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Computer, generations, languages, soft wares
1. Evolution of Computer Systems
• Abacus :I computing tool-represents numbers positioning
beads.
• In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented Mechanical Calculating machine
• In 1842, Charles Babbage, professor at cambridge invented a
fully automatic Analytical Engine for performing basic
arithmetic functions for any mathematical problem. He was
known as the father of modern digital computers.
• In 1944, Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University collaborated
with IBM , released Mark 1 Computer also known as Automatic
sequence controlled calculator.
• In 1946, the first Electronic computer –worked vacuum tubes.
Developed at the Moore School of Engineering, Pennsylvania,
Called ENIAC (Electronic numerical Integrator and Calculator)
• EDVAC(1949): Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer –Ability to store program-multi purpose computer-
used binary digits.
• UNIVAC ( In 1951): The Universal Automatic Computer was the
first digital Computer. Univac marked the arrival of
commercially available digital computers for business and
scientific applications
3. First Generation Computers (1937-53)
Used vacuum tubes
Very huge
Expensive to operate
Required huge amount of electricity
Generated a lot of heat
Used machine language
Solve only one problem at a time
Input: punched cards and paper tape
Output: print outs
Example: UNIVAC, ENIAC
4. Second Generation Computers (1954-62)
Used transistors
Smaller, faster, cheaper than first
generation computers
More efficient and more reliable
Used assembly language
Input: punched cards
Output: print outs
Example: UNIVAC, IBM 1400 series, ATLAS
5. Third Generation Computers (1963-71)
Used integrated circuits
Smaller, faster, cheaper than second generation
computers
Time sharing and batch processing
Used high level languages like FORTRAN,BASIC,
COBOL etc
Input: keyboard
Output: monitor, printout
Example: IBM 360 series, ICL1900 series, CDC
1700 series
6. Fourth Generation Computers (1972-84)
Used very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits
Smaller, more powerful
Ability to form networks
Graphical User Interface (GUI) support
Used high level language
Input: keyboard, mouse
Output: monitor, printer
7. Fifth Generation Computers (1984-..)
Based on Artificial Intelligence
Voice recognition capabilities
Parallel processing of semiconductors
Ability to respond to natural languages
8. • Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by
John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial
intelligence includes:
• Expert Systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
• Natural Language: programming computers to understand natural human
languages
• Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to
reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains
• Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other
sensory stimuli
10. Software v/s Hardware
• Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be
stored electronically is Software.
• Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage devices
(Hard disk, CD’s etc.,), mouse, keyboard CPU and
display devices (Monitor) are Hardware.
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12. Low Level Languages
• In this language instructions are written in
binary language
• Instructions written in binary language has
two parts Op-code and Operand
• OP-code: It specifies the operation or
function to be performed
• Operand: It tells the computer the data or
the address of the data/instruction that is
to be processed
13. Low Level Languages
• It is directly understandable by the computer.
Hence it is called Machine language
• No conversion is to be done on the
instruction as the computer can directly
executes the code. So it is called Low level
language
• Time taken to run/ execute the program is
less
Advantages
14. Low Level Languages
• User has to remember various op-code and
address
• Programs are lengthy and removing errors
from the programm is very difficult
• Programs are computer dependent and is not
portable
Disadvantages
15. Assembly Languages
• Mnemonics are used in the language. They
are abbreviated words which replace the
LLL’s op_code eg.: ADD, SUB, MUL etc.
Assembler: It is a software to convert
assembly language to machine language.
Source code: A program written by the user in
a language other than LLL.
Object code: A program in LLL.
16. Assembly Languages
• There is no need to remember the binary codes for
various functions
• The program written in assembly language is
understandable to the user to a great extent
• Removing errors from program is easier
• Programs looks simple to write
Advantages
17. Assembly Languages
• Programs are machine dependent and and
are specific for the computer for which they
are written Hence it is not portable
• A source code is converted into object code
and then executed. Hence execution time is
more than those written in LLL
Disadvantages
18. FORTRAN Formula Translation Used for scientific and
mathematical
calculations
BASIC Beginner’s All purpose
Symbolic Instruction
Code
Used by beginners
Pascal Named after the
Scientist Blaise Pascal
A general purpose
language
Cobol Common Business
Oriented Language
Used for Business
application
Logo Used for graphics
C Used for system
programming
C++ Used for object oriented
programming
High Level Languages (HLL)
19. High Level Languages (HLL)
A program written in HLL has to be converted to
LLL. This achieved by the softwares like interpreter,
compiler etc.
The process of conversion is called compilation
20. Interpreter Compiler
It converts source code into
object code one line at a time
It converts whole source code
into object code one in one go
Errors for one line are
displayed only when errors for
previous line are fully removed
or corrected
Errors for the whole source
code are displayed together
Object code cannot be stored
and executed in later stage
Object code once generated,
can be saved and reused
The interpreter is required to be
loaded in the main memory
throughout the program
execution
Once the object code has been
formed we no longer require
the software for compiler to
execute the program
It is more time consuming It is less time consuming
BASICA for BASIC language TURBOC for C++
High Level Languages (HLL)
21. High Level Languages
• Programs are very well understood by a layman also
• They are easy to learn, write and debug
• Programs are portable i.e. machine independent
Advantages
• Programs written in HLL take more time in execution as
they have to be first converted into LLL
• HLL programs do not give us an actual idea of how the
computer works
Disadvantages
22. Types of Software
» System Software
» Application Software
» Open source Software and
» Proprietary Software
23. System Software:
• System software is a term referring to any computer
software which manages and controls the hardware
so that application software can perform a task.
