5411 5415.output

* GB785819 (A)
Description: GB785819 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Stabilized solutions of hydrocortisone
Description of GB785819 (A)
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and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Oct 6, 1955.
B No 28536155.
Application made in United States of America on Oct 18, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 81 ( 1), B 2 (C: E: G: L: Z).
International Classification:-A 61 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Stabilized Solutions of Hydrocortisone We, MERCK & Co, INC, a
corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of
New Jersey, United States of America, of Rahway, State of New Jersey,
United States, of Americasj do, hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to' us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to' be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention is concerned with preparations containing, as the
effective ingredient, hydrocortisone ( 4-pregnene-11,,17
a,21-triol3,20-dione).
Prior to the present invention it was.
impossible to' prepare stable liquid preparations containing, high
concentrations of hydrocortisone.
The lack of solubility of hydrocortisone in the liquids usually

employed for injection have given rise to various efforts and
expedients for introducing hydrocortisone into the body Resort has,
most commonly been had to) the use of suspensions of hydrocortisone,
in either an aqueous or an oily vehicle, but none of these has proved
satisfactory The amount of hydrocortisone that can be suspended in the
liquid is quite limited, and the use of such suspensions is therefore
not satisfactory when large concentrations are desired The
preplaration of such suspensions under sterile conditions presented
many imposing problems.
Moreover in an aqueous suspension, the hydrocortisone is in the solid
condition and its absorption int the; bloodstream by way of the
aqueous; medium is slow and the rate of absorption is difficult to
control These suspensions, furthermore, ha'd a tendency to discolour,
cake or form a sediment during storage, and they had to be resuspended
by shaking before use.
Many efforts have been made to prepare derivatives of hydrocortisone
that might be more soluble, but without sucoess Various fatty acid
esters; of hydrocortisone have been prepared in an attempt to increase
solubility of this steroid in oil Some of these derivatives,
especially the lauric acid ester of hydrolPrice 3 s 6 d l cortisone,
were more soluble in oil than hydrocortisone or hydromortisone
acetate, but exhibited much lower biological activity than the acetate
ester of hydrocortisone.
The solutions of hydrocortis ona with which this invention isi
concerned are useful in parenteral therapy in cases of medical crises
where a quick-acting form of hydrocoridsone is required These
solutions, of hydrocortisone are also useful in the treatiment of
dermatologic afflictions such as various types of dermatitis, acute
sunburn, poison ivy, poison oak, eczema, atopic dermatitis, and
allergies.
This invention is based on the discovery that the concentration of
hydrocortisone in a liquid can be very considerably increased by
adding ethyl alcohol to the hydrocortisone.
Accordingly, this invention provides compositions containing from 5 to
20 ml of ethyl alcohol to approximately every 100 mig of
hydrocortisone.
A buffering agent such as sodium citrate may be employed in this
composition, but it is not essential It has also been found that an
antioxidant such as sodium bisulphlite may be added toi this,
composition in order to, prevent discoloration of the preparationl on,
pro:longed storage at elevated temperatures.
The product of this invention is particularly adapted for intravenous
use when diluted with sterile dextrose solutions A solution suitable
for intravenous injection L, by the slow drip' method, comprises

approximately 100 rng of hydrocotisone, 5 to 20 ml of ethyl alcohol,
and 400 cc of aqueous dextrose solution.
The following examples are given to illustrate typical aqueous
solutions of hydrocortisone, suitable for intravenous injection by the
slow drip method These examples are given by way of illustration and
not of limitation.
EXAMPLE 1
A concentrated aqueous solution of hydrocortisone containing the
following ingredients was prepared, as described below:
r 851819 Hydrocortisone 100 00 m- of the pyrogen-free distilled water
was added Ethyl alcohol 10 52 cc to the mixture to make 20 cc of
infusion Sodium, citrate dihydrate 8 00 mg concentrate of
hydrocortisone.
Pyrogen-free distilled water The concentrate of hydrocortisone was a S
to make 20 00 cc clear, colourless solution devoid of any precitated
material.
mg of hydrocortisone was added to This infusion concentrate of
hydrocortisone 10.52 cc of ethyl alcohol and the mixture was is not
administered directly, but is added to warmed to 50 C whereupon the
hydro 500 cc of sterile dextrose solution at the time cortisone
dissolved in solution of usz, and the resulting infusion solution is 8
O mg of sodium citrate was dissolved in administered intravenously.
approximately 6 cc of pyrogen-free distilled The following table
summarizes the obserwater vations made on samples of infusion
concenThe alcoholic solution of hydrocortisone trates of
hydrocortisonc prepared as described was added to the aqueous; sodium
citrate solu above:
tion and the mixture stirred The remainder TABLE 1
INFUSION CONCENTRATE OF HYDROCORTISONE Hydrocortisone ( 100 mg /20 cc)
Temperature Apparent Ethanol p H Time Colour Initial 92 4 53 2 % 7 25
500 C 2 wks 1 400 C 1 mo 7 05 1 500 C 1 mo 6 50 2 C 2 mos 98 7 35 400
C 2 mos 85 (-8 %) 6 65 1 C 2 mos 77 (-16 %) 6 45 2 C 3 mos 92 7 21 400
C 3 mos 80 (-13 %) 7 20 1 500 C 3 mos 70 (-24 %) 7 06 2 Code: 1
Slight, not objectionable 2 Moderate, possibly objectionable + Blue
tetrazolium colour test An additional experimental lot containing ity
The following is a mg of hydrocortisone per 10 cc of 78 5 % obtained.
ethyl alcohol has also been studied for stabilsummary of the data 35
785,819 785,819 TABLE 2
INFUSION CONCENTRATE OF HYDROCORTISONE Hydrocortisone ( 100 mg /10 cc)
B.T Ethanol Apparent p H Colour Clarity 95.7 mg 78 5 % 2 wks.
2 wks.
C 1 mo.
400 C 1 mo.
500 C 1 mo.

C 2 mos 99 400 C 2 mos 94 (-2 %) 500 C 2 mos 86 (-10 %) C 3 mos 94 (-2
%) 400 C 3 mos 87 (-9 %) 500 C 3 mos 80 (-16 %) The p H measurements
reported in these A mixture of 100 mg of hydrocortisone tables were
taken on the solutions directly was added to 10 52 cc of ethyl alcohol
and Because of the high alcohol concentration it the reaction mixture
was warmed to 500 C.
is recommendeld that 1:25 dilution in water whereupon the
hydrocortisone dissolved.
be used for this purpose The alcoholic solution of hydrocortisone
EXAMPLE 2 was added to 6 cc of pyrogen-free distilled A dilute
aqueous; solution of hydrocortisone water with stirring The remainder
of the containing the following ingredients was pre pyrogen-free
distilled water was added to pared as described below: male 20 cc of
infusion concentrate of hydrocortisone.
Hydrocortisone O 11 gin This concentrate of hydrocortisone was a Ethyl
alcohol 5 26 cc clear colourless solution devoid of any preciDextrose,
reagent anhydrous 22 80 gws pitated material, and had satisfactory
stability Pyrogen-free distilled water 500 00 cc characteristics.
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* GB785820 (A)
Description: GB785820 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Chrominance circuit for colour television receiver
785,820 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: October
28, 1955.
No 30892/55 Application made in United States of America on November

