Aluminium silicate
(Al2O3.SiO2.2H2O), Feldspar and Silicate.
Kaolin: Pure white clay which is used for making ceramics is called Kaolin or,
China clay [(Al4Si4O8(OH)8]
Characteristics:
Highly resistance to heat.
Insulator of electricity.
Hard and don’t easily break.
Attractive and shining
No reaction with acids, bases, etc.

9. Slip: Mixture of clay, Magnesium Carbonate, Iron Oxide, Manganese dioxide and
water is called slip.
Salt is added to ceramics to make it non – porous.
Glazing:-
The process to form a layer of thin metallic oxide is called glazing and the
ceramics is called glazed ceramics.
Galvanization:- The process to form a layer of Zinc on the ceramic is called
galvanization.
Purpose for Glazing and Galvanization:-
It makes ceramics smooth, shiny, strong and water proof.
Uses of Ceramics:
It is used to make artificial teeth.
It is used to make porcelain basin.
It is used to make electrical fittings for insulation.
It is used to make cup, plate etc.

10. It is a thin thread which is strong and flexible.
Types of fibers:-
Natural Fiber:-
The fiber which obtains from plants and animals is called natural fiber.
Ex.:- Cotton, wool, Silk, Jute etc.
Advantages
Skin friendly (Comfortable to wear)
Attractive in look.
Retain our body heat.
Disadvantages
It shrinks after washing and requires to be ironed regularly.
It is expensive.
It is not durable.
Don’t dry rapidly.
Attracted by insects.

11. The fiber which is prepared by some chemical process to natural fiber or,
completely artificially prepared chemically is called artificial fiber.
It is of two types:-
Recycled or, Regenerated fiber:-
The fiber which is derived from natural fiber after some chemical process is
called recycled or, regenerated fiber. Ex:- Rayon or, Artificial Silk
Uses: Tires, Aprons, Caps (Rayon and Cotton, 1 : 1), with wool – Carpet.
Synthetic Fiber:-
The fibers which are chemically prepared in industries are called synthetic fibers.
Ex:- Nylon Fibers or, Polyamide fibers (1st synthetic Fiber)
Uses:- Carpets, socks, ropes, tires, fishing nets, Parachute etc.
Terylene fibers:- Terycot with cotton, terywool with wool.
Acrylic fibers:- Sweater, gloves etc.

12. Merits of artificial fibers:-
Clothes of this fiber are fine, smooth and durable.
Not attacked by insects and fungi.
Not good water absorber so, it can dry up easily.
Demerits of artificial fibers:-
This fiber is inflammable. It means it can be caught by fire easily.
It pollutes the air while burning.
Not good for absorption of sweat.

13. Synthetic organic polymer is called plastic.
The small molecules combined to form giant molecule is called monomer.
The giant molecule formed is called Polymer i.e. monomers are units of polymers.
The chemical reaction in which monomers are converted into polymer is called
Polymerization.
Polymerization of ethylene produces polythene (plastic).

14. Similarly, polymerization of vinyl chloride produces
polyvinyl chloride.
Plastics are synthetic polymers which are made from the
polymerization of carbon containing monomers.
It is solid at room temperature but changes into liquid
and semi-liquid on heating. So they can be molded to
any desired shape easily.

15. It is of two types:-
Thermoplastics: The plastic which can be remolded again and again is called
thermoplastic. Ex:- PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), Polyethene, polyester, nylon,
polystyrene etc.
It softens because the long chain lie closed to each other but is not strongly
connected and hardens on cooling.
Thermosetting Plastic:-
The Plastic which can’t be remolded or, can’t be soften after heating is called
thermosetting plastic.
(There is no effect of heat because bonds are cross linked in molecule.)
Ex:- Bakelite (Polymer of carbolic acid – C6H5OH and Formaldehyde – HCHO)
Melamine (C3H6N6)

17. Characteristics of Plastic:-
It is bad conductor of heat and electricity.
Can’t be decomposed or, decay.
It is hard but light.
It is inert to many chemicals.
It can be colored easily.
It is water proof.
Uses of Plastic:-
For insulation of heat and electrical device.
To make furniture, motor parts, Dolls, water pipes, tanks, Shoes slipper, bag,
statues etc.

18. Soap is the sodium salt of higher fatty acid which has cleaning property.
Ex:- Sodium Stearate (C17H35COONa), Sodium oleate (C18H33NaO2), Sodium
Palmitate (C15H31COONa)etc.
Manufacture:-
Soap is prepared by heating vegetable oil or, fat with caustic soda (NaOH). After
heating it gives out soap and glycerol.
When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are
converted into soap and glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
Since this reaction leads to the formation of soap, it is called
the Saponification process.

