-

1. * GB785794 (A)
Description: GB785794 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements relating to the connection of terminal members to electric
leads
Description of GB785794 (A)
PATENT SPECFICATION
785,794
Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 3, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 18, 1955 No 49138155.
Complete Specification, Published: Nov 6, 19,57.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 1), E( 3 U 6 D 2: l OB); 83 ( 2) A
49; and 83 ( 4), Q( 2 A 13 4).
International Classification:-B 23 d, p H 021.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
SPECIFICATION' ilo 755,794
INVENT-OR: CECIL ARTHUR JOHN KING By a direction given under Section
17 ( 1) of the Patents Act 1949 this application proceeded In the name
of Barrington Products (Leicester) Wimited, a British company, of 48,
Cank Street, Leicester.
TE 1 PATENT OFFICE, 25th Larch, 1959 strands of silk or similar light
and filamentary material around which is disposed a spiral winding of
very thin copper foil, the individual composite filaments so obtained
being twisted together to form the complete lead These filaments are
twisted in groups, and sometimes a number of these groups are
inter-twisted Finally, the composite lead is provided with a light
weight outer sheath of extruded plastic material, e g polyvinyl
chloride, of rubber or of braided fabric.
Such leads are typified by their flexibility, allied with considerable
strength, and have been found to be less liable to rupture and
breakage than stranded conductors.
However, difficulties arise in effectively securing terminal members
such as pins or sockets to these tinsel leads The normal procedure is
to bare the end of the composite lead, to insert this bared end into a
sleeve formed at the end of the terminal pin or socket and then to

2. crimp this sleeve against the bared end, i e to indent the sleeve at a
number of points around its periphery so as to grip it against the
bared end When.
however, it is required to mould a housing of plastic material or
rubber around the joint so made, as is often the case in forming 4; a
nermanent end plug on the lead, it is found that the plastic material
penetrates into the lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 nection' The present invention is
aimed at avoiding these shortcomings, and although it is applicable
with marked success to tinsel leads, it will be understood that it is
not limited to this particular use, but can also be applied to other
forms of lead involving the use of multiple wires in a common sheath.
Thus, this invention provides the connection of a conductive terminal
member to a multi-filament, sheathed, electrical lead, in which the
conducting filaments are bared at the end of the lead and inserted
into a peripherally-closed, tubular sleeve, which is connected or
intended for connection, to the terminal member, so that this sleeve
surrounds an adjacent end portion of the unbared lead and in which the
sleeve is swaged down so as to be contacted radially and uniformly
around the bared filament ends and the said adjacent end portion of
the lead to comiress these bared filament ends and grip the said end
portion.
By this means the sleeve is tightened up collar-wise around the
filaments (as distinct from -,,essing the sleeve into more or less
point contact with them at a substantial number of srpacedi points) so
that no gaps are left within which moulding material can DB 10173/1 (
1)13747 150 3/59 R 7.5 so 1-, ' _ fl ^e l,, ' Oi C r 4 iu,,m U1" k, G
T t -o; -'g A 1 ENT SPECIFICATION 785,
Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 3, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 18, 1955 No 4913/55.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 1), E( 3 C 6 D 2 l OB); 83 ( 2) A
49; and 83 ( 4), Q( 2 A 13 4).
International Classification:-B 23 d, p H 02 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to the Connection of Terminal Members to
Electric Leads.
I, CECIL ARTHUR JOHN KING, a British Subject, of 48 Cank Street,
Leicester, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
The present invention relates to the connection of terminal members to
electrical leads, and especially those known as "tinsel" leads These
leads basically comprise strands of silk or similar light and