29, 1954 Complete Specification Published: November 6, 1957
Index at acceptance:-j Class 40 ( 5), W 4 A 5.
International Classification:-HO 3 f.
Chrominance Circuit for Colour Television Receiver We, STANDARD
TELEPHONES AND CABLES LIMITED, a British Company, of Connaught House,
63 Aldwych, London, W C 2, England, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
The present invention relates to a chrominance circuit for a colour
television receiver, and more particularly to chrominance circuitry
adapted to provide colourdifference signals for direct utilisation by
a conventional picture tube.
Conventional colour television receivers utilise in the reproduction
of colour images two channels commonly characterised as luminance and
chrominance channels The luminance channel carries the monochrome
picture information which, for all practical purposes, may be
considered to be substantially the same as the conventional black and
white picture signal The chrominance signal branches off the luminance
channel and by means of suitable band-pass circuitry extracts the
chrominance signal information from the composite luminance signal and
utilises this information for producing the usual colour-difference
signals These colourdifference signals are applied to the picture tube
in combination with the luminance signals to obtain proper colour
reproduction A full explanation of the conventional colour television
standards and of symbols and terms are found in the " Proceedings of
the I R E " of January, 1954.
The chrominance signal information is extracted from a band of
frequencies which is approximately 1 0 megacycle in width, this band
being centred about a subcarrier frequency of approximately 3 6
megacycles.
This band of chrominance frequencies is demodulated, and it is both
desirable and necessary, under the present NTSC colour television
system, that the demodulating and amplifying circuitry have a "
low-pass" lPrice 3 s 6 d l characteristic approximately 0 5 megacycle
wide The reasons for this 0 5 megacycle band width are well understood
by persons skilled in the art 50 ' In order to obtain the best
efficiency in reproducing the colour signals, it is necessary that the
frequency response of the demodulator and succeeding amplifiers be
linear or flat under this 0 5 megacycle band width 55 In order to
achieve this linear frequency response, prior art receivers utilise
complex networks in almost every stage of the chrominance circuitry to
limit the frequency response to a 0 5 megacycle band width, 60 and to

maintain this frequency response flat.
Thus, at almost any point in such chrominance circuitry, the band
width response is linear The complex networks utilised to achieve this
consistent and uniform fre 65 quency response are, of course,
expensive and difficult to adjust Such complex networks obviously lead
to major servicing problems.
In accordance with the provisions of this 70 invention, these prior
art complex networks have been entirely eliminated, as well as the
necessity for flat response characteristics throughout the chrominance
circuitry A substantial economy and reliability of opera 75 tion are
achieved as well as a realisation of reduced cost.
Instead of maintaining the frequency response of the chrominance
circuitry throughout its extent flat for the selected 8 o band width
of 0 5 megacycle, this invention comprehends the use of non-linear
frequency response for the selected band width and the compensation
for such non-linearity in the final stages While the frequency
response 85 is non-linear at any given point in the chrominance
circuitry, it is linear in the output circuit which is coupled to the
picture tube.
It is an object of this invention to provide 90 chrominance circuitry
for a colour television receiver which possesses an overall linear
785,820 frequency response for a given band width.
It is another object of this invention to provide chrominance
circuitry for a colour television receiver wherein the frequency S
response of component circuits or stages is non-linear, with such
non-linearity of the various circuits being in a direction to
comPlement each other whereby the overall frequency response is
linear.
For a better understanding of the invention, together with other and
further objects thereof, reference is made to the following
description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, the
scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims.
In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a block diagram of this invention; Fig 2 is a schematic
diagram; and Fig 3 is an illustration of wave forms used in explaining
the operation of this invention.
Referring to the drawings, and more particularly to Fig 1, the
luminance and chrominance channels are indicated generally by the
reference numerals 1 and 2 The split between the two channels is
conventionally made, for example, in the second detector stage of the
luminance channel The chrominance signal information occurring about
the centre subcarrier frequency of 3 6 megacycles is coupled to the
usual chroma amplifier 3 and is fed to the usual demodulator circuits
4 The colour synchronising signals, commonly characterised as the "

colour burst," is utilised by a " colour burst" gating circuit and
synchronous local oscillator, indicated generally by the reference
numeral 5, to control the operation of the demodulator circuits 4 The
demodulated signal is then applied to the chrominance amplifier 6 for
amplification, and then directly to the electron guns of the
conventional tri-gun picture tube 7 The luminance circuits 8, which
provide the usual monochrome signals, are also coupled to the picture
tube 7 in a conventional manner.
In order to obtain the best fidelity possible in reproducing colours,
it is essential that the frequency response of the chrominance channel
2 be substantially fiat over a band from zero ( 0) to 0 5 megacycle
This does not mean that this flatness of response is necessary at
every intermediate point in channel 2, but that this response be
present in the overall channel Explained in other words, measuring the
frequency response of channel 2 in the output circuit of the amplifier
6 with a sweep frequency applied to the input of the chroma amplifier
3, this freQ quency response should be flat.
A better understanding of this requirement is obtained by reference to
Fig 3 wherein the frequency response of the chroma amplifier at point
"A" is indicated by graph "A " It will be noted that this frequency
response is non-linear over a band width of approximately 1 0
megacycle centred at about a 3 6 megacycle carrier.
The response at point "B" (Fig 1) after demodulation is illustrated by
graph "B" 70 (Fig 3), and it will be noted that the nonlinearity has
been accentuated The frequency response of the amplifier 6 as a
component circuit is illustrated by the graph "C" and it will be noted
that this frequency 75 response drops ofr in such a direction that
when the two graphs "B" and "C" are added, the substantially fiat or
linear response of graph "D" is achieved The point at which the
response characteristic 80 of graph "D" is obtained is indicated by
the reference letter "D" in Figs 1 and 2.
With reference to Fig 2, the chrominance circuitry includes the usual
chroma amplifier 9 having the control grid coupled to the out 85 put
circuit of the second detector in the luminance channel The amplified
chroma signal is coupled to a band-pass coupler, indicated generally
by the reference numeral 10, comprising primary and secondary wind 90
ings 11 and 12 tuned respectively by the usual slugs 13 and 14 This
transformer 10 is so arranged that by adjusting the slugs 13 and 14
the degree of coupling between windings 11 and 12 may be varied to
achieve 95 the desired non-linear band-pass characteristic The
exemplary characteristic illustrated by graph "A" of Fig 3 shows the
centre portion slightly depressed Even though this characteristic is
not linear or 100 fiat, it may be utilised to advantage in achieving
the necessary operating characteristics of the succeeding circuitry.

To the output circuit of the coupler 10 is connected the usual "colour
burst" gating 105 circuitry and local synchronous oscillator indicated
by the block 15 Also connected to the coupler 10 is a suitable
potentiometer 16 having the variable tap 17 directly connected to the
control grids 18 and 19 of two 110 demodulator tubes 20 and 21
respectively.
These demodulator tubes are provided with second control grids 22 and
23, respectively, to which are connected the circuitry of the block 15
A suitable phase shifting network 115 24 is interconnected between the
two grids 22 and 23 for shifting the phase of the local oscillator
sinewave applied thereto by ninety degrees ( 90 ).
This is conventional practice in commer 120 cial television receivers
Series connected in the plate circuit of the tube 20 is a combination
peaking and carrier-filtering network composed of a resonant inductor
and two resistors 26 and 27 which are 125 connected together at the
lower ends A source of plate voltage is applied to these resistors as
illustrated whereby they serve as the usual plate load resistors The
inductor is designed to resonate at a frequency of 130 785,820
approximately 3 6 megacycles and further to peak the frequency
response of the preceding circuitry as indicated by the reference
numeral 28 of graph "B" (Fig 3) The D importance of this combination
filtering action and peaking in frequency response will be explained
more fully hereinafter A signal amplifier of conventional design,
indicated by the reference numeral 29, is coupled by means of
capacitor 30 to the peaking network 25, 26, 27 and is designed to
provide a limited frequency response characteristic of the shape
illustrated by graph "C" of Fig 3 It will be noted that J 5 this
amplifier 29, while limited to a band width of 0 5 megacycle, falls
off rapidly for the higher frequencies Comparing graphs " B " and "C,"
it will be seen that graph B " is peaked in the vicinity where graph
go "C" drops off, such that the addition of these two graphs in order
to determine the overall frequency response provides a substantially
flat characteristic as illustrated by graph " D " Thus, by
deliberately accentuating the non-linearity of the frequency response
of the band-pass coupler 10 by means of the network 25, 26, 27, and
being able to vary the degree of non-linearity by adjustment of the
slugs 13 and 14, the _ O band-pass characteristic of the amplifier 29
may be matched or complemented to achieve the substantially flat
response of graph " D " For purposes of convenience, the respecj 5
tive plate circuits of the demodulator tubes and 21 are characterised
as colourdifference channels, and in the circuit of Fig 2 the channel
indicated by the reference numeral 31 is the "-(R-Y)" channel and the
channel 32 is the "-(B-Y)" channel.
These formulas are used in the commonly understood sense, the letter

