Improvements in biocidal compositions

* GB785869 (A)
Description: GB785869 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to biocidal compositions
Description of GB785869 (A)
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BE547357 (A) DE1004856 (B) FR1148240 (A) NL87356 (C)
BE547357 (A) DE1004856 (B) FR1148240 (A) NL87356 (C) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION "Improvements in or relating to biocidal
compositions"
We, N. V. DE BATAAFSCHE PETROLEUM MAATSCHAPPIJ, a company organised
under the laws of The Netherlands, of 30 Carel van
Bylandtlaan, The Hague, The Netherlands, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement :-
It is known that pentachlorophenol possesses biocidal properties. The
compound is widely used, for instance, as a weed-killer.
Hitherto it has been found difficult to obtain stable concentrates
containing 10% by weight or more of pentachlorophenol which satisfied
the requirements of good dilutability in hard water, spontaneous
emulsifiability, good solubility of the emulsifier and good storage
stability even when stored for relatively long periods under abnormal
conditions.

The present invention provides compositions which satisfy these
requirements.
The compositions according to the invention contain pentachlorophenol
in a concentration of preferably at least 10% by weight, a hydrocarbon
base oil, containing aromatic hydrocarbons, one or more lower
alcohols, a coupling agent which is an alcohol or ketone containing 5
to 9 carbon atoms in the molecule, or a mixture thereof, and an
emulsifier of the group of the poly-oxy-ethylene sorbitan fatty acid
esters, preferably oleates, and most preferably trioleates.
By lower alcohol is meant here an alcohol containing not more than 4
carbon atoms in the molecule. Ethanol or isopropanol is particularly
suitable.
The hydrocarbon base oil used is preferably an oil with an aromatic
content of at least 50 per cent by weight.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the use of mesityl oxide as a
coupling agent increases the storage stability and the spontaneous
emulsifiability of the concentrate to a considerable extent. In this
respect it is far superior to alcohols and other ketones as a coupling
agent.
The use of an emulsifier of the sorbitan type is found to be
necessary. With the use of another type of emulsifier the resultant
compositions do not satisfy all the requirements which are stated
above to be desirable.
The proportions of the components present in the compositions of the
invention may vary within certain limits.
Thus, pentachlorphenel may be present in an amount up to 30% by
weight, but in general 20% by weight should not be exceeded. It is, of
course, possible to incor- porate less than 10% by weight of
pentachlorophenol in the composition, but the importance of the
present invention lies in the fact that it enables more highly
concentrated pentachorophenol compositions to be prepared which
satisfy all the requirements mentioned above. Even compositions of the
invention containing less than 10% by weight of pentachlorophenol,
however, satisfy these requirements, particularly in regard to
spontaneous emulsifiability in water.
The amount of lower alcohol present lies between 1 and 15 per cent by
weight, preteral) ty between 3 and 7 per cent by weight.
The coupling agent must be present in an amount of 3 to 20 per cent by
weight, preferably 5 to 12 per cent by weight.
The emulsifier must be present in an amount of 3 to 20 per cent by
weight, preferably 7 to 9 per cent by weight.
The composition is made up to 100 per cent bv weight with the
hydrocarbon base oil. The average hydrocarbon oil content in the
compositions of the invention will therefore be about 60 per cent by

weight.
In general it may be said that as the pentachlorophenol content
increases, the contents of lower alcohol, coupling agent and
emulsifier must also increase in order to obtain a composition which
completely satisfies the requirements made.
Although the compositions according to the invention may be obtained
by any method of preparation known to those skilled in the art, a
preferred method is as follows:
The pentachlorophenol is dissolved in the mixture of lower alcohol and
coupling agent without supplying heat. This is a considerable
technical advantage. When all the pentachlorophenol has dissolved, the
desired quantities of emulsifier and-hydrocarbon base oil are then
added, whereupon the product is ready.
The concentrated compositions of the invention are diluted with water
for use.
According to usual practice, this is carried out shortly before use,
and with water available locally. It is possible to dilute the
concentrates with any kind of water, even with a hardness of 50 D. H.
By the addition of a relatively large volume of water, it is possible
to prepare compositions which are suitable for application by the
high-volume spraying technique (approximately 0.33 per cent by weight
pentachlorophenol concentration) or, by the addition of a relatively
small volume of water, to prepare compositions suitable for
application by the low-volume spraying technique (approximately 3.3
per cent by weight pentachlorophenol concentration). This is a special
aspect of the positions of the invention, since hitherto it has not
been feasible to prepare pentachlorophenol concentrates which could be
made suitable for both the high-volume and the low-volume spraying
method, without the use of powerful mechanical stirrers which are
not available on many farms.
Concentrates containing mesityl oxide as coupling agent are
surprisingly satisfactory in this respect, spontaneous emulsification
occurring and little or no stirring being required. Similar results
are obtained with compositions which have been stored for long
periods, for instance some months, even under unfavourable conditions,
e. g. marked fluctuations in temperature.
The following examples illustrate the compositions of the invention
and the method by which they may be prepared.
EXAMPLE1
10 Parts by weight of pentachlorophenol were dissolved while stirring
in a cold mixture of 7 parts by weight of mesityl oxide and 3.5 parts
by weight of ethanol. 8 Parts by weight of an emulsifier known in the
trade by the name of Sorbitan TO-SSe and 71.5 parts by weight of
light, catalytically cracked cycle oil (aromatic hydrocarbon content