3. filamentary material around which is disposed a spiral winding of very
thin copper foil, the individual composite filaments so obtained being
twisted together to form the complete lead These filaments are twisted
in groups, and sometimes a number of these groups are inter-twisted
Finally, the composite lead is provided with a light weight outer
sheath of extruded plastic material, e g polyvinyl chloride, of rubber
or of braided fabric.
Such leads are typified by their flexibility, allied with considerable
strength, and have been found to be less liable to rupture and
breakage than stranded conductors.
However, difficulties arise in effectively securing terminal members
such as pins or sockets to these tinsel leads The normal procedure is
to bare the end of the composite lead, to insert this bared end into a
sleeve formed at the end of the terminal pin or socket and then to
crimp this sleeve against the bared end, i e to indent the sleeve at a
number of points around its periphery so as to grip it against the
bared end When, however, it is required to mould a housing of plastic
material or rubber around the joint so made, as is often the case in
forming 4 o a permanent end plug on the lead, it is found that the
plastic material Denetrates into the lPrice 3 s 6 d l crevices between
the sleeve and the filaments of the cable, and the filaments
themselves, and so obstructs full and proper contact between them
Further, where the moulding is carried out under pressure, as for
example in the case of injection moulding, the plastic material or
rubber under pressure tends to force the terminal sleeve away from the
conductor strands, this not only further interfering with the
establishment of proper contact, but also tending to loosen the
connection.
The present invention is aimed at avoiding these shortcomings, and
although it is applicable with marked success to tinsel leads, it will
be understood that it is not limited to this particular use, but can
also be applied to other forms of lead involving the use of multiple
wires in a common sheath.
Thus, this invention provides the connection of a conductive terminal
member to a multi-filament, sheathed, electrical lead, in which the
conducting filaments are bared at the end of the lead and inserted
into a peripherally-closed, tubular sleeve, which is connected or
intended for connection, to the terminal member, so that this sleeve
surrounds an adjacent end portion of the unbared lead and in which the
sleeve is swaged down so as to be contacted radially and uniformly
around the bared filament ends and the said adjacent end portion of
the lead to compress these bared filament ends and grip the said end
portion.
By this means the sleeve is tightened up collar-wise around the

4. filaments (as distinct from pressing the sleeve into more or less
point contact with them at a substantial number of spaced points) so
that no gaps are left within which moulding material can 794 SO
subsequently enter and produce the drawbacks referred to above.
Further, if the bared filaments are pushed back over the said adjacent
unbared end -5 portion of the lead, the swaging down of the sleeve
will clamp these turned-back filament ends against the sheath This not
only gives a more solid backing to the clamped filaments, but also
assists in the location of the end of the lead in the blind hole of a
sleeve-provided terminal such as is illustrated in the accompanying
drawings and will be hereinafter referred to.
By a further feature of this invention the surplus material of the
sleeve is, during the swaging step, pressed outwardly to form at least
one outwardly-extending tongue or wing of double thickness Such
tongue(s) or wing(s) may also be trimmed off before the final plug or
socket housing is moulded around the terminal-provided leads, this
being particularly useful where, say, the plug is of small size and
the terminals have to be located relatively close to one another in
the moulding.
A suitably shaped, two part die can be used for the swaging and
wing-fornming operations and this die may have cutting edges for
nipping off the wings simultaneously with these operations.
As has been indicated above, the sleeve may be integral with the
terminal member or be initially separate therefrom In the latter case
the sleeve may be attached to the terminal member by contracting it
around the latter, simultaneously with the swaging operation, e g by
the same tool or tools.
An embodiment of the method according to this invention is illustrated
in the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is an illustration of
the first step in carrying out the method; Figure 2 is an exploded
perspective illustration of the second step; Figure 3 is a plan view
of one of the die parts seen in Figure 2; Figure 4 is an end view of
the die assembly showing the completion of the swaging operation; and
Figure 5 is a perspective illustration of the end of the lead with the
terminal member clamped thereon.
The particular form of the method of this invention which is
illustrated in the drawings is, it will be assumed, concerned with the
affixing of a socket terminal to the end of a tinsel conductor (as
defined above) This terminal socket comprises the usual split sleeve
1, terminating in a blind hole 2, and an integral sleeve 3 which, in
turn is formed with a blind hole 4 and forms a socket In the first
step of the method the plastic or rubber sheath 5 of the conductor is
removed at the leading end of the latter so as to expose the tinsel
filaments as indicated at 61 These filaments are then swept back over