"Y" denominating the luminance signals, the letter "R" red chrominance
signals, and the letter "B" blue chrominance signals As is well known,
the mathematical combination of the luminance and red, green and blue
chrominance signals in a particular manner makes it possible to obtain
the reproduction of selected colours -50 in the picture tube Thus, by
use of the two demodulators 20 and 21 to -obtain the colour-difference
signals of the two channels 31 and 32, it is possible to obtain from
the combination thereof with the luminance S signal any one or
combination of the three colours red, green and blue While the two
demodulator circuits 20 and 21 have been illustrated, for all
practical purposes, they may be considered as duplicates insofar as
this invention is concerned, since the frequency response
characteristics of the overall circuitry as measured between the
chroma amplifier 9 and the outputs of the two amplifiers 29 and 33 is
made substantially ,65 flat A description of the one demodulator
circuit 20 and the associated amplifier 29 will suffice as a
description of the demodulator 21 and its associated circuitry.
In operation, the chrominance signals passed by the coupler 10
constantly vary in 70 amplitude and phase in accordance with
conventional practice The "colour burst" signals synchronise the local
oscillator 15 to provide a reference sinewave for the grids 22 and 23
of the demodulators 20 and 21, 75 respectively The chrominance signal
appearing over the potentiometer 16 is coupled to the grids 18 and 19
and is demodulated in the usual manner to provide the rectified colour
difference components in the two 80 channels 31 and 32, respectively
These rectified components are amplified by the two signal amplifiers
29 and 33 which are in turn coupled to the receiver picture tube in
the usual manner 85 Since the chrominance signal applied to the
band-pass coupler 10 occurs about a carrier frequency of approximately
3 6 megacycles, it is essential that this carrier frequency be
prevented from passing through 90 to the amplifiers 29 and 33 The
peaking coils 25 and 34 are designed to present a high impedance to
this carrier frequency to prevent it from being applied to the grids
of the amplifiers 29 and 33, respectively 95 The amplifiers 29 and 33
are initially designed to provide as much gain as possible in a
frequency range approximately 0 5 megacycle wide One practical circuit
design of this invention resulted in a frequency 10 ( response of each
amplifier being in the shape of graph "C" (Fig 3) By adjusting the
slugs 13 and 14, the frequency response of the circuitry preceding the
amplifiers 29 and 33 may be altered in a complementary 10 i S
direction such that the overall frequency response will be flat, as
represented by the graph "D " In achieving this frequency response, it
is of importance that the peaking coils 25 and 34 serve to accentuate
the,11 non-linearity of the characteristic of coupler 10, whereby a

flat characteristic in the output of the two amplifiers 29 and 33 is
more nearly achieved.
The simplicity of the circuitry as con 11 trasted with former prior
art arrangements is obvious Adjustment of the overall chrominance
circuit response is achieved in a facile manner by merely adjusting
the slugs 13 and 14 of the coupler 10 This 12 G simplicity sharply
contrasts with the prior art designs wherein it was necessary to peak
and shape the frequency response in almost every stage throughout the
chrominance circuitry in order to achieve the desired end 125.
result.
While it will be understood that the circuit specifications of this
invention may vary according to the design for any particular
application, the following circuit specifica 13 G tions for suitable
chrominance circuitry are included by way of example only:
785,820 Tubes 20 and 21 Inductors 25 and 34 Resistors 26 and 27 Tube
29 Tube 33 Choke 35 Condenser 30 Resistors 36 and 37 Resistors 38 and
39 Condensers 40 and 41 Condensers 42 and 43 6 BY 6 6 Millihenries
22,000 ohms 96 AN 8 12 BY 7 Microhenries 0.01 mfd.
1 Megohm 10,000 ohms Microfarads 1,500 Micromicrofarads Resistor 44
150 ohms Resistor 45 270 ohms While there has been described what is
at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention, it
will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and
modifications may be made therein without departing from the
invention.
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* GB785821 (A)
Description: GB785821 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in paper and like bags

Improvements in Paper and Like Bags
I, MARIUS BERGEIGRACHT a Belgian sub ject, of 71 Forelstraat, Ghent,
Belgium, do hereby declare the invention, for which s pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
The present invention relates to improvements in flat bottom bags, of
the type including an extensible side fold or the socalled "bellows"
bags including the simple transverse seal at the bottom. Such bags are
known and in common use but they have numerous disadvantages
particularly as regards their lack of tightness, their poor
appearance, and the impracticability of using them on automatic
machines, e.g.
packing machines. The present invention has for its object a bag of
the type described which has numerous advantages among which should be
mentioned in particular perfect tightness, perfect hermetic sealing of
the seams and of the closure, the possibility of automatic opening of
the mouth portion thereof permitting its use on automatic machines and
finally the fact that the bag may be produced economically on normal
bag making machines and that once folded and closed its appearance is
that of a box which is a much more expensive form of package, various
other advantages of the bag according to the invention will be
apparent from the following description.
The material utilised is either a sheet of paper or several sheets of
paper or one or more sheets of paper and one or more sheets of another
material such as alumi- mum, fabric, plastic material and so on.
Whenever multi-plies are used the assembly is preferably of laminated
form the plies being adhered one to the other by means of
thermoplastic lacquers and at least one face, namely in the case of
one face only that forming the inside of the bag, is covered or
otherwise coated with a thermoplast;c lacquer. Thus a cheap workable
material is obtained which can be utilised readily on machines for
making flat bottom bags having side folds but having the great
advantage of being absolutely tight and impermeable, adapted for hot
sealing and particularly having a composition which can receive and
preserve the fold lines which is not possible with the ordinary paper
utilised heretofore for the production of bags of this type. These
fold or crease lines which are suitably positioned, permit ready
opening of the bag and since such fold or crease lines maintain their
correctness by reason of the composition of the material used, when
the bag is filled and closed, the package presents the appearance of a

box although it is in fact comprised by a bag of the character
described which is in fact the simplest and cheapest package to
produce.
Bags are already known embodying tucks or folds which when filled and
closed have approximately the appearance of a box but in the present
invention a bag with side tucks and folds is concerned having i square
bottom as opposed to the ordinary flat bag the bottom of which is
formed by transversely sealing the tube, one end of which is simply
folded perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the tube; while
bags with a square bottom have heretofore been produced from a tube
one end of which is folded several times about different angles so as
to form a base of polygonal section folded perpendicularly to the axis
of the tube. Such bags are known but require much material, are
complicated and costly to produce and moreover the numerous overlying
folds at the bottom prevent obtaining even approximate tight ness of
the bottom.
On the contrary the bags forming the object of the present invention
only require the minimum of material are very simple and economical to
produce and are absolutely fluid tight.
Embodiments of the invention are shown by way of example on the
accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 shows in plan the blank from which a bag according to the
present invention can be produced by folding.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of a blank similar to that of Fig. 1 but
provided with flaps facilitating the formation of the closing of the
bottom.
Figs. 3 and 4 show diagrammatically the construction of the seams and
the sealing of the bottom of the bag.
Fig. 5 is a partial v;ew of a sealed bottom.
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a bag the bottom closure of which is
in course of formation.
Fig. 7 shows the packet produced after folding and sealing, and
Fig. 8 shows an upper part of a packet in perspective designed
particularly for vacuum conditioning and sealing.
The bag according to the invention may be produced from a flat blank 1
as shown in Fig. 1 or from a continuous tube to which similar score
lines are applied. This blank is comprised by a comparatively rigid
sheet formed by a single layer or by a multi-ply sheet as explained
above; the face which is to form the interior of the bag is covered
with a layer of thermoplastic lacquer which may be treated if
necessary so as to be aseptic. This assures perfect impermeability and
moreover gives the necessary properties e.g. of stiffness to permit it
to receive and preserve fold or crease lines where necessary for the
formation of the bag. Highly satisfactory results are obtained if the

