introduction of Computer (Lecture-1)

2. Lecture-1
Introduction of Computer

3. Objective
➢ Definition of computer
➢ Evolution of computing devices
▪ First Generation
▪ Second generation
▪ Third Generation
▪ Fourth Generation
▪ Fifth Generation

4. Introduction to Computer
Computer is an electronic machine that takes raw data as input from the user
and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called
program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use.
“Computer is derived from Latin word “compute” which means to “”to
Calculate, to count, to sum up or to think together”
Input Process Output

5. Introduction to Computer
A computer is a combination of hardware
and software devices which integrate
together and provides various functionalities
to the user. Hardware are the physical
components of a computer like the
processor, memory devices, monitor,
keyboard etc. while software is the set of
programs or instructions that are required
by the hardware resources to perform
various operations as per the requirement
of users.

6. WHO IS THE FATHER OF COMPUTER?
Charles Babbage was considered to be the
father of computing after his invention and
concept of the Analytical Engine in 1837.
The Analytical Engine contained an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow
control, and integrated memory; It was the
first general-purpose computer concept. Use
with punch card.

7. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Generations
of
Computers
1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen 5th Gen
Based on the characteristics of various computer developed from
time to time, they categorized as generation of computers

8. Low-Level language is the only
language which can be understood by
the computer. Low-level language is
also known as Machine Language.
The machine language contains only
two symbols 1 & 0. All the
instructions of machine language are
written in the form of binary
numbers 1's & 0's.
Middle-level language is a computer
language in which the instructions are
created using symbols such as letters, digits
and special characters. Assembly
language is an example of middle-level
language. we use a translator
called Assembler which takes assembly code
as input and produces machine code as
output
Example: g++ -S main.cpp -o main.s
High-level language is a
computer language which can
be understood by the users.
The high-level language is very
similar to human languages. We
use Compiler or interpreter
to convert high-level language
e to low-level language.
Example: FORTRAN,C, C++,
JAVA, Python, etc

9. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes &
machine language was used for giving the instructions.
These computers were large in size & their
programming was difficult task. The electricity
consumption was very high. Some computers of this
generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC-
1.
Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as
input and output devices. The computers in this
generation used machine code as the programming
language.
First Generation (1940-56):

10. In 2nd generation computers, vacuum tubes were
replaced by transistors. They required only 1/10 of
power required by tubes. This generation
computers generated less heat & were reliable. The
first operating system developed in this generation.
IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604 are the examples
of this generations computers.
In this generation, assembly language and high-
level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used. The computers used batch
processing and multiprogramming operating
system.
Second Generation of Computers (1959-1965):

11. The 3rd generation computers replaced transistors with
Integrated circuit known as chip. From Small scale integrated
circuits which had 10 transistors per chip. These computers were
smaller, faster & more reliable. High level languages invented in
this generation.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made
computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this
generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming
operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II
TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation. IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 are
some examples of computers in 3rd generation.
Third Generation (1964-71):