5. the now-leading end of the sheath 5 and are spread around the latter
as seen at 6 in Figure 1 The conductor end is then pushed into the
blind hole 4 and is 70 located against the inner end of the latter.
The loosely assembled terminal socket and conductor end are then
brought between two similar opposed die members 7 and 8, each formed
in the working face with a 75 cylindrical groove 9 for receiving the
socket portion 1, this groove 9 being followed by a shorter,
semi-cylindrical groove 10 of a diameter corresponding to that of
terminal sleeve 3 This is further followed by a so frusto-conical
recess 11 flanked by two depressions 12 of triangular shape both in
plan and cross section.
When these die members are brought together, they swage down the
sleeve 3 so S 5 as to provide it with a frusto-conical portion 13, and
to contact it radially and uniformly around the lead The excess
material of the sleeve is pressed down to form the double thickness
wings 14 in the Do depressions 12 and these wings are cut off, by the
sharp edges 15 defining the inner sides of the depressions 12, at
their junction with the frusto-conical portion 13, as seen in Figure
5, leaving the terminal member li 5 firmly clamped on the conductor
end.
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* GB785795 (A)
Description: GB785795 (A) ? 1957-11-06
A method of preserving food
Description of GB785795 (A)
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6. The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
A Method of Preserving Food,
we, STaN.. ERIK OTTO WILHELM ERASMIE, of 31, Svardlangsvagen,
Johanneshov, Sweden, and BBRTIL OLAUS SCHLYTER, of 91 Karlavagen,
Stockholm, Sweden, both of Swedish nationality, do hereby declare
the-inv.ention for which we pray that a patent. may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: - -
The present invention relates to a method of preserving food in sealed
packages of heat- resisting and waterproof material.
Heretofore, goods have generally been. .pre served in hermetically
sealed tins of sheet metal. This requires that the food is cut into
pieces and packed into a tin to conform to its shape and to. fill its
cavity to the largest possible extent whereupon the tin is sterilized
at a high temperature, e.g. 120 to 130 C., and hermetically - sealed.
However, the tins thus produced are rather-expensive and need much
labour in distribution and storage. Moreover, the food products
preserved therein cannot be seen by the. buyer.
The present invention is designed to provide an alternative method of
preservation which has certain practical. advantages and which can
enable the buyer to see the food without breaking open the container
in which it is preserved.
According to the invention, food to be preserved,- after being
cleaned. and dressed, is enclosed in a bag or container made of
flexible waterproof and preferably transparent material capable of
withstanding cooking temperatures, the bag is.evacuated by .removal of
gases three from and sealed, and the sealed package thus obtained is
heated to a temperature- not exceeding 1000C. for a tinae sufficient
to substantially destroy. any vegetative bacteria therein and then
cooled and stored at a temperature which will permit the development
of any spores to vegetative bacteria, the said heating and storing
steps being repeated until the food is effectively sterilized. Thus,
the invention involves fractionated sterilization or so-called
Tyndallization. Such fractionated sterilization involves great
advantages but is not used for preserving food enclosed in the usual
hermetically sealed cans of sheet metal, owing to practical
difficulties. However, when the food is enclosed in flexible bags a
fractionated sterilization or. Tyndallization is easy to perform.