thermoplastic lacquer is interposed between two sheets of paper from
which the blank is formed.
This blank is intended for the formation of a fiat bottom bag
embodying side folds i.e., the so-called "bellows" bag and it mav be
preformed by scoring or the like with two groups of fold lines each
comprising three vertical crease lines 2, 3, 4 and 2', 3' and 4'
intended to form the lateral folds or tucks.
Two other fold or crease lines are provided each comprising two
horizontal fold or score lines 5, 6 and 5' and 6'; the former pair 5,
6 being situated at the base of the blank and providing for the
formation of the bottom and the other fold or score lines 5' and 6'
being located at the upper part of the blank and comprising the folds
for the formation of the closure.
Moreover at the base of the two groups of vertical fold lines 2, 3, 4
and 2', 3' and 4' at the point where they meet the horizontal fold
lines 6 further fold lines 7 and 7' are provided forming a right angle
triangle having the line 6 as its base and the apex of which is
directed towards the base of the blank at a right angle, which
facilitates the formation in that the parts of the score lines 6
between the lines 2 and 4 and 2' and 4' come into line and the fold
lines 7, 7' form inward tucks of triangular shape which overlie parts
of the side walls (i.e.
between lines 4, 4' and 2, 2') lying between the lines 5 and 6 when
the appropriate parts of the side walls are folded to form the bottom
of the flat bottom for the bag and facilitates the opening of the bag
below the folds or tucks.
In the modification shown in Fig. 2 the blank 101 is provided at its
lower part with a flap 8 traversed by a horizontal fold line 9
situated in line with the lower edge of the blank, and at its upper
part with a flap 10 which is considerably longer than the flaps at
present utilised in packet manufacture. This flap is in the form of a
symmetrical trapezoid of which the larger base coincides with the
folding line 11 situated in line with the upper edge of the blank 101.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the method of gum.
minx, sealing and reinforcing the seams ;f the bag. The blank 1 or 101
is folded along its vertical fold lines in such a way that the lateral
edges thereof are joined together so as to form the second large side
of the bag.
At the overlapping point these edges are fixed one to the other either
by means of a line of adhesive 12 and one hot sealing surface 13 (see
Fig. 4) or by means of one hot sealing surface 13 disposed between two
lines of adhesive 12 (Fig. 3).
As regards the bottom of the bag and after having completed and welded
the seams as explained above, the bag is first seated as far as the

level of the horizontal fold line 5, then folded on itself and sealed
to or welded to the outside of the part between lines 5 and 6. The
thickened part 14 thus obtained may be again folded, welded or stuck
down (see Fig. 5). This bottom construction is simple to produce owing
to its similarity to the methods usable in the case of the ordinary
flat bag without side folds.
By reason of the arrangement of the fold lines the bag has, when open,
a square or rectangular form which gives it the appearance of a box.
Moreover the said fold lines facilitate the immediate and easy opening
of the bag during use.
Fig. 6 shows the form of bottom closure obtained in this way as well
as bag constructed by means of the blanks shown m
Fig. 2. The vertical fold or crease lines of the lateral tucks or
folds, combine with the triangular fold lines 6-7, 6-7' at the base
thereof and with the thickened portion at the base of the package to
form a tuck, whereby automatic and immediate formation of a fiat
rectangular bottom with sharp angles is obtained.
The upper flap 10 (see also Fig. 2) flanked by the side pieces 10' is
folded down on to the upper edge of the package in a similar manner to
that already de scribed, and the fold formation may be such as to form
a horizontal thickened portion 15, Fig. 7, which is hot sealed with
;rl some cases the interposition of a complementary sealing surface
which is capable of reinforcing the joint or weld in the samv: way as
for the reinforcement of the lateral seam (see Figs. 3 and 4).
Triangular sections 10' (which may if desired be trapezoidal) which
flank the upper flap 10 cooperate during folding of the latter with
the upper edges of the packet, which are likewise folded, ensuring
perfect hermetic tightness of the folds and of the closure so formed.
After closure the upper part of the packet completes the appearance of
a box.
A suitably shaped pierce of rigid material may be applied over the
contents of the bag.
When the bag is to be utilised for the vacuum conditioning of the
materials which it contains the upper edge of its larger side opposite
to that carrying the flap 10 (see Fig. 6) carries a row of small
perforations 16. The materials being placed in the bag the upper edges
of the packet are brought one towards the other and they are sealed in
such a way that the perforations 16 remain free, that is to say that
communication is left between the inside of the bag and the
atmosphere. The packet thus prepared is then placed in a vacuum
enclosure in the circuit of the filling machine, the evacuation is
effected in the enclosure and in the packet, the valve 17 formed by
the extension of the flap 10 and laid down over the row of
perforations 16 is automatically drawn against the latter when the

packet is released to atmospheric pressure. At this moment the parts
of the flap 10 and of the valve 17 which cover the perforations 16 are
hot sealed. The materials packed in this way are protected from all
contact with the air and form a compact strictly hermetically sealed
mass and the packet is completely sealed around them. For example a
packet containing coffee grains and sealed under vacuum in the
described manner offers good compactness and can be stored for a long
period
The bags according to the invention can be used for packing solid
products in a neutral or light gaseous medium, for example nitrogen,
hydrogen or helium.
It should be noted that the vacuum con ditioning of perishable or
other material could only be obtained heretofore by the use of
wrappings comprised by a rigid and impermeable material such for
example as glass, tin plate, aluminium or other similar materials.
What I claim is:
1. An air tight flat bottom bag comprising a tubular body portion
formed from a flexible material such as paper or a multi-ply material
partially or completety covered or impregnated with a thermoplastic
lacquer to provide properties such that pre-formed score lines permit
ready folding and of the type having longitudinal score lines to form
side bellows folds capable of being flattened, chacterised in that the
body portion includes a transverse score line extending across the
tubular blank and a simple transverse bottom seal extending across one
end of the body, said seal being so positioned in relation to said
transverse score line that automatic erection of said body to form a
flat-bottomed bag is obtainable by an opening movement which causes
the two sections of the said transverse score line which lie one over
the other before erection at each side fold, to move into line, with
the formation of an inwardly directed tuck defined by said sections of
the score line and by oblique fold lines running inwardly from each
corner of the bottom seal and meeting the longitudinal score lines
centrally of the bellows folds.
2. A bag according to claim 1 characterised in that it is produced
from paper consisting of a single layer of strong, impregnated paper
covered with a thernio- plastic lacquer adapted to be hot sealed.
from a cut blank comprising a multi-ply construction consisting of two
sheets of paper assembled by means of a thermoplastic material and of
which the face intended to form the inner wall of the wrapping is
covered with a hot sealing thermoplastic lacquer.
from a cut blank from a multi-ply material consisting of a sheet of
paper and a sheet or several sheets of a solid opaque material

assemblers one to the other by means of a thermo.
plastic lacquer and of which the face intended to form the inner wall
of the wrapping is covered with a hot sealing lacquer.
from a cut blank of multi-ply construction comprised of several sheets
of paper and one or several sheets of solid opaque material assembled
by means of a thermoplastic material and of which the face intended to
form the inner wall and in some cases the outer wall of the wrapping
is covered with
* GB785822 (A)
Description: GB785822 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in paper and like bags and machines for producing them
78 o 598:22 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May
12, 1953.
No.38671/56.
Application made in Belgium on May 12, 1952.
(Divided out of No 785,821).
Complete Specification Published Nov 6,1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 94 ( 2), D( 1 B: 2 81: 4 C: 4 M), E 2 (G
5: K 3: K 4: M).
International Classification: -331 b B 65 d.
Improvements in Paper and like Bags and Machines, for producing them
I, MARIUS BERGHGRACHT, a Belgian Subject, of 71, Forelstraat, Ghent,
Belgium, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
The present invention relates to machines for producing tubular blanks
from which flat bottom bags of the type having an extensible side
fold, i e, the so-called " bellows " bags, can be produced; and the