55%) were then added to the solution.
The composition was stored for 4 months at varying temperatures. A
portion of the concentrate was then diluted with a sufficient quantity
of water of 50 D. H. hardness for the composition to contain the
pentachlorophenol in a concentration of approximately 0.5 % by weight.
Another portion was diluted to 3. 3% by weight of pentachlorophenol.
Upon dilution, both compositions gave homogeneous stable emulsions
which during spraying did not settle in the storage tank of the
spraying equipment and moreover did not block the fine spray nozzles.
EXAMPLE 2
In substantially the same way as described in Example I, a composition
was prepared which contained the following constituents:
25 parts by weight pentachlorophenol 11 ,, Sorbitan-TO-55e
6.,isopropyi alcohol
10 mesityl oxide
48 ouf a hydrocarbon mix
ture containing 60% by
weight of aromatics.
The resultant composition was found to possess all the requirements
hereinbefore described.
What we claim is :-
1. A concentrated biocidal composition comprising up to 30 per cent by
weight of pentachlorophenol, 1 to 15 per cent by weight of an
aliphatic alcohol containing not more than 4 carbon atoms in the
molecule, 3 to 20 per cent by weight of a coupling agent which is an
alcohol or ketone containing 5 to 9 carbon atoms in the molecule, or a
mixture thereof, 3 to 20 per cent by weight of an emulsifier of the
group of polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters and a hydrocarbon
base oil containing aromatic hydrocarbons.
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* GB785870 (A)
Description: GB785870 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Tube turner for plug mills
US2892366 (A)
US2892366 (A) less
PATENT SPECIFICATION
t Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 23, 1956.
4 9) No 159251 56.
Application made in United States of America on June 9, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 83 ( 4), M( 7 X: 9 K: 1 OX: HG: 14 C).
International Classification:-B 21 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Tube Turner for Plug Mills We, THE AETNA-STANDARD ENGINEERING COMPANY,
a Corporation organised under the laws of the State of Ohio, United
States of America, of Frick Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is, to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to apparatus for the manufacture of seamless
tubing and more particularly to apparatus for turning tubes about
their own axis in a plug mill.
Plug mills are used extensively in the manufacture of seamless tubing
and comprise a two-high roll stand having grooved working rolls for
rolling the tubing; a mandrel bar for supportnig a mandrel or plug in
the pass of the working rolls; a pair of stripping rolls, which are
grooved to correspond to the working rolls, for removing the tube from

the mandrel; a receiving table embodying a trough for supporting a
tube on the entering side of the rolls, and a pusher for pushing the
tube into the roll pass In the conventional operation of a plug mill,
a reheated pierced billet is deposited in the trough of the receiving
table, the pusher shoves the billet into the pass of the working rolls
over the mandrel, and the revolving work rolls draw the tube rapidly
over the mandrel reducing the diameter and wall thickness of the tube
and elongating it As soon as the tube has passed through the working
rolls, the mandrel is removed from the mandrel rod, the working rolls
are separated, and the stripper rolls are engaged with the tube and
move the tube rapidly inr dhe opposite direction off of the mandrel
rod through the space between the working rolls and into the trough of
the receiving table.
The grooves in the working rolls are not semi-circular but are flared
or oval in order to prevent the edges of the grooves from damaging the
tube as it passes through the li work rolls Accordingly, after the
first pass through the mill the tube is slightly oval with its major
axis in a horizontal plane and with greater wall thickness in the
regions at the 50 ends of major axis than in the regions at the ends
of the minor axis; it is therefore necessary to rotate the tube 900
about its longitudinal axis and pass it through the plug mill again in
order to make it approximately 55 round and with a substantially
uniform wall thickness throughout.
Accordingly, in ordinary practice, after the tube has been subjected
to the first pass through the mill, an operator grasps the tube 60
with a pair of tongs and rotates it through approximately 90 Then the
pusher is actuated to push the tube into the roll pass again and the
rolling and stripping cycle is repeated The tube, which is still at a
bright 65 red heat, is then discharged from the receiving table and
progressed to further operations.
The operator who has the task of rotating the tube after the first
pass through the mill 70 must work between the working roll stand and
the end of the receiving table, a location that is extremely hot and
not without hazard.
The conditions under which the operator must work are so severe that
ordinarily an 75 operator is expected to work only 15 minutes out of
each hour and it is therefore necessary to have four men just to
rotate the tubes between the first and second passes through the plug
mill 80 The object of the present invention is to provide an effective
mechanism for grasping and turning the tube as it rests in the trough
of the receiving table between passes through the plug mill In the
preferred form of mv 85 invention this object is carried out by
providing a pair of grippers or tongs which are actuated to grasp the
tube upon its being returned to the receiving table, are then rotated