7. It is essential that the bag or container enclosing the food is
capable of resisting the strains to which it may be subjected-during
sterilization as well as during the cooking of the finished product.
As materials which fulfil this condition may be mentioned plastics
like polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, - or regenerated
cellulose. .The envelope may also be made. of multiple-ply materials
for instance of parchmentized or other waterproof paper with an inner
lining.of plastic. The different plies need not be glued together and
can be formed as bags loosely inserted in one-another,
It is of advantage that the food should not occupy the total volume of
the container, as the water contained in the food tends to vaporize
during sterilization, causing -the- container to swell like a balloon.
Generally the food may fill up 25 to 50 percent of the maximum volume
of the container, and the container should not be filled to a larger
extent than 60%. of its maximum volume. As gases enclosed in
the.container would expand during sterilization, the bags- are
substantially evacuated by removal of gases before sealing.
The sealed containers with the food therein are then sterilized by
heating the container in boiling water or with steam at atmospheric
pressure, for a time sufficient to destroy any vegetative
microorganisms in the food and to make the food tender. The package
with the partially sterilized food is thereupon cooled in air or with
water and stored at roomtemperature or at slightly elevatedt tempera-
ture, say 30 or. 35 to 45"C., for developing any spores in the food to
vegetative bacteria, which are killed by repeated heating, cooling and
storing until the food is completely sterilized.
Generally two heating steps with an intervening storage period of one
day is sufficient The sterilizing time depends on the nature of the
food and is generally chosen so that the total time is longer than or
at least equal to the usual time for cooking the food. It is of
advantage that the cooling process, particularly the last one, be
performed very rapidly by spraying the package with cold water and
then immersing the package in a cooling bath.
The product thus obtained is now ready for storing, distribution to
retailers and selling.
The consumer can readily prepare the food by roasting or other cooking
without opening the container, but if desired the food may be removed
from the container before being cooked. If the container is
transparent, the consumer can easily observe the condition of the
food. It is also important that the product should not be damaged by
squeezing between the fingers in handling. It is therefore
advantageous that the container should be of such large volume that
portions of the container not occupied by the product may be grasped
by the fingers and used as a handle.

8. In the method according to the invention the first heating process
need not proceed for such a long period of time as to make the food
soft or completely cooked. It is sufficient to proceed with the first
heating stage until the food is semi-cooked, that is to say, not
tender but yet freed from vegetative bacteria, and to complete the
cooking during the second heating stage which destroys the bacteria
that develop from spores to vegetative bacteria during storage at low
temperature. If, for instance, it is desired to sterilize a chicken
which requires three hours for complete boiling in water or steam at
atmospheric pressure, it will be sufficient to perform the first
cooking stage for two hours and, after storing for development of the
spores, to perform the second cooking stage for one hour so that the
total cooking period will be three hours.
Amongst the numerous advantages obtained by the invention the good
preservation of vitamins and of the natural flavour of the products
may especially be mentioned. This depends on the fact that volatile
aromatic substances are not allowed to escape from the hermetically
sealed bags or containers.
The invention involves an additional advantage over the preservation
of food in tins in the conventional manner that the flexible bag or
container can be shaped to suit the shape and nature of the food to be
preserved. Thus, it is not necessary to pack and shape the food so as
to utilize the available space as when sterilizing in tins.
Example I
A lobster is half boiled in the conventional manner and then
introduced together with a small amount of the boiling liquid into a
double-walled tubular container, for instance an inner tube of
parchment and an outer tube of synthetic resin plastic. The tube ends
are sealed at the same time as air is removed from the interior of the
tube. - The package thus obtained is sterilized by heating in direct
contact with steam at atmospheric pressure or with boiling water for
15 minutes or longer depending on the size of the lobster and the time
for which the lobster has been preliminarily boiled. Following this
the package is rapidly cooled with water or a stream of cold air.
After the package has been stored for about one day at ordinary room
temperature it is reheated for another 15 minutes and after cooling
the lobster is perfectly preserved and can be stored for a long time.
Example II
A chicken is plucked, cleaned and introduced into a tube of
polyvinylidene chloride and the tube ends are sealed after evacuation
of the tube to remove air. The chicken thus packed is then boiled in
water for two hours, stored for one day and finally reboiled in water
for one hour. A perfectly sterilized chicken with excellent keeping
properties is obtained.