invention further relates to improved bags produced by means of such
blanks.
One object of the present invention is to provide an improved machine
whereby such blanks may be expeditiously produced and whereby blanks
are obtained which permit improved types of bags to be produced A
further object is to provide improved types of bags produced from such
blanks.
The material used for the formation of the blanks is either a sheet of
paper or several sheets of paper or one or more sheets of paper and
one or more sheets of another material such as aluminium fabric,
plastic material and so on Whenever multiplies are used the assembly
is preferably of laminated form the plies being adhered one to the
other by means of thermoplastic lacquers and at least one face, namely
that forming the inside of the bag, is covered or otherwise coated
with a thermoplastic lacquer.
Thus a cheap workable material is obtained which can be readily worked
on bag making machines but having the great advantage of being
absolutely tight and impermeable, adapted for hot sealing and
particularly having a composition which can receive and preserve the
fold lines These fold or crease lines which are suitably positioned,
permit ready opening of the bag and since such fold or crease lines
maintain their correctness by reason of the composition of the
material used, when the bag is fielled and closed, the package
presents lPrice 3, 6 d ' the appearance of a box although it is in
fact comprised by a bag of the character described which is in fact
the simplest and cheapest package to produce.
The machine according to the present 50 invention is characterised in
that a mandrel provided with a sealing device forms an endless tube of
the same section as the mandrel from a strip of paper or other like
material fed from a reel, the tube seam being disposed 55 at any
predetermined point on one side of the tube and being sealed down, and
laterally extensible folds are thereafter produced in the sides
contiguous to the seamed side on an extension of the mandrel in the
form of a 60 tapered forward part, such formation of the folds being
effected by means of Dresser rollers carried by inclined arms, to form
a continuous flattened tube with lateral bellows folds, said tube
being thereafter cut to length 65 and sealed at one end by a simple
transverse seal The sealing device is preferably located at a marginal
part of the mandrel so as to produce a seam adjacent to one of the
said contiguous sides 70 Tubular blanks produced as described or bags
or packages produced therefrom, may be of square transverse section
and the opposite extremities of the bellows folds thus come into
contact one with the other when the bag 75 or package or the tubular
blank is flattened; this arrangement is advantageous as a uniform

thickness is provided when the bottom closure of the package is being
performed by means of a simple transverse sealing operation 80
Further, the longitudinal seam in the blank may be arranged
non-centally of one of the lateral faces of the blank not provided
with folds and this arrangement also facilitates the formation of kthe
transverse bottom sealing 85 since the seam does not coincide with the
tips of the folds when the blank is flattened.
The features of the Dresent invention are shown by way of example on
the accompanying drawings, wherein: 90 4 4 785,822 Figs 1 to 3 show
diagramnatically a known type of machine for nroducing tubular blanks
with side bellows folds from which bags or packages can be formed, Fig
1 being a side view, Fig 2 a plan view and Fig 3 a section on the line
XVII-XVII of Fig 1.
Figs 4 to 6 show the details of an improved machine according to the
present invention, Fig 4 being a side view, Fig 5 a plan view and Fig
6 a section on the line XX-XX of Fig 4.
Fig 7 is a perspective view of the top of a packet showing the form
and position of a top closure of a bag, but showing a side seam
according to the present normal method, this figure should be compared
with Fig 12 showing an improved bag according to one feature of the
invention.
Figs 8 and 10 are plan views showing a bag with extensible folds
before hot sealing and being respectively a view showing the present
normal arrangement and a view showing a further feature of the
invention.
Figs 9 and 11 show the same bags respectively during hot sealing.
Fig 12 is a view similar to Fig 7 showing the preferred location of
the seam, and Figs 13 and 14 are sections respectively on the line
XIII-XIII of Fig 7 and XIV-XIV of Fig 12 showing the two forms of bag
during the course of sealing.
Figs 1 to 3 illustrate known types of machines for producing tubular
blanks with side bellows from which bags or packages can be produced
after severing lengths from the tubular product leaving the machine,
which lengths are transversely sealed at one end and fold lines formed
whereby a flat bottom may be produced of the character shown for
example in Specification No ( 13267/53) (Serial No 785,821).
The paper or other like material of single or multi-ply type from
which the bag is formed, is fed from a reel 116 and passes between the
guide rollers 117, 118 The paper arriving below the guide 114 ' is
folded upwardly by the guide fingers 119 which lay the paper against
the guide 114 where it is held by the rollers 120.
The arms 121 provided with rollers 122 initiate the folding of the
extensible tucks which are formed progressively as the paper advances
on the guides The rollers 122 press the paper against the guides

114-114 o until the assembly is quite tight between the guides and the
rollers This stage is obtained when the extensible folds are
practically finished and folded towards the inside At this moment the
two guides have reached a position very close one to the other as
illustrated in Fig 1 When the paper is perfectly tight and when the
two edges are placed lightly one against the other at 123 a suitable
device seals the two edges one against the other.
The sealing device is generally comprised by a heating roller 124 on
the guide 114 and two small rollers 125, 1251 providing counter
pressure below the guide for the heating roller 124.
The rollers 125 and 125 ' should have a 70 width at least equal to the
width of the sealing band and since these rollers must be supported it
is necessary to provide sufficient space in the machine for
accommodation.
As has been indicated above, as sealing can 75 only be effected when
the extensible folds are practically complete, there always remains
between the extremities of the folds a space of the order of 11 cm It
will be explained below that it is highly advantageous in the case of
80 bags with extensible folds for the folds to touch one another
within the closure as shown in Figs 10 and 11, which is impossible to
obtain with present machines.
Another disadvantage of present machines 85 results from the fact that
immediately after sealing the tube is driven by rollers 126 which
press on the tube so formed, and then the tube is cut When the hot
sealing is to be effected the thermoplastic material is then 90 still
slightly plastic and it often occurs, particularly for high production
speeds, that the bags are sealed internally along the seam while
passing between the driving rollers 126.
Finally the present machines do not permit 95 heat-sealing the tube
along the extreme edge of a side for it is not possible to maintain
the two ends to be sealed one against the other in the overlapping
sealing zone when this zone is near one of the edges of the guide 100
On the other hand, there is practically no space below the guide 114
for housing the rollers 125, 1251 On Fig 3 there is shown
diagrammatically a section on the line XVII-XVII of Fig 1 It will be
seen that 105 it is impossible to locate the rollers 125 and 1251
nearer the edges and it is for this reason that at present the seam is
always at the centre Hence it has not heretofore been possible to
produce heat-sealed bags of square 110 section with extensible folds
and with an ordinary bottom nor to produce heat-sealed bags with
extensible folds and with an ordinary bottom and with a seam towards
the edge of a side nor to produce square bags with 115 an ordinary
bottom and a seam along the edge of a side.
The present invention comprises the provision of -a machine for