substantially about the axis of the tube to 90 rotate the tube through
approximately 900, and are then released from the tube so that the
tube can be repassed through the mill.
The invention may be said to consist in the combination with a plug
mill and a receiving table for supporting a tube, of power operated
means for grasping a tube carried by said receiving table, and means
for operating said tube grasping means to rotate the tube
substantially about its own axis.
A preferred form of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying
drawing, in which: Figure 1 is a side elevational view of a receiving
table embodynig my invention showing the associated plug mill in
vertical section.
Figure 2 is a plan view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a transverse sectional view illustrating the tube turning
mechanism, the section being on an enlarged scale and taken as
indicated by lines 3-3 of Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4 is a sectional detail on an enlarged scale taken as indicated
by line 4-4 of Figure 3.
Figure 5 is a sectional detail illustrating the cylinder for actuating
the gripping tongs and taken as indicated by line 5-5 of Figure 3.
Figure 6 is a view similar to Figure 3 but on a larger scale and with
some of the parts broken away.
Figure 7 is a plan view of the tube turning mechanism shown in Figure
3, and Figure 8 is a sectional detail taken as indicated by line 8-8
of Figure 3.
Referring particularly to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, the
invention is illustrated as it may be adapted for use with a plug mill
indicated in general at 10 and having upper and lower working rolls 11
and 12 mounted in roll stand 13 Immediately behind the working rolls
11 and 12 are stripper rolls 14 and 15 which are mounted in a suitable
roll stand 16 As shown best in Figure 2, the working rolls 11 and 12
are conventionally provided with a plurality of slightly oval grooves
18, so that the mill can roll tubes of different diameters, and the
stripper rolls are also grooved, as indicated at 19 in Figure 1, to
correspond with the main rolls A water cooled mandrel bar 21 is
supported to project between the rolls and support a mandrel or plug
22 in the pass of tfie working rolls 11 and 12.
As indicated by the arrows, Figure 1, the working rolls are driven so
as to draw the tube over the mandrel and bar and the stripper rolls
are driven in the opposite direction so as to return the tube to the
working table The apparatus is so arranged that only one pair of rolls
may be in contact with the tube at any given time.
Work pieces are supplied to the working rolls and received from the
stripping rolls by a receiving table indicated generally at 24.

The table 24 includes a trough 25 for guiding the tube and a pusher 26
actuated by a fluid pressure cylinder mechanism 27 for pushing the
tube into the pass of the working rolls The trough preferably is made
up of a plurality of sections of longitudinally 70 extending strips 28
The entire receiving table is supported upon a framework of
longitudinally extending beams 29 a, 29 b, 29 c and 29 d (Figure 3),
the lower pair of which are supported on pairs of longitudin 75 ally
spaced wheels 30 (only one pair being shown in the drawing) which run
on transverse rails 30 a Positioning mechanism 31 moves the table on
the rails so that the trough 25 may be aligned selectively with 80 any
of the grooves 18 of the working rolls.
In order to supply tubes to the mill, a plurality of skids 32 are
secured to and extend outwardly from one side of the receiving table
The skids are adapted to receive 85 the hot tubes which are brought to
the receiving table for working in the mill A plurality of stops 33,
downwardly rotatable by shaft 34, are disposed along the table on the
same side as the skids 32 and control the 90 entry of the tubes, by
gravity feed, into the trough 25 Fluid pressure cylinder 35 actuates
shaft 34 A plurality of discharge arms 36, upwardly rotatable by the
shaft 37, are disposed along the other side of the receiv 95 ing table
The arms 36 normally underlie the trough 25 between the sections 28
and are adapted to lift the tubes out of the trough and discharge them
from the table and mill after they have been worked The 100 shaft 37
and arms 36 are actuated by fluid pressure cylinder 38.
All of the elements heretofore described may be of conventional
construction and per se form no part of the present invention 105 In
the conventional operation of a plug mill constructed or described
above, a hot tube is brought to the mill and deposited upon the skids
32 where it remains, resting against the stops 33, until the same are
110 rotated downwardly to permit the tube to roll into the trough 25
The tube is then pushed into the pass of the working rolls, which are
in working position, and is drawn over the mandrel by the rolls, the
working 115 rolls are then separated and the stripper rolls engaged
with the tube to return it to the table An operator stationed between
the working rolls and the end of the receiving table then grasps the
tube with tongs 120 and rotates it about 90 ; thereafter, it is again
passed through the mill and returned to the trough The cylinder 38 is
then actuated to rotate the arms 36 upwardly and discharge the tube
from the table 125 According to the present invention, a mechanism is
incorporated in the apparatus for rotating the tubes about their own
axis for approximately 90 ' between successive passes through the
working rolls 11 and 12 130 785,870 ing openings 73 a therein The
wheels or rollers 65 are retained between and roll or travel upon the
oppositely disposed surfaces 74 of the flange members 69 and 70, and