9. Example III
Cream is poured in a container of polyvinylidene chloride until
between 40 and 60 ', of the volume of the container has been filled.
The air is evacuated and the container sealed.
The container together with the enclosed cream is immersed in boiling
water or a steam bath and is allowed to remain there for 7 to 10
minutes during which time the container is rotated. The container is
then cooled and stored for between 5 and 24 hours at a tem- perature
of 18 to 30"C. depending on the original bacterial culture of the
cream. The same boiling process is repeated, whereupon the container
is cooled and stored at a temperature of 2 to 1000.
Example IV
1-2 Kg. of sausages are introduced into a container of polyvinylidene
chloride and after air evacuation and sealing, the container is boiled
for about 40 minutes in a steam bath or conventional water bath. The
container is then stored for 24 hours at a temperature between 25 and
30 C., then boiled again for 40 minutes, and finally cooled and stored
at a temperature of 2 to 10go.
Although the invention as described in the above examples has been
applied to the preserving of certain particular foods, it is of course
not limited thereto and the method can be used for preserving meat,
vegetables, fish and other different kinds of food products with the
same good result. The bag or container may be a sausage casing and may
be sealed by glueing, or by welding or other heat-sealing process.
What we claim is: -
1. A method of preserving food products wherein, after being cleaned
and dressed, the food is enclosed in a bag or container made of
* GB785796 (A)
Description: GB785796 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate between
light of different intensity and of different colour
Description of GB785796 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:

10. DE1017742 (B) FR1121789 (A) NL84710 (C) US2916963 (A)
DE1017742 (B) FR1121789 (A) NL84710 (C) US2916963 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Apparatus for Examining the Capacity of Human Beings to
Discriminate between Light of Different Intensity and
of Different Colour We, NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR
TOEGEPASTNATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ON
DE!R8ZOB,E TEN BEHOOVE VAN DE RIJES- V13RDEDIGING, Of 22,
Wassenaarseweg,
The Hague, Holland, a body corporate organised under the laws of the
The
Netherlands, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to an apparatus for examining the capacity of
human beings to discriminate between lights of different intensity and
of different colour.
An object of the invention is to provide a novel and simple apparatus
by means of which several stimuli can be compared simultaneously.
According to the present invention there is provided apparatus for
examining the capacity of human beings to discriminate between lights
of different intensity or of different colour comprising front and
back compartments separated by a partition wall, the partion wall and
the walls of the compartment being coated with a layer of
non-selectively diffusely reflecting material, means adapted to
illuminate both compartments with light of adjustable intensity and
adjustable colour, test areas in the partition wall consisting of
groups of small holes arranged in configurations which are
recognizable as easily as one another, and an opening in the front
compartment through which a number of test areas can be seen. The
groups of small holes preferably have all the same configurations in
each test area, but this is not essential provided the configurations

11. in the test areas can be recognizable with the same mental effort. The
groups of holes may, for instance, be arranged in rectangles or other
simple geometrical configurations.
The arrangement of the centres of these holes if preferably identical
throughout the groups but the size of the holes varies from group to
group. A person is placed at such a distance from the apparatus that
he cannot see the holes separately but sees the light reflected by the
partition wall and the light passing through the holes, which comes
from the compartment behind the partition wall.
If the illumination in the bacli compartment is the same as in the
front compartment the test areas cannot be seen by the observer. If
the intensity of illumination of the walls of the compartments are
slightly different some of the areas can be seen and the number of
areas which can be seen is a measure of the capacity of the observer
to discriminate between lights of different intensity. The same
applies when the back and front compartments are illuminated by light
of the same inter sity but of different spectral composition, that is
to say of different colour.
Two embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying
drawing of which:
Figure 1 is a general view of one apparatus according to the
invention,
Figure 2 is a plan, partly in section, of the same apparatus,
Figure 3 is a general view of a second apparatus,
Figure 4 illustrates a detail of the apparatus illustrated in Figure
3.
The apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 comprises a box 1 having a
slidable partition " the position of which can be adjusted. This
partition has a number of rectangular test areas 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
provided with holes which are of the same size in every individual
rectangle, but are of different sizes in different rectangles.
A number of openings 8 are provided in the side walls and can be
partially or wholly obturated by adjustable slide 11.
These openings 8 are arranged on both sides of the partition 2. An
incandescent lamp 9 is situated in front of the openings 8 so that
light from this lamp is distributed over both compartments.
Similar openings are made in the opposed wall and light from an
incandescent lamp loins distributed through them. The walls of both
compartments are covered with white diffusely reflecting paint. In
order to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front
compartment due to the window 12, a suitably chosen portion of the
walls of the back compare ment may be blackened.
A millcglass-plate is provided in the openings through which the light
emerging from the incandescent lamp is admitted to the compartments in