producing paper bags with extensible folds directed towards the in 120
side and with an ordinary bottom permitting bags to be produced of any
section, for example square, and to produce them while providing a
longitudinal seam in a side which is not folded, for example on one of
the edges 125 of one 'lace not comprising the extensible folds.
The machine forming the object of the present invention is shown in
Figs 4 to 6 and comprises essentially a mandrel of any section, 130
785,822 for example square, 127 The paper strip 128 fed from a reel
129 passes between feed rollers 130 and is placed around the mandrel
127 by means of folders 131 or any other similar manner as in the
known machines The mandrel 127, the length of which is about 1 m., is
thus covered with a layer of material intended for the formation of
the bag The two edges of the sheet 128 overlap to an extent
corresponding to the width of the seam which it is desired to produce
This seam may be obtained in any desired way, the rollers 132, 133
maintaining the sheet under tension and in place which permits perfect
sealing by means of a heating and presser roller 134 The pressure
exerted by this roller 134 is balanced by the counter pressure exerted
by two small rollers 135 located within the mandrel 127, a window
space being cut therein at this point If desired, a preheating device
136 is arranged along the seam to be produced just in front of the
roller 134.
Beyond the sealing roller 134 there is located in line therewith and
along the seam, a series of rollers 137, 137 ', the former arranged
above the seam and the latter substantially below the upper face of
the mandrel, these latter being intended to ensure the pressing of the
seam to obtain perfect sealing The resulting tube has the same section
as the mandrel A roller 144 urges the bottom of the tube along the
bottom of the mandrel.
The tube, which is perfectly sealed, is provided with laterally
extensible folds which are produced on the two opposite sides in the
following very simple manner: the lateral vertical faces of the
mandrel 127 are omitted after the last pair of rollers 137 and the two
other faces of the mandrel approach one another so as to form a
nozzle-like member as indicated in Fig 4 If desired, a spacer 139
maintains the two faces 138 and 1381 at the desired spacing.
Rollers 140 arranged on arms 141 and 1411 are disposed between the
faces 138 and 1381 of the mandrel The arms 141 and 141 ' are disposed
obliquely relatively to the longitudinal direction of the mandrel in
such a manner that the rollers 140 spaced along the length of the
tube, approach progressively and in some cases may even cause the
inner folds of the bellows to touch each other The folds of the
extensible parts are thus perfectly marked and the extremities of the
fold section just touch one another when the bag is flattened In

general the final rollers 140 do not touch one another exactly but
there is a small space between them which corresponds to the
thicknesses of the two inward folds and which allow for the separation
between the faces of the bag At the point corresponding to the final
rollers, which should be very thin, the two faces 138 and 1381 are
brought very close one to the other and practically touch The tube so
formed, with the extensible sections folded towards the inside is
driven by the cylinders 142 and a suitable device for example a
guillotine 143 cuts tube sections of the desired length suitable for
producing an extensible fold-bag 70 The advantages of the machine of
Figs 4 to 6 follow from the position of the sealing device on the
mandrel The arrangement produces a tube of any section which is then
provided with extensible folds The positioning 75 of the sealing
device on the mandrel ahead of all the rollers 140 permits the sealing
device to be placed at any point equally at the extreme edge as at the
centre On the other hand the distance between the sealing device 80
and th guillotine is such that complete cooling of the sealing zone is
ensured, even for high feed speeds, however great these may be in
practice Finally it is possible to produce tubes of any section and
particularly for 85 example of square section By the fact that the
sealing device is placed ahead of the rollers it is possible to
produce extensible folded' sections which touch one another perfectly
when the bag is folded with the folds towards 90 the inside.
As above indicated, the machine shown on Figs 4 to 6 permits tubular
blanks to be produced each of square cross-secion when opened out
and/or each provided with an off 95 centre longitudinal seam on one of
the sides not embodying the bellows folds Heretofore, bags with
extensible folds have had a rectangular but not square cross-section
and in this case it has been found that the extensible 100 folds,
folded towards the interior, offer excess thickness which during hot
sealing by means of thermoplastic materials prevent perfect tightness
being obtained.
Figs 8 to 11 of the accompanying drawings 105 are sectional or plan
views from above of a bag with extensible folds, Figs 8 and 10 being
before hot sealing and Figs 9 and 11 after sealing Figs 8 and 9 refer
to the known methods while Figs 10 and 11 represent sub 110 sidiary
features of the invention.
It will be understood that after hot sealing small non-sealed openings
18 and 19 (see Fig.
9) are unavoidably formed In general, and as shown, the outer sheet of
paper or other 115 material 20 is covered internally by a layer of
thermoplastic material 21 The jaws 22 and 23 which bear against the
surfaces to be sealed and press them one against the other ensure
perfect sealing of the parts 24, 25, 26 and 27 120 If the distance

between the ends of the extensible folds is relatively great and
especially if the operative surface of the jaws 22 and 23 is flexible
or is appropriately shaped the parts 28 are applied one against the
other 125 despite the excess thickness of the extensible folds, but in
all cases there always remains the spaces 18 and 19 which the thicker
the paper are not closed since the parts which are to be sealed are
not brought into contact 130 4 785,822 To avoid this disadvantage
which is very serious in the case of air-tight wrappings effected
under vacuum or under gas pressure, the extensible fold-bags produced
by blanks formed by the machine of Figs 4 to 6 are preferably of
square section so that the tips of the extensible folds come into
contact during the bottom formation of the package as illustrated in
Figs 10 and 11.
The layers of thermoplastic materials 21 ' which cover internally the
faces of the bag and of the extensible folds, come into intimate
contact throughout and when the gripper or jaws 221 or 231 are applied
to the package, although the thermoplastic material is fluid, there is
an intimate fusion or welding of the whole thermoplastic mass and as
there is excess thickness at no point there is no need to give the
grippers or jaws any special form and there is no risk of having a
leak in the closure, which is in fact perfectly tight.
Further the longitudinal seam of the bag has heretofore been placed
nearly at the centre of one of the side faces of the bag namely the
side not having the extensible lfolds as is illustrated in Fig 7 The
bag 29 is provided all along one of its faces with a seam 30 shown in
dotted lines At this Point there are two thicknesses of material
superposed one on the other.
Fig 13 shows in section on the line X If I-XIII of Fig 7 the
arrangement of the various layers in contact during the sealing of the
closure of such a bag 20 shows the material of the bag, for example
paper, and 21 shows the layer of thermoplastic material intended for
the hot sealing of the closure.
In the zone 30 there is an excess thickness and the clamping grippers
cannot provide perfect sealing since this excess thickness acting at
the centre of the active surface of the gripper, acts just at the
joint where the pressure is the least; by reason of this excess
thickness there are no means for powerfully clamping the two
longitudinal edges.
If, in the case of an extensible fold bag, the position of the seam at
the centre coincides with the tips of the folds which do not come into
close contact one with the other, the difficulties due to the fact
that the bags are rectangular and have a central seam are added and it
becomes practically impossible to obtain a perfectly tight sealing
Finally the central position of the seam in the middle of one face of

the bag prevents obtaining printing on the two flat faces of the bags
Generally it is desirable to incorporate publicity or Trade Mark
material and it has been necessary to divide such printing into two
sections on the two sides of the seam.
Preferably, therefore, the longitudinal seam is arranged towards the
edge of one face as shown in Fig 12, where the bag 29 ' is sealed
longitudinally at 301 to the side of one of the side faces not
provided with extensible folds.
On Fig 14 there is shown diagramatically in section on the line
XIV-XIV of Fig 12 the closure of the bag 291 The zone 301 is shifted
to the side where it no longer adversely influences the sealing in the
manner shown on 70 Fig 13 The action of the gripper or jaws is much
more effective at the edge than at the centre and the operative
closure point between the inner extremities of the extensible folds
folded towards the inside, is outside of the 75 zone of excess
thickness.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785823 (A)
Description: GB785823 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to the casting of ferrous metals in ingot moulds
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
785,823 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May 20,
1954.
No 14856/54.
Application made in France on May 23, 1953.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 83 ( 1), F 6 BX; and 95, A 9 (A: B: C).
International Classification: -B 22 c CO 9 d.
Improvements in or relating to the Casting of Ferrous Metals in Ingot
Moulds I, HENRI JEAN DAUSSAN, of 9, rue de Verdun, Metz (Maselle),
France, of French nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for
which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
This invention relates to the casting of iron and its alloys (cast
irons and steels) in ingot moulds.
It is known that in the production of ingot, or castings having a
shape similar to that of an ingot such as a rolling mill roll, known
difficulties arise due to the impurities introduced by the stream of
molten metal, or due to the refining impurities, or due to particles
derived from the refractory materials of various apparatus for
production or for transfer to the ingot mould.
Other difficulties are due to the dynamic effect of the stream of
metal and to the cooling of the metal bath up to its solidification
point.
Numerois defects, more especially the following, inl the ingots and
other cast pieces result from these various difficulties: The bottom
splashes due to the spreading wave caused at the beginning of the
casting by the stream of metal; The shelliness due to the small side
projections of metal coming from the bath or from the stream of metal
while the ingot mould is being filled; Slag patches on the surface of
the ingot on account of the clinging of the slag to the wall of the
mould; Non-metallic inclusions and certain blow holes due to occluded
gases coming from the impurities which have had time to separate
during the solidification and which remain imprisoned in the ingot.
In order to overcome these disadvantages, it has been proposed more
particularly to coat the internal wall of the mould with tar, bitumen
or other coatings derievd therefrom, cream of lime, graphite,
silico-aluminous refractory earths or the like Deoxidizers, such as
aluminium or ferro-silicon, have been added to these various