75 of the inner track members 71 and 72 70 A plurality of arcuately
spaced supports 76 and 77 support the inner track members 71 and 72
and the adjacent webs 67 and 68 respectively in proper spaced relation
The spaces between the supports, and the open 75 ings 73 a permit the
discharge of scale and dirt that might otherwise accumulate inside of
the box-like track structure Plates 80 at the ends of the track,
vertical plates 82 and plates 83 form rigid channel structures 80 at
each end of the track Plates 80 and 82 are for stiffening the
structure The travel of the trolley is limited by the stroke of the
cylinder 92 The track 66 is conveniently of welded construction as
indicated The 85 plates 83 are welded to the webs 67 and 68 and are
bolted to the upper flanges of beams 29 a and 29 b to support the
track.
In order to provide for movement of the carriage along the track, a
pin 84 (see Fig 90 ures 6,7 and 8) is secured to the frame members 85
of the carriage 54 and projects beyond the carriage on either side
thereof.
Connecting rods 86 are pivotally secured to the ends of pin 84 and
these, in turn, are 95 pivotally connected to lever arms 87 mounted on
shaft 88 Shaft 88 is supported in a suitable bracket 89 on the entry
side of the delivery table and is rotated by a crank arm which is
actuated by the piston rod 91 of 100 a double acting fluid pressure
cylinder and piston 92 mounted in trunnions 93 on bracket 89 Movement
of the piston out of the cylinder causes the connecting rods 86 to
pull the carriage 54 along the tracks 66 105 from the position shown
in full lines in Figure 6 to the position shown in broken lines in
Figure 6 The carriage and the gripper jaws are thus rotated
substantially 90 about an axis disposed within the trough 25 and 110
substantially coincident with the axis of the tube, and a tube engaged
by the gripper jaws is likewise rotated substantially 90 %, or one
quarter turn.
The operation of a plug mill embodying a 115 preferred form of my
invention is substantially the same as that described above except for
the tube turning mechanisms The cylinder 58 is actuated to open or
separate the jaws 49 and 50 and keep them open 120 when the tube is
delivered to the trough 25 from the skids 32 and when the tube is
returned to the trough after a pass through the mill After the first
pass is completed and the tube has been returned to the re 125 ceiving
table, the cylinder 58 is actuated to move the arms 47 and 48 toward
each other and cause the jaws 49 and 50 to gorip the tube With the
tube thus gripped, the cylinder 92 is actuated to move the carriage 54
130 The apparatus for turning the tubes is i preferably disposed near
the end of the re j ceiving table adjacent the mill rolls and is 1
indicated in general at 45 As shown particularly in Figures 3 and 6,

the tube turning apparatus comprises a pair of tongs or grippers for
grasping the tube, which are mounted on a carriage, and means to move
the carriage along an arcuate track and thereby turn the tube.
More particularly, the preferred embodiment of my invention comprises
a pair of gripper arms 47 and 48 having opposed gripper jaws 49 and 50
which are adapted to engage and grasp a tube lying in the trough The
ends of the arms 47 and 48 remote from the jaws are pivotally
supported as at 51 and 52 in a carriage 54 and are also geared
together as by teeth 55 and 56 so that the jaws 49 and 50 are
constrained to rotate about the pivots 51 and 52 in equal angular
amounts and in opposite directions.
The jaws are moved toward and away from each other or into and out of
engagement with tube by means of a double acting fluid pressure
cylinder and piston mechanism which is mounted between the arms 47 and
48, see Figures 3, 5, and 6 The cylinder 58 is mounted on arm 47 by
means of trunnions 59 and the piston rod 60 is secured to arm 48 by
wrist pin 61 Fluid under pressure is supplied to the cylinder through
appropriate conduits and the arrangement is such that admission of
fluids on the side of the piston nearer the arm 48 will force the
piston further into the cylinder and will move the arms 47 and 48 and
jaws 49 and toward each other about the pivots 51 and 52 so as to
cause the jaws to grasp and clamp the tube, whereas admission of fluid
on the other side of the piston will push the piston further out of
the cylinder and move the arms and jaws apart, releasing the tube.
Preferably, the jaws 49 and 50 are detachable from the arms 47 and 48
so that jaws of appropriate size for the tubes being worked may be
used.
The carriage 54 provides, means for rotating or turning the tube 90
about its own axis once it has been grasped by the jaws.
To this end wheels or rollers 65 are provided at both ends of the
carriage 54 and an arcuate track indicated generally at 66 on which
the wheels 65 operate The track 66 is supported by the table frame
members 29 a and 29 b and preferably has its center coincident with
the axis of an average sized tube, as determined by the capacity of
the mill, lying in the trough 25.
As shown particularly in Figures 4 and 8, the track preferably
comprises vertical outer arcuate webs 67 and 68 which support arcu.
ate flange members 69 and 70, and innei vertical track members 71 and
72 which in turn are secured to an arcuate plate 73 hav785,870 along
the track through 90 degrees of arc thereby rotating the tube in the
manner hereinbefore described The cylinder 58 is then actuated to
separate the jaws and release the tube, whereupon the tube is again
passed through the rolls and returned to the receiving table for
discharge therefrom.