• System Software includes the Operating System and
all the utilities that enable the computer to function.
Example:
Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter.
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24. Application Software:
Application Software includes programs that do real work
for user.
Example:
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student
database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database
Management System etc.,
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25. Open Source Software:
• Open source software (OSS) is computer software
whose source code is available under a license that
permits users to use, change, and improve the software,
and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form.
• It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner.
Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape, Apache,
etc.,
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26. Proprietary Software:
• Proprietary software (also called non-free
software) is software with restrictions on using it.
• copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor.
• Restrictions on use, modification and copying is
achieved by either legal or technical means and
sometimes both.
• Proponents of proprietary software are Microsoft.
• Ex: CAD, Ms Office, Nortan Antivirus etc.,
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27. System Software:
Operating System:
• Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.
• It is the software that enables all the programs we use.
• The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
• OS acts as an interface between the application
programs and the machine hardware.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
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28. System Software (contd):
Source
Languages
Target Languages
‘C’ language Machine language
‘Pascal’ language Machine language
FORTRAN language
C++ language
ADA language
Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a
program in one language – the source language and
translates into an equivalent program in another
language – the target language.
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29. System Software (contd):
Loader: A loader is the part of an operating system that
is responsible for loading programs into memory,
preparing them for execution and then executing them.
The loader is usually a part of the operating system's
kernel and usually is loaded at system boot time and
stays in memory until the system is rebooted, shut down,
or powered off.
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30. System Software (contd):
• Linker: A linker or link editor is a program that takes
one or more objects generated by compilers and
assembles them into a single executable program.
• Linkers can take objects from a collection called a
library. The objects are program modules containing
machine code and information for the linker.
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31. System Software (contd):
Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer
program that translates and executes
instructions written in a computer programming
language line-by-line, unit by unit etc.,
An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or
parse, instructions written in the source
language.
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32. Application Software:
Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating,
editing, and printing documents. Word processors will
normally have the following capabilities built into them:
» Spell checking
» Standard layouts for normal documents
» Have some characters appear in bold print,
italics, or underlined
» Center lines, make text line up on the left
side of the paper, or the right side of the
paper
» Save the document so it can be used again
» print the document.
Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word
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33. Application Software (contd…):
Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are
designed to use numbers and formulas to do
calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets
include:
» Budgets
» Payrolls
» Grade Calculations
» Address Lists
The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are
Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.
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34. Application Software(contd…):
Graphic Presentations: The presentation
programs can make giving presentations and using
overheads easier. Other uses include:
» Slide Shows
» Repeating Computer Presentations on a
computer monitor
» Using Sound and animation in slide shows
The most recognized graphic presentation programs are
Microsoft PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.
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35. Application Software(contd…):
Database Management System (DBMS):
• A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to
store, access, and process data into useful information.
• Database programs are designed for these types of
applications:
» Membership lists
» Student lists
» Grade reports
» Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find what
you need quickly and accurately.
• Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.
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37. License, Guarantee, Warranty
• A license allows a person or company to do
something that they otherwise are not allowed to
do. or giving official permission to do something .
• when someone buys a computer software
application, they also need a license from the
creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing
the buyer to use the software.
• A copyright is a law that gives the owner of a
written document, musical composition, book,
picture, or other creative work, the right to decide
what other people can do with it.
• Because of copyright, a work can only be copied if
the owner of the copyright gives permission.
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38. • People who copy a work that is protected
under copyright without permission can be
punished by the law, usually with a fine. In
other, more serious cases, a person who
copies a work that is protected under
copyright could be arrested and go to
prison.
License, Guarantee, Warranty
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41. • The guarantee is a commitment to make good of the
defects of a product or a service in a fixed period.
• A warranty looks after the repairing of a new article
within the validity period.
• A guarantee is a legal contract without any
payment.
• A warranty received on payment is also a legal
contract.
a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other
party that certain facts or conditions are true or will
happen; the other party is permitted to rely on that
assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not
true or followed
License, Guarantee, Warranty
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42. • A guarantee is a document to protect consumer rights. It is a
promise by a seller with a buyer for complete replacement of
the item/ article or product; usually guarantee is valid for a
fixed period of time. It has a legal status, even if we do not pay
for or it was offered free of cost by a seller.
• Warranty is also a document that protects consumer rights. It is
more or less like insurance policy for that we have to pay
certain amount to come into legal contract. So on the basis of
this legal bond the company can be taken to court if it does not
bound what has been agreed in the warranty document.
Warranty covers only repair of the article.
• Guarantee is more in manufacture, Warranty is more in
distribution and reselling parts; for example, a company
manufacture a scooter is liable for manufacture guarantee, on
the other hand, some importer or distributor resell the products
will use warranty
• A guarantee is giving you their word . A warranty is in writing
that they will correct any problem within the scope of the
warranty. Take a warranty over a guarantee anytime
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