substances.
Numerous mixtures for coating purposes have already been proposed and
many of said mixtures contain a certain amount of mixing water which
may be water of addition, and/or water of crystallisation and/or
constitution but said amount is sufficiently small to enable a
complete drying of the applied coating before casting.
Indeed, in order to conform to the customary recommendation regarding
the application of a coating to the internal surface of an ingot mould
wall, efforts have been made to obtain before casting a dry film of
coating free from all trace of humidity, and producing no liberation
of gas or vapour, at least when the level of the molten metal comes
into contact with it.
It has also been proposed to use coatings which, owing to the
combustion gases which they contain, produce a slight peripheral
turbulence In particular cardboard has been stuck on the ingot mould
wall with starch paste to cause the said slight peripheral turbulence.
It has also been proposed to use coating products containing boric
acid or up to 2 % of borax, and also a coating product, intended for
the pouring of magnesium and the alloys thereof, which contains 50 %
of boric acid and 50 % of graphite.
In short, in coating the internal surface of ingot mould walls it has
hitherto been customary to avoid any trace of humidity remaining at
the instant when the molten metal comes into contact with the coating,
and also to avoid the simultaneous production of a great peripheral
turbulence.
All the known coatings or other means, whilst overcoming many
disadvantages, are incapable of entirely avoiding non-metallic
inclusions in dificult cases, for example in the bottom pouring of a
steel of high viscosity.
As regards bottom splashes, no coating has avoided them Effective
devices called " shock 785,823 absorbers ", have, however, been
provided which used in conjunction with coatings can avoid them.
The invention relates to an iron and steel ingot casting method which
makes it possible on the one hand to eliminate all non-metallic
inclusions, even those in the heart of the ingot, far from the
surface, and even in the most difficult cases of bottom pouring of
high viscosity steels, and on the other hand, to avoid bottom splashes
in the most difficult cases of top pouring.
According to the invention, the internal surfaces of the ingot moulds
are coated with a mixture comprising one or more carbonaceous
substances, and at least one substance having sufficient water of
crystallization and/or of constitution that the coating contains a
portion of said water before casting, even when the coating has dried
under the effect of the room temperature or of the temperature of

about 60-80 C, of said mould following on a previous casting
operation.
During the pouring, the vapours and gases liberated by the substance
or substances rich in water and also the gases obtained from the
combustion of the carbonaceous substance or substances, create a
strong inward thrust or pressure from the wall of the mould already
submerged by the poured metal, this thrust being directed obliquely
towards the centre and the upper part of the molten metal so that
impurities are not blocked at the periphery of the ingot where the
poured ingot commences to solidify.
Advantogeously a mixture is used which comprises one or more
carbonaceous substances, and borax and/or boric acid containing water
of crystallization and/or of constitution in a proportion of from 4 %
to 22 % by weight of the whole.
Borax or boric acid or a mixture thereof make it possible to obtain
the formation of steam or gases from the water of constitution and/or
of crystallization at well-defined temperatures which suit the molten
ferrous metals and alloy.
The properties of borax and boric acid are as follows: Borax, of the
formula Na B,07 10 HD 0, contains by weight: 36.52 % of B 20, 16.25 %
of Na O 47.23 % of water of crystallization.
It is very stable at ordinary temperatures but it melts as soon as the
temperature exceeds about 620 C, after which it loses its water of
crystallization approximately as follows:H,0 up to 1300 C.
3 H,0 from 1300 to 1500 C.
2 H 1,0 from 1500 to 1800 C.
1 H,0 from 180 to 318 C.
at which latter temperature anhydrous borax, Na B 407, is obtained,
having a melting point of 741 C, but aqueous solutions of borax
hydrolyze, yielding metaboric acid and then boric acid.
Boric acid, having the formula HBO,, and containing 56 3 % of boric
anhydride and 43.7 % of water of constitution, loses part of 70 its
water beyond 120 C and is converted into metaboric acid Above this
temperature, at about 230 C, it is converted into boric anhydrides, B
O,, which when heated assumes a vitreous form melting at 450 C 75 into
a vicous glass, the viscosity of which falls gradually in the wide
temperature range of the molten metal, and at a red heat dissolves
metal oxides.
The behaviour according to the invention, of 50 borax and boric acid
is substantially the same since under the action of the heat of the
bath of molten metal borax is finally converted into boric acid The
essential difference resides in the formation of Na O in the case of
the use 85 of borax, which is generally favourable to the steel bath
except perhaps in the case of steels produced with a high sulphur

content, since Na O has a known desulphurising action in a bath of
ferrous metals 90 Borax and boric acid have moreover the property of
converting oxides into the corresponding borates; on the other hand,
boric acid acting in extrerzis through its water of constitution,
whether starting with borax, boric acid or 95 both, dissolves metal
oxides at a red heat The water of crystallization of borax can be
used, however, to assist the desired effect or to produce the effect
sooner over a wide range of temperatures 100 It will be understood
that these properties moreover give the coating layer a kind of
cleansing and fluidizing effect which experience has shown to be most
favourable.
The borax and boric acid are used in pow 105 dered form As for the
carbonaceous materials, they can be used likewise in powdered form or
in the liquid state, in order to give more body to the coating while
preventing it from flowing at too low a temperature, more especially
under 110 the action of radiations from the molten metal bath It is to
be noted that the formation of CO or CO,, due to the presence of these
carbonaceous materials, increases under given conditions the desired
effects of peripheral tur 115 bulence, and the effect of CO or CO in
conjunction with the effect of the liberation of steam or of its
constituent gases can be used to advantage, whereas the turbulence
produced by the CO and/or CO 2 alone would be quite 120 inadequate to
obtain the desired action.
It will be observed moreover that the product according to the
invention has the advantage of not giving rise to the release of any
toxic products, which is not the case with pro 125 ducts derived from
tars and bitumens thinned with gas oils or with diluents from the
distillation of coal or heavy petroleum oils.
The carbonaceous substances entering into the composition of the
product according to 130 -785,823 the invention and at the same time
as the borax and/or boric acid, can be charcoal, peat, a mineral
carbon, a natural or synthetic cellulosic substance, very fine sawdust
or wood flour, a residue from sugar manufacture, molasses, vinasses
and the like.
When the carbonaceous material used does not contain exclusively
carbon, which is the general case, it is generally advantageous to
treat it with caustic soda, in order to convert the substances which
are foreign to carbon into fusible alkaline salts which are entrained
in the liquid part of the bath, at the same time as the residues from
the borax and boric acid, after the dehydration and the reactions
taking place on contact of the coating and the molten metal bath.
The residue from the coating according to the invention and the
impurities of the bath are 2 ( strictly localized in the central part
of the bath surface, and finally are accommodated right at the top of