As it normally does not matter whether a tube is rotated 9 Q O to the
left or right, between successive passes through the mill, the
carriage may be kept in its new position until after the next tube has
completed its first pass through the mill and the apparatus is then
actuated to turn the next tube in the opposite direction However, if
it is desired to rotate each tube in the same direction, the carriage
may be returned to its initial position each time a turn is completed.
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* GB785871 (A)
Description: GB785871 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improved device for regulating the height of the feed table in wood-working
machines
FR1143895 (A)
FR1143895 (A) less

7852 71 f Date of application and filing Complete Specification: May
29, 1956.
No 16624156.
R /, Application made in France on Feb29, 1956.
Index at acceptance: -Class 145, 03 K.
International Classification:-B 27 c.
Improved Device for Regulating the Height of the Feed Table in
Wood-Working Machines We, ETABLISSEMENTS GUILLIET, COMMERGNAT-GUILLIET
ET CIE, a French Body Corporate, of 2, Boulevard Magenta, Paris,
France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
In order to, determine the depth of the cut in numerous wood-working
machines, and particularly in planing machines and tryingup machines,
it is necessary to regulate with precision the height of the table
feeding the work to the action of the tools.
For this purpose, the feed table is normally mounted on four parallel
links articulated to the frame of the machine According to known
arrangements, the height of the table is regulated either by means of
a lever connected to one of the links and associated with a second
lever adapted to be able to lock the table in the selected position,
or by means of a helical wheel rigidly connected to one of the links
and in mesh with a worm actuated by a hand-wheel.
The first of these devices makes it necessary to operate the two
levers simultaneously and requires a considerable effort, particularly
when the table is in a low position, in such a manner that it is, very
difficult to ensure precision in the regulation As for the second
device, it is relatively expensive and its very slow operation leads
to considerable losses of time.
It is the object of the present invention to remedy this situation and
for this purpose it provides a device by means of which the height of
the table is regulated with speed and precision, by means of a single
control lever and with a moderate amount of effort.
This device comprises, in combination, a counterbalance system for the
feed table and an operating lever connected to one of the supporting
links for the table and urged by a spring so as to be locked by
friction against a fixed surface on the frame of the machine.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l One embodiment of the device according to the
invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying
drawings in which: 50 Figure 1 is a view in elevation of a tryingup

machine equipped with the device, Figure 2 is a plan view of the
trying-up machine, Figures 3 and 4 are views on a larger scale, 55
respectively in elevation and plan of the device, Figure 5 is a detail
view showing an essential member of the device.
Figures 1 and 2 show all the component 60 parts of an ordinary
trying-up machine, thus the frame of the machine is shown at 10,
containing a motor 11 actuating a horizontal tool-carrier 12, on each
side of which are disposed a delivery table 13 and a feed table 14 65
on which are placed the workpieces to be subjected to the action of
the tools.
The depth of the "cut" that is to say the thickness of material
removed from the work at a time by the tools, obviously de 70 pends on
the position in height of the feed table 14 Thus said table is
rendered movable and rests on four links 15, 16, 17 and 18, which are
parallel and are articulated to the frame 10 of the machine The links
15 and 75 16 are connected by a robust hub 19 which joins them
together rigidly and which is mounted on a horizontal pivot 21
supported by the frame Similarly, the links 17 and 18 are connected by
a hub 22, mounted on a 80 horizontal pivot 23, supported by the frame.
It will be understood that as a result of this arrangement, which,
incidentally, is known, it is sufficient to cause one of the four
links to turn, for the feed table 14 to execute a 85 movement of
translation which leaves it constantly horizontal but causes its
position in height to vary.
As long as the links are in a substantially vertical direction, as, in
Figure 1, the pivoting 90 couple engendered by the weight of the table
is weak, but for directions of the links approaching the horizontal,
this couple is considerable because the table is always a very heavy
member Such a couple is obviously liable to hamper the satisfactory
execution of the height-regulating operations Therefore the invention
first provides a counterbalancing system for the table, automatically
compensating for the variations in the pivoting couple of the links
This system comprises an arm 24, rigidly connected to the link 16 and
extending bevond the pivot 21:
at the end of the arm 24 there is articulated a fork 25, to which is
attached a strong spring 26 which is also connected to a fixed point
on the frame, for example the pivot 23 The connection between the
spring 26 and the pivot 23 is effected by a rod, preferably of
variable length, for this purpose said rod comprises two members 27
and 28 threaded in opposite directions to one another and engaged in a
sleeve 29 comprising two oppositely threaded tappings.
It will easily be understood, that by causing the sleeve 29 to turn,
the two threaded members 27 and 28 are moved closer together or
further apart, and the initial tension of the spring 26 can be varied

