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Classical literature criticism historical and background
- 3. IT BEGUN 800 YEARS BEFORE THE BIRTH OF CHRIST. Hesiod was a Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. The Greek poet Homer was born sometime between the 12th and 8th centuries BC, possibly somewhere on the coast of Asia Minor. He is famous for the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, which have had an enormous effect on Western culture, but very little is known about their alleged author
- 4. THIS PERIOD WAS DISTINGUISHED BY GREAT DRAMATISTS SUCH AS:- Greek tragic dramatist, ranking with Aeschylus and Sophocles. Born in Attica, he lived in Athens most of his life, though he spent much time on Salamis. He died in Macedonia, at the court of King Archelaus. IS THE NAME ASCRIBED BY THE ANCIENT GREEKS TO THE SEMI-LEGENDARY AUTHOR OF THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY, TWO EPIC POEMS WHICH ARE THE CENTRAL WORKS OF GREEK LITERATURE.
- 5. SOPHOCLES (born c. 496 BC, Colonus, near Athens [Greece]—died 406, Athens), with Aeschylus and Euripides, one of classical Athens' three great tragic playwrights. The best known of his 123 dramas is Oedipus the King. Marble portrait bust said to be of Sophocles.
- 6. THERE ARE SOME PHILOSOPHERS SUCH AS:- Socrates Socrates (469/470-399 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and is considered the father of western philosophy. Plato was his most famous student and would teach Aristotle who would then tutor Alexander the Great.
- 7. Plato is one of the world's best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece.
- 8. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. When he turned 17, he enrolled in Plato's Academy. In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying,
- 9. In this period “ Greek culture spreaded through much of the Mediterranean and middle east. it is happened by the conquests of the “alexander the great”. it is established after his death in 323 BC. by his generals. During the Hellenistic period there was a common ruling class culture, using a common literary dialcet and a common education systems in all domains. The city of Alexandria in Egypt was founded by alexander in 313bc. Alexandria became a center of scholarship and letters. Housing an enormous library and museum, and hosting such renowned and grammarian as “Callimachus” & Apollonius Rhodius. THEN WE MOVE TO THE “HEELENISTIC “ PERIOD.
- 10. Callimachus was a native of the Greek colony of Cyrene, Libya. He was a noted poet, critic and scholar at the Library of Alexandria and enjoyed the patronage of the Egyptian–Greek Pharaohs Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Ptolemy III Euergetes.
- 11. Apollonius of Tyana, sometimes also called Apollonios of Tyana, was a Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from the town of Tyana in the Roman province of Cappadocia in
- 12. * Hellenistic period ended with the battle of “Actuimin 31 BC. *”Egypt” was invaded by the increasing powerful and expanding roman Republic. *after the Actium victory , all the roman world became under the sole ruler ship of “Julis Caesar`s” nephew, “Ocatavion” *
- 13. DURING THIS PERIOD THAT SPANED FOR MORE THAN 1000 YEARS POETS RHETORICIAN CRITICSGRAMMARIAN PHILOSOPHER S THEY PUT BASICS TERMS, CONCEPTS, AND QUESTIONS THAT WERE TO SHAPE THE FUTURE OF “LITERARY CRITICISM” , THAT LASTS AT ALL FOR OUR OWN
- 14. imitation social political the concept of beauty and its connection with truth & goodness the ideal of the organic unity of a literary work the connection between literature, philosophy & rhetoric. The impact of literary performance on an audience They put many concepts such as:-
- 15. They also put definition of figures of speech such as:- Metaphor metonymy symbol They also make a development of various genres such as:- epic song comed y Lyric poetry tragedy
- 16. .Democracy:- Is defined as a system in which power lies in the hands of “the whole people,” everyone is equal before the law,” and public responsibility is determined not by class but by actual ability
- 17. Athens was a thriving democratic city in the 5th century. This democracy differed from our modern democracy, because only the adult male citizens have the right participate in the decision that making process. The rest of the community doesn't have the right for what I mentioned above . Athens was also an imperial power, as it the head of the so –called Delian League of more than 100 city states. Tyrants were overthrown from the major Greece cities by 500BC.
- 21. المولي من اتمني النهاية وفي ينال أن وجل عزهذامن شئ فما إعجابكمعلميقطرة إال بحر فيعلمكمقطرة هو الذي علم بحر فيهللا «عليم علم ذي كل وفوق»