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Roman Literature
- 3. • Realm: god of thunder and lightning • Symbols: eagle, oak tree, lightning bolt • Married to Hera; had many affairs and many children, some of whom were gods and goddesses because as the Greeks conquered territories, they took on the new goddesses and “married” them to Zeus • The spiritual father of gods and men
- 4. • Symbols: peacock, cow • Married to Zeus • Jealous of Zeus’s affairs – Because of this, asked a 100-eyed giant to watch him. When Hermes put the giant to sleep, she turned him into a peacock, an animal with eyes on its tail feathers.
- 5. • Realm: goddess of love, beauty, sexuality • Symbols: shell, mirror, dove, swan • Born of the foam when Cronus’ genitals hit the ocean • Married to Hephaestus • Son was Eros (Cupid)
- 6. • Roman name: Neptune • Realm: god of the sea and earthquakes • Symbol: trident • Zeus’s brother • Controlled earthquakes, hurricanes, rough seas, tidal waves • Gave the horse to mankind
- 7. • Also called Dis, the rich one (because he owned all the minerals in the earth) • Realm: god of the Underworld • Symbol: Cerberus, cypress, bident • Rarely visited Earth • Not friendly, but not evil either
- 8. • Realm: goddess of defensive warfare, wisdom, handicrafts • Symbols: armor, owl, olive tree • Emerged from Zeus’s head fully grown • City of Athens named for her after she gave them the olive tree • Also created the spider
- 9. • Realm: goddess of the moon, the hunt, and (sometimes) witchcraft • Symbols: crescent moon, bow and arrow, short hunting robes • Apollo’s twin sister • Avoided men • She turned Acteon, a hunter, into a stag (deer) and set his own dogs on him because he watched her bathe.
- 10. • Symbols: dogs of war; vulture, weapons • Son of Zeus and Hera • Very unpopular • No myths written about Ares
- 11. • Realm: god of the forge; made Zeus’s lightning bolts and the armor for war • Symbols; the forge • Son of Zeus and Hera • Zeus threw him out of heaven for siding with his mother (Hera) • Husband of Aphrodite, who was constantly unfaithful to him
- 12. • Realm: messenger of gods; god of commerce, thieves, science (sometimes medicine) • Symbols: winged helmet or sandals, caduceus (medical staff with 2 snakes) • Created the lyre, which he gave to Apollo when Apollo caught him stealing his cows
- 15. Location ¤ Italy ¤ Tiber River ¤ between Etruscan and Greek cities ¤ part of the Latin League
- 16. History ¤ Roman literature begins around the 3rd century BC. ¤ It reached its "Golden Age" during the rule of Augustus and the early part of the Roman Empire. ¤ The Romans wrote a lot of poetry and history. They also wrote letters and made a lot of formal speeches.
- 17. Importance ¤ “successor” to Greece ¤ model for later monarchies ¤ “carrier” of Greek civilization ¤ model for the concept of citizenship ¤ political model for later Europe ¤ model for most European legal systems ¤ measure of success for nations and individuals ¤ model for later, mixed constitutions
- 18. Importance ¤ Holds a secondary position in the classic literature of antiquity, probably because the Roman was less a thinker and creator and more a doer than the Greek. ¤ “the conquered becoming the conquerors and the conquerors becoming the conquered”
- 19. Writing & Language ¤ Latin was the main language used for writing during Ancient Rome. Greek was also a popular language because it was used by so many people in the eastern portion of the Roman empire ¤ Important documents were written on papyrus scrolls (made from the papyrus plant in Egypt) or on parchment (pages made from animal skin). They wrote with a metal pin that they dipped in ink. For more temporary day-to-day writing they used a wax tablet or thin pieces of wood.
- 20. Speeches and rhetoric ¤ The art of rhetoric (the ability to speak in public and persuade others) was considered an important skill in Ancient Rome. ¤ Many Roman statesmen wrote down their ideas and speeches. ¤ The most famous of these men was Cicero who wrote letters, speeches, and works on philosophy. Cicero's ideas eventually got him killed when he spoke out against Mark Antony.