at will.
This tension increases as the link pivots and moves closer towards the
horizontal, so that the variations in the couple mentioned above are
substantially compensated, for all the displacements in height of the
table 14.
The actual device for regulating the height of the table consists,
according to the invention, of an arm 31 fixed by screws 32 to the
link 17 This arm, which extends in a direction substantially
perpendicular to the link comprises, as shown in particular in Figure
5, a catch 33 intended to rest permanently against the outer surface
of a robust segment 34, fixed to the frame by bolts such as 35.
In a hole 36, perpendicular in direction to the pivot 23, the arm 31
receives a pivot 37 for the articulation of a control lever 38
carrying on the one end an operating handle 39 and on the other end a
shoulder 40 which is constantly repelled by a spring 41 resting
against a cup 42 fixed to the arm 31.
Between the shoulder 40 and the pivot 37, the lever 38 comprises a
transverse bolt 43, immobilized by a lock-nut 44 and adapted to rest
against the internal surface of the segment 34, under the action of
the spring 41.
Since the bolt 43 is closer to the pivot 37 than the spring 41, and
the pressure of the bolt 43 on the segment 34 is equal to the
compression of the spring 41 multiplied by the ratio of the distances
from the pivot, it will be seen that said pressure can easily be made
considerable and then ensures true locking by friction The
height-regulating device thus described is used as follows: assuming
that the members are in the position shown in Figure 1 and that the
operator wishes, to lower the table 14, he grasps the handle 39 of the
control lever 38 and pulls said lever towards him in such a manner as
to cause the lever 38 to pivot and to move the bolt 43 away from 70
the segment 34 against the action of the spring 41 Since the handle 39
constitutes a large lever arm, the operator only has to exert a
moderate effort.
Since, for the time being, the locking due 75 to the bolt 43 is
released, the operator can easily lower the lever 38 and tne arm 31,
which causes the pivoting of the link 17 and consequently the lowering
of the feed table 14 When the desired position of the table 80 has
been reached, the orerator allows the lever 38 to return to its place
under the action of the spring 41, which permits the bolt 43 to lock
the lever, and consequently the table, in the selected position As the
85 table is counterbalanced, in all Positions, by the members 24 to
29, the operation of the lever 38 only requires a moderate effort and
permits the maximum precision Moreover, the friction exerted by the
bolt 43 is amply 90 sufficient to ensure absolute immobilisation.

Corresponding to each position of the table there is obviously a given
position of the catch 33 in relation to the segment 34; it is
therefore easy to provide on said segment 95 a reference scale, such
as 45, graduated, for example, in millimetres, for the lowering of the
table in relation to the position of maximum height.
According to the example illustrated, the 100 extent of the scale 45
is thirteen millimetres, and this figure indicates the maximum depth
of "cut" which can be obtained with this machine.
It is understood that the invention is not 105 limited to the
embodiment just described and that modifications in detail may always
be made to the construction of the device, without going outside the
general scope of said invention as a result 110
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* GB785872 (A)
Description: GB785872 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Methods of making prescreened photographic sensitive materials
BE549054 (A) FR1158163 (A) US2805157 (A)
BE549054 (A) FR1158163 (A) US2805157 (A) less

PATENT -SPECIFICATION
7859872 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 6,
1956.
No 17416156.
Application made in United States of America on July 1, 1955.
Index at acceptance:-Class 98 ( 2), M.
International Classification:-GO 3 f.
Methods of making 'Prescreened Photographic Sensitive Materials We,
KODAK LIMITED, a Company registered under the laws of Great Britain,
of Kodak House, Kingsway, London, W C 2.
(Assignee of Rici ARD EDWIN MAURER), do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to methods of making prescreened photographic
sensitive materials; that is, photographic materials which can be
processed directly to a halftone image after exposure to a continuous
tone image Prescreened photographic materials of the variable
sensitivity type are described in Specifications Nos 694,848 and
699,659.
The method of the present invention gives a prescreened material which
has two different silver halides distributed throughout the material
to provide the different degrees of sensitivity required for this type
of prescreen ing Ordinary silver halide as used in photographic film
or paper has a high sensitivity produced by known techniques in
preparation, which may include suitable treatment of the gelatin or
other vehicle, suitable aging and possibly optical sensitizing
hypersensitizing Silver halide produced by rehalogenizing developed
silver in photographic film or paper has, on the other hand, low
sensitivity The present invention takes advantage of these facts by
providing a method of prescreening a silver halide emulsion layer of
substantially uniform thickness, which comprises exposing the layer
through a halftone screen, developing the exposed parts to metallic
silver such metallic silver being thereby distributed in accordance
with a halftone pattern among the undeveloped silver halide, and then
rehalogenizing the developed silver to silver halide of lower
sensitivity than that of the undeveloped silver halide Such
undeveloped silver halide may conveniently be termed "original silver