19. The cleansing action of soap is based on following principle.
(1) Soap dissolves in water to form soap micelles.
(2)Hydrophobic end of soap attracts dirt and grease which loosens dirt. The
hydrophilic end remains separated in water by the action of ion repulsion.
(3) Clothes are rinsed. These micelle are washed with water.
Hard water contains Ca and Mg ions. These ions replace sodium ions of soap. As
a result, water insoluble calcium and magnesium salt are formed. This causes
loss of soap. White clothes become dull when they are washed in hard water.

20. It is sodium salt of long chain of alkyl hydrogen sulphate or, alkyl benzene
sulphonic acid.
It is called soapless soap because its function is same as soap but chemically it is
not a soap. Ex. – Sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium alkyl benzene sulphonte,
sodium pyrophosphate etc.

21. SOAP DETERGENT
It is prepared from animal fats
or, vegetable oils.
It has relatively weak
cleansing action.
It is not suitable for washing
with hard water. (Insoluble
or, less soluble in hard
water)
It is bio – degradable.
It is prepared from
hydrocarbons of
petroleum.
It has relatively strong
cleansing action.
It can wash cloth even in hard
water. (Salt of hard water is
soluble in water with
detergent)
It is non – biodegradable.

22. The chemicals which are used to increase fertility of soil by supplying different
nutrient materials to plants are called fertilizers.
It is of two types:-
Organic fertilizer:-
The fertilizer which is prepared or, directly derived from life and its products is
called organic fertlizers
There are two types of organic fertilizers:-
Green Manure:-
This organic fertilizer is prepared from green plants.
Ex:- leguminous plants (Pea Plants, Kidney Bean etc.)
Compost Manure:-
This organic fertilizer is prepared from plants, animals or, from their products by
decomposition.

23. Advantages:-
i) It is eco – friendly or, biodegradable.
ii) It increases water holding capacity of soil.
iii) It provides all essential elements or, humus.
Disadvantages:-
i) It requires in large amount that’s why not easy to store
or, transport.
ii) It is not nutrient specific.
iii) It is not highly soluble in water.

24. 2. Inorganic Fertlizers or, Chemical Fertlizers:-
The fertilizers which are prepared by mixing different types of
chemicals artificially are called inorganic fertilizers or, chemical
fertilizers.
NPK fertilizer is called complete fertilizer because it supplies all
primary nutrient materials required by plants.
Nitrogen Containing Fertilizers:-
Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2SO4]
Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3
Urea NH2CONH2

25. Importance of Nitrogen:-
 It promotes fast growth and development of
plants.
 It is one of the main component of protein and
chlorophyll.
 It increases production of crops.
Effects of deficiency of Nitrogen:-
• Low growth and development of plants.
• Leaves become yellow because of lack of
chlorophyll.

26. Phosphorous containing fertilizers:-
Ammonium Phosphate [(NH4)3PO4], Calcium super
phosphate Ca(H2PO4)2, Triple super phosphate
3Ca(H2PO4)2.2CaSO4
Importance of Phosphate:-
It is required for proper growth of roots.
It increases disease resistant power of plants.
It helps in maturity of crops and seed formation.
Effects of deficiency of Phosphate:-
It retardates growth of roots.
Plants can get disease easily.

27. Potassium containing fertilizers:-
Potassium Chloride (KCl), Potassium Nitrate
(KNO3), Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4), Potassium
Carbonate (K2CO3)
Importance of Potassium:-
It helps in proper growth of flowers.
It increases disease resistant power of plants.
It helps in development of stalk of leaves.
Effects of deficiency of Potassium:-
It causes of weathering of leaves.
Plants can get disease easily.

28. The chemicals which are used to kill insects are called insecticides.
Types of insecticides
Organic insecticide
The insecticide which is chemically of organic compound are called organic
insecticides.
It is of following types:-
Organic phosphates
The organic insecticides which contain phosphates are called organic
phosphates insecticides.
Ex – malathion, Parathion, Phosdrin, demeton, falone etc.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
The hydrocarbon in which hydrogen atom is replaced by Chlorine
and function as an insecticide is chlorinated hydrocarbon.
Ex- BHC (Benzene hexa Chloride ), DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl
Trichloroethane), Dialdrin, Aldrin, Chloroethane etc.
Carbamates –
Organic insecticides which contain amino group are called carbamites.
Ex – Baygon , carbaryl, Aldicarb etc.

29. Inorganic insecticide -
The insecticide contains other elements or compounds except carbon and
its compound are called inorganic insecticide.
Ex – Calcium , Arsenate, Lead arsenate, Calcium Fluoride, Lime sulphur
etc.
Advantages of insecticides
 They destroy insects
 They control disease of plants by killing insects
 They increase productivity by controlling insects or, diseases.
Disadvantage
 They pollute the environment
 They affect the plants and animals