- 22. ¤ Virgil (70 BC to 19 BC) - Virgil is known for writing the epic poem the Aeneid. The Aeneid tells the story of a Trojan hero named Aeneas. It incorporates many historic events in the history of Rome. ¤ Horace (65 BC 8 BC) - Horace is known for a collection of lyric poems called the Odes. Other works of Horace include Satires and Epistles. ¤ Ovid (43 BC 17 AD) - - Ovid's most famous work was the epic Metamorphoses. It tells the history of the world from creation to when Julius Caesar was made a god. Ovid was also famous for writing love poems.
- 23. ¤ EPICTETUS (A.D. 55-135) - Was born in Asia Minor but grew up in Rome where he acquired his education. Like Socrates whom he greatly admired, Epictetus wrote nothing. The Discourses that bears his name are notes taken from discussion of Stoic texts or conversation with students by his disciple Arrian, who also compiled the famous Enchiridion or Handbook, as digest of the philosopher’s view.
- 27. AENEID ¤ Derived from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey ¤ The work was unfinished in his death ¤ It was Augustus who intervened and preserved the work.
- 28. BACKGROUND ¤ Historical ¤ Mythological ¤ Literary
- 29. CHARACTERS ¤ Anchises ¤ Aeneas ¤ Dido
Editor's Notes
- Much of Roman literature was influenced and inspired by Greek literature. Greek Literature was translated into Latin, and it provided the models that the Roman youths studied and learned by heart.
- Much of Roman literature was influenced and inspired by Greek literature. STUDENTS BECOMING TEACHERS
- The writings of some of these men had a major impact on the use of the Latin language and Roman literature.
- Perhaps the most famous type of Roman literature is poetry. The three most famous Roman poets are Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.
- Perhaps the most famous type of Roman literature is poetry. The three most famous Roman poets are Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.
- Born into a peasant family. He spent his childhood among the fields and woods, springs and pools. The Italian countryside and its people influenced him early on and was later reflected through his poetry. During his younger years, political and military strife afflicted Italy when the Roman Republic dispelled. A civil war between Marius and Sulla was followed by turmoil between Pompey and Julius Caesar. Caesar began a series of civil wars that lasted until the victory of Caesar Augustus (also known as Octavian) in 31 B.C. These experiences seared Virgil deeply, creating an abhorrence and fear of civil war that was often reflected in his text. With his father marrying into a clan of economic means, Virgil received his education at Cremona in Milan and Rome where he studied Greek and Roman authors and poets. He learned one of the great laws of art: that its greatness is in direct proportion to the worth of its philosophy and theology. Therefore his works are an ideal combination of content and form. He had this philosophic yearning to know the causes of things, the his mastery of his medium. The Latin Language, allowed him to develop a style that was powerful and sweet. By means of this language, he was able to communicate the glory and splendor of things.
- He selected for his epic character the warrior Aeneas, a Trojan prince and one of the bravest men who fought for Troy. In this epic Virgil makes Aeneas the founder of Rome and the progenitor of the Romans. The idea and plan of the Aeneid are derived from Homer. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey are stories of war and of adventure, respectively. Virgil’s Aeneid’s inverts this order; it begins with the adventures of Aeneas and ends with the battle for the possession of Latium. Both parts closely follow the structure of Homer’s epics. Episodes in Homer are duplicated and many characters found in the Iliad are also found in the Aeneid.
- He selected for his epic character the warrior Aeneas, a Trojan prince and one of the bravest men who fought for Troy. In this epic Virgil makes Aeneas the founder of Rome and the progenitor of the Romans. The idea and plan of the Aeneid are derived from Homer. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey are stories of war and of adventure, respectively. Virgil’s Aeneid’s inverts this order; it begins with the adventures of Aeneas and ends with the battle for the possession of Latium. Both parts closely follow the structure of Homer’s epics. Episodes in Homer are duplicated and many characters found in the Iliad are also found in the Aeneid.
- He selected for his epic character the warrior Aeneas, a Trojan prince and one of the bravest men who fought for Troy. In this epic Virgil makes Aeneas the founder of Rome and the progenitor of the Romans. The idea and plan of the Aeneid are derived from Homer. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey are stories of war and of adventure, respectively. Virgil’s Aeneid’s inverts this order; it begins with the adventures of Aeneas and ends with the battle for the possession of Latium. Both parts closely follow the structure of Homer’s epics. Episodes in Homer are duplicated and many characters found in the Iliad are also found in the Aeneid.