halide".
lPrice 34 S 6 d The prescreened material of the present invention has
an exceptionally long scale or range, has good keeping qualities
(so-called good "shelf life") and is substantially free 50 from
so-called "reciprocity" effects.
The method of the present invention is applicable to all types of
emulsions, but certain types are preferred, because of their other
properties For example, one may de 55 sire a high contrast prescreened
material, in which case, one selects a high contrast emulsion with a
gamma greater than 2 for prescreening As another example, one may
desire an orthochromatic or panchromatic 60 prescreened material, in
which case one selects an orthochromatic or panchromatic emulsion As
still another example one may desire a prescreened projection paper,
in which case, one selects a projection paper 65 emulsion The type of
emulsion to be used does not impose any limitations on the present
invention although the reproduction scale or range and final emulsion
speed depend on the particular emulsion selected 70 Accordingly, the
presqreened photographic material made by the method of the present
invention comprises a support layer of film or paper with a uniformly
thick layer of silver halide emulsion thereon, consisting 75 of
rehalogenized silver halide distributed throughout the original silver
halide in accordance with a vignetted halftone pattern.
When this material is exposed to a continuous tone image, the
brightest Darts of the 80 image produce a latent image in all of the
original silver halide and also all of the rehalogenized silver halide
The middle tones in the image produce the latent image in only part of
the two silver halides (mainly in the 85 original silver halide) and
the darkest points of the image produce a useful or specified density
only in the middle of each dot which consists solely of the original
silver halide.
In general, optical sensitization of the ori 90 ginal silver halide (e
g, orthochromatic or panchromatic sensitization) persists in the
rehalogenized silver halide.
in general, prescreened material should have a high contrast for
haiftone work in order to ensure sharp dot structure.
The halftone screen through which the prescreening exposure is made
may be either a ruled screen out of contact with tle emulsion or a
so-called "contact" screen in contact with the emulsion Contact
screens have vignetted dot densities The development which follows the
prescreening exposure is merely standard development as used in
ordinary photographic processes For example, in the preferred
embodiments of the invention one chooses a developer which gives a
useful speed and average contrast to the emulsion, just as one
ordinarily xzould Extremely high or extremely low contrast gives less

favourable tonal qualities to the prescreening If two developers are
otherwise more or less equivalent and one of them produces a silver
image which is more easily rehalogenized than the image produced by
the other, the former is preferred since it permits the use of a
weaker rehalogenizing bath which in turn tends to cause less reduction
in emulsion speed at the centres of the dots (where no
rehalogenization is present).
In practising the present invention, the emulsion layer is washed to
remove the developer, but is not fixed, It is then bleached in a bath
containing a halide ion (for example, a bath containing potassium
bromide) which bath rehalogenizes the metallic silver to form silver
halide of lower sensitivity than the unexposed silver halide It is
then dried.
The method of the present invention is particularly suitable for
continuous prescreening of roll film or roll paper No short
high-intensity exposures such as those required for the Clayden effect
(see Specification No 699,659) are involved Hence the screening
exposure can be applied through a suitable roller and then the film or
paper can be passed through a series of baths.
Although it has been stated above that the method of the invention
gives a prescreened material which has distributed through it two
different silver halides having different sensitivities, this is,
perhaps, an over-simplification since other factors such as grain size
provide a raage of indivdiual sensitvities for each set of grains, w
vhich give continuously varying sensitivity across the dots At all
events, that is just the effect one gets in practice and it is the
effect desired The exact mechanism which causes the difference in
sensitivity between the original silver halide and the rehalogenized
silver halide is, of course, not fully understood In fact, it is
believed that certain grains may be partly original and partly
rehalogenized and have a lower sensitivity than that of the original
grain "Rehalogenized" would include such partly rehalogenized grains
if present Also, tie silver halides are "different" even if, as
pointed out above, the mechanism oi the difference is not known.
The rehalogenizing bath may have the following composition: 70
Potassium bromide 50 gms Potassium ferricyanide 50 gins Potassium
ferrocyanide 12 5 gms Water to make i COO ccs The exposures necessary
to produce the 75 latent halftone image which is developed to silver
grains need not be abnormally high It is merely the exposure normally
required for exposing the particular film 'uing used or even less 80
The range or scale of sensitivity of the prescreened material depends
on the sensitivity of the rehalogenized silver and even if this
rehalogenized silver had zero sensitivity, the material would still be
a prescreened one 85 suitable for some purposes The greater the