the ingot, in the part which must necessarily be eliminated, which
only constitutes a very small proportion of waste; on the other hand,
ingots treated according to other processes continue to present
surface flaws and inclusions in the heart of the ingot which hitherto
it has been impossible to eliminate.
It should be noted that the fact of producing the steam or the gases,
hydrogen and oxygen, of which it is composed, on the internal wall of
the ingot mould and contrary to the established theoretical
assertions, cannot in any way cause any undesirable effects at the
heart of the ingot, because the formation and liberation of the said
steam and gases takes place under welldefined conditions of
temperature, speed and orientation.
Table I below gives some examples of compositions according to the
invention which have given excellent results during practical tests,
the compositions being given in powder form and for one metric ton of
product.
TABLE I.
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Substance kg kg i kg.
Very finely powdered charcoal Natural graphite 70 % C Caustic soda
Molasses Borax and/or boric acid Water for dissolving the caustic soda
470 23 410 1000 280 485 1000 820 1000 It is to be noted that the
composition of Example I contains a minimum of 9.7 X 43 7 -4.2 % of
water of constitution, when the boric acid is used alone.
The table above indicates the quantities of water provided for forming
the solution of caustic soda which allows the products according to
the invention to be in powdery form.
Owing to the exotgermic reaction which takes place during the
preparation, this water evaporates for the greater part, which
explains why it has not been reckoned in the addition for 1000.
The preparation of these three products which are of appreciably
different composition is quite easy.
EXAMPLE 1.
The charcoal and soda lye are mixed and while the mixing is taking
place the quantity of molasses is poured in gradually until the moving
mass assumes a powdery appearance.
At this point the very finely powdered borax and/or boric acid is or
are added to the first mixture and mixing is continued until the
product is quite homogeneous The product obtained according to the
invention and for the motives indicated above is suitable for all
ingots, but more particularly for top poured ingots of large cross
section, such as forge ingots, or bottom poured ingots, especially in
the case of high viscosity steel.
EXAMPLE 2.
The charcoal and graphite are mixed, then the caustic soda lye is

added, and mixing is carried out for a slightly longer period than in
the foregoing example in order to allow time for the constituents
other than the carbon to be attacked The borax and/or baric acid is or
are then added and mixing is continued for some time to obtain the
necessary homogeneity.
This product is likewise suitable for casting all ingots, but more
especially for ingots of small cross section and for killed steels of
low viscosity or for effervescent steels.
EXAMPLE 3 90
Production is similar to that of Example 2, but the caustic soda lye
must be left to attack the graphite for a longer time than in Example
2, before adding borax and/or boric acid The product obtained is also
in the powdery state, 95 i.
as in the two foregoing examples This product, applied on the ingot
mould wall, gives a very hard film On this account, it is more
particularly suitable for effervescent steels which are top-poured to
avoid more especially bottom splashes.
Although the products according to the invention can be diluted
directly with water to the consistency desired for the intended uses,
these products are preferably obtained in powdery condition for
convenience in transport and storage.
To obtain the coating in the desired consistency for use, it is only
necessary to dilute the powder with water on the site at the time of
use, until a degree of fluidity is obtained which will make it is
possible to apply the desired covering by the means selected, such as
spray gun, paint brush, or other kinds of 2 C brush, spatula, scraper,
etc To give some idea, for applying the product by means of a spray
gun, the powder can generally be diluted with an equal weight of
water.
The most suitable mould temperature for applying the coating is
between 600 and 80 C., yet thie coating according to the invention can
be applied without difficulty to cold moulds.
It will be noted that the product according to the invention can be
again diluted with water after it has dried without losing its
efficacy, even after it has been left in a dry state for a long time
in the coating tank, and this stability, on various occasions, due to
the physio-chemical properties of the selected constituents, is
noteworthy.
Drying of the coating takes place very quickly before the casting
operation; about ten minutes is sufficient at room temperatures.
After all, if there were a small amount of diluting water still left,
it would very quickly be eliminated at the beginning of casting under
the action of the intense radiated heat of the stream of molten metal,
so that in actual fact on contact with the molten metal there remain

only the constituents giving off water of crystallization and/or water
of constitution, and the mixing water does not take part in the
desired effervescence which is due on one hand to the transformation
into steam or hydrogen and oxygen of said water of crystallisation
and/ or constitution and on the other, to the gases resulting from the
combustion of the carbonaceous substance or substances.
A second group of examples of products according to the invention is
given in Table II below These products have a particularly
advantageous use in the case of a high alloy steel containing for
example 4 %O of Ci (chromium), this steel having been strongly "
killed " with aluminium in the proportion of for example 10 kg per ton
of steel, also in the case of a steel containing a high Si content,
for example 2 %, etc Such steels are very difficult to pour, on
account of their high viscosity.
The coating provided for repelling the impurities of the bath to the
central part of the bath surface should be such that its constituents
are reliably eliminated.
More particularly, the use of boric acid mixed with a mineral carbon
or a purified graphite similar to that of electric furnace electrodes,
or with charcoal which is as pure as possible, is quite suitable in
this particularly difficult case.
TABLE II.
(COMPOSITION IN POWDERY OR SLIGHTLY PASTY FORM) Second group of
examples range Substances of composition (kg) Graphite and/or carbon
of any kind containing more than 90 % C, in powder form 500 to 900
Boric acid (powder) 500 to 100 1000 1000 It is to be noted that
substances of Table II can contain a maximum of water of constitux 43
7 tion equal to -21 85 % i e about 22 %.
Caustic soda can be added, either in the form of an aqueous solution,
or as a powder, or in flake form, in a very easily determined
proportion which allows the carbon impurities contained in the mineral
or vegetable carbon to be converted into alkaline salts In practice,
for treating carbon or graphite in this way, it is sufficient to add
it to the above-mentioned mixtures from 3 to 5 of the quantity of
carbon or graphite used.
Molasses can be added to these compositions at the rate of 50-100
parts per thousand of the total weight of the composition, when the
product obtained is not thick enough at the temperature of use, as may
happen, depending on the quality of the carbon and the proportion of
boric acid.
This second group of examples behaves as expected on account of the
fact that the boric acid is volatile in the presence of the steam
which is given off under the action of the heat of the bath This
giving off of steam, 785,923 785,823 even if it takes place in the

atmosphere, cannot in any way hinder the personnel in charge of the
casting; on the contrary, it has a benificial effect on the mucous
membrane.
The preparation of these products does not present any difficulty and
is similar to that described in connection with the first three
examples.
During the casting and while the steel is rising, there is set up, due
to the coating according to the invention, a peripheral turbulence of
remarkable steadiness, having an amplitude of several centimetres
directed obliquely from bottom to top, which has not hitherto been
obtainable with any known coating Thisi turbulence is produced
regularly up to the height of the ingot mould, which confirms that the
characteristics of the product are not affected by the mixing water or
by the heat radiated from the bath The residue of the product floats
entirely on the surface as a small grey sheet which is more or less
copious depending on the amount used for coating the walls.
This sheet grows as the level of the bath rises because all the
impurities introduced by the stream of metal are driven towards the
centre and upwards, so much so that the grey sheet is located
rigorously at the centre of the si rface of the bath, which is
likewise essential for leading to the desired result, especially as
regards the total removal of non-metallic inclusions; this proves
moreover that the constituents of the product are likewise driven
towards the centre of the bath surface, this being due to the presence
of borax or boric acid at the time of their melting.
All the tests carried out by the applicant have shown that ingots cast
in ingot moulds coated according to the invention have neither
non-metallic inclusions, nor blow holes, either in the case of bottom
pouring or in the case of top pouring.
On the other hand, in the course of one of these tests, part of the
wall of an ingot mould was intentionally left uncoated to see what
would happen It is noteworthy that a clearly apparent surface flaw was
produced, localised exactly at the part which had not been covered
with a coating according to the invention, while the rest of the ingot
was perfect, without the slightest flaw and had a perfect sutrface
without any blow holes or under-thesurface inclusions.
It is to be noted that the direction in which gases are given off
varies slightly depending on whether bottom pouring or top pouring is
used, on whether the ingot mould has vertical walls, or oblique walls,
whether it widens out towards the top or the bottom, which naturally
follows moreover in consequence of the component of the stream of
metal and the component of the reaction of the wall, which both come
into consideration.
Obviously the invention is not in any way limited to the numerical

examples given.
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