difference in sensitivity between the two emulsions, the greater the
density scale which the material can reproduce.
In the accompanying drawings: 90 Fig 1 shows schematically how a roll
of photographic material may be continuously prescreened by the method
of the present invention, and Fig 2 illustrates the principle of the
inven 95 tion by means of a crossed step tablet densitometer strip.
As shown in Fig 1 a roll of film or paper 1 unwinds from a roll 2 with
the emulsion surface facing outward It passes over a 100 roller 3 and
under a drum 4, the surface of which is transparent and includes a
vignetted halftone pattern 5 similar to that in a contact screen Light
from a lamp 6 exposes the film 1 through the halftone screen 5 That
105 is, the rotating drum 4 presents an illuminated area containing a
vignetted halftone screen pattern of light This area is elongated,
being equal to the length of the drum 4 As the drum rotates, this
pattern of light 110 moves constantly across the area and the emulsion
layer moves through the area synchronously with the light pattern
since it is rolling in contact with the drum at all times as it is
being exposed Light from the lamp 115 6 is confined by a shield 7 to
illuminate only the bottom of the drum 4 as it rotates.
The film then passes over rollers 8 and into a development bath 9
which produces a silver image in the exposed areas The film 120 then
passes over rollers 10 into a wash bath 11 which removes the developer
from the film but does not fix the film At this stage the film
contains silver grains distributed amcnu silver halide arains in the
emulsion 125 The film then passes over rollers 12 and into a
relialoacnizing bleach bath 13 of the type described above At this
stage the silver grains are replaced bv silver halide but this
particular silver halide has much lo wer sen 130 785,872 depending on
the scale or range of sensi 65 tivities desired The range can be
pretty well selected at will and is, not limited or restricted as in
prescreened films which depend on some particular photographic effect
such as the Clayden effect or the Albert 70 effect A relatively high
intensity is required to expose the corners of such prescreened film
whereas a much lower intensity is required for the middle tones or the
centres of the dots Also, the tonal reproduction can 75 be controlled
more or less at will by proper selection of the distribution in
density in the original exposing screen, for example 5 in Fig 1.
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* GB785873 (A)
Description: GB785873 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to dyed photographic relief records
FR1151684 (A) US2837430 (A)
FR1151684 (A) US2837430 (A) less
785 873 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June 6,
1956.
Application made in United States of America on July 12, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 98 ( 2), C 7, D( 1: 16).
International Classification: -GO 3 c.
Improvements in or relating to Dyed' Photographic Relief Records We,
TECHNICOLOR MOTION PICTURE CORPORAT Io N, a Corporation organized and
existing under the Laws of the State of Maine, United States of
America, of 6311, Romaine Street, Hollywood, California, United States
of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement: -
In forming dyed relief records it has been proposed to develop an
exposed silver-halide film and harden the gelatin in the exposed
portions, uisually in the same ceration with a hardening developer
such as pyrogallol, then etch off the unhardened gelatin in the
unexposed portions to form a relief record, and then dye the relief
record If the record is to be used for direct viewing or projection
the developed silver is bleached out but for use as a matrix in
imbibition printing the silver need not be bleached.
While such records have many advantages, particularly for imbibition
printing, heretofore they have also had certain disadvantages.
Sometimes they exhibit graininess and lack of resolving power,
particularly when they, or prints therefrom, are greatly magnified as
in the case of wide-screen projection of motion pictures Another
difficulty is known as " breakthrough " in the highlights That is, in
the areas of gelatin corresponding to the toe portion of the H & D
curve, the etch breaks all the way through or leaves the gelatin too
thin to absorb appreciable dye This difficulty is especially
troublesome in the case of emulsion containing screening elements of
carbon such as used in certain matrices to produce non-selective
absorptivitiy.
Objects of the present invention are to overcome the aforesaid
difficulties and to produce dyed relief records which have great
resolving power and superior quality not only in the highlight
portions but throughout, particularly for use as imbibition matrices.
In one aspect the present invention involves a method of forming a
dyed relief record from a colloid layer sensitized with silver-halide
which comprises exposing the colloid layer to form a latent image,
developing the colloid layer to form a silver image and hardening the
colloid layer in the region of the developed silver, etching off the
unhardened colloid to form a relief record, and dying the relief
record, characterized by using hypo in the developer to prevent the
layer from being etched all the way through in the highlights.
Preferably the developing and hardening is effected in the same stage
by using a pyro developer Any substantial amount of hypo is beneficial
up to the region of 2 % to 3 % by weight, but the amount should be
kept under approximately 3 % With a pyro developer best results have
been obtained with approximately 2 %.
A typical embodiment of the invention involves printing an imbibition
matrix and developing it for two minutes at 640 F in a developer
having the following composition, the numbers indicating grams: "
Calgon " (Registered Trade Mark) 1 00 Sodium sulfite O 60 Pyrogallol 3
00 " Elon " (Registered Trade Mark) 2 40 Potassium bromide 2 00 Sodium
thiosulfate pentahydrate (hypo) 20 00 Sodium carbonate monohydrate 150

00 Water to one liter After being thus developed the matrix should be
washed for one minute in a 0 3 % acetic acid solution at 640 F and
then etched for 13 minutes in water at a temperature of approximately
1400 F to remove the unhardened gelatin While the acetic acid
concentration and temperature of the etch are not critical, the
concentration of acetic acid should be at least the value indicated.
The addition of the hypo adds greatly to the resolving power of the
matrix and the prints therefrom, and also prevents the aforesaid
breakthrough in etching the matrix The improvement is particularly
noticeable in widescreen projecetion where the imbibition prints
785,873 are magnified to a greater degree than in the case of normal
projection.
While the reasons for these marked improvements are not clearly
understood, the following is thought to be at least a partial
explanation of the theory of operation The introduction of the hypo
causes the silver-halide grains, both exposed and unexposed to
diminish in size and number, the smaller ones disappearing entirely.
In printing the matrix, the silver-halide grains are exposed not only
in the desired areas but, owing to light diffusion, to some extent in
the peripheral or penumbral region of each desired grain While these
peripheral or penumbral grains may be small they affect the degree of
hardening and therefore the action of the etch water The addition of
the hypo to the developer is thought to dissolve these peripheral or
penumbral grains more or less and therefore eliminate or at least
minimize the unwanted or spurious gelatin relief which would otherwise
be produced Also it is thought that the addition of the hypo to the
developer causes the surface layers of the exposed silver-halide
grains to be dissolved, thereby exposing the internal portions of the
grains to the developer action and permitting more development in
areas of low density, such as are to be found in the toe region of a
typical H & D curve When the internal portions of the grains are fully
developed the gelatin in the highlight portions is hardened enough to
prevent breakthrough in the etching process.
In any event the addition of the hypo greatly improves the resolving
power, prevents breakthrough in etching, and makes it possible to use
carbon screening elements in the matrices.
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