12. order to promote the uniform distribution of light.
An observer placed before the apparatus will see the partition wall 2
through the opening 12. This opening is preferably large enough to
permit a number of the test areas to be seen simultaneously.
When the intensity of illumination in both compartments is very
different the observer can clearly see all test areas from which light
rays emerge through the window 12 in the direction of his eyes.
When, however, the difference in the intensity of the illumination is
made smaller in either compartment, e.g. by adjusting the slides 11,
the number of test areas which can be distinguished from the
surrounding part of the partition wall becomes less and less. The
number of test areas which can be seen at a predetermined slight
difference of brightness in the compartments gives a reliable
indication of the capacity of the observer to discriminate with
respect to intensity differences.
Exactly the same procedure applies if the capacity for discriminating
between colours is to be examined. The colour of the light in the back
compartment can be made different from that in the front compartment
by means of filters. The intensity can be adjusted to the same value
in both compartments by adjusting the slide 11.
It may be remarried that the opening 12 must be located at some
distance from the wall 2 and that the general illumination in the room
where the examination takes place should not be too high.
If a portion of the walls of the back compartment is blackened for the
reasons stated above this blackened part should not be visible through
the holes in the partuition wall.
If the partition wall has an appreciable thiclcness and the small
holes in the wall have a cross-section which is uniform throughout
their length, then the walls of the holes would be visible to an
observer at some distance from the opening 12.
These small holes are- therefore preferably made so that the width of
them at the back of the partition wall is larger than at the front:
under these circum- stances the walls of the holes are not visible.
The configurations constituted by the arrangement of the holes within
their respective groups need not be squares or other simple geometric
configurations but can be letters or ciphers, subject however to the
condition that all the groups are as easily recognizable with the same
mental effort.
It can be shown that if in a colour diagram, C1 is the colour of the
illumination of the partition, C2 that of the wall behind the
partition, the resultihg colour of the test area which is delimited bv
the geometric configuration, is on the line C1G in the diagram. The
point of the line G1C2 corresponding with the colour of the test area
depends in a well known manner on the colour and the intensities of

13. the illumination of the wall in the back com- partment and the front
of the partition.
If the intensity of colour C'1 is Bi, that of colour C2 is B2, and the
fraction of the test area covered by the holes is x, then the
resulting brightness B of the test area is: -
B = (1- x)Bl + xB2
If B1=B2=B-, then the colour C of the test area is found by the
equation: C.C1:CC2=i':(l-.
Lienee, when observed from a sufficient distance, the sensation
corresponding to
C1, Bl can be compared with that of C, B.
The diameter of the holes in the partition wall may vary from about
0.1 to about 1 millimetre and the centres of the holes may be 1.5
millimetres apart.
The actual dimension of an apparatus that has been used with very
satisfactory results were as follows:
The area of the partition wall conipris- ing the test areas was 10 x
15 centimetres, the test areas themselves measuring 1 x a cm. The test
areas are separated by nonperforated strips of the partition wall.
The opening 12 is such that when observed from a distance of about 5
metres the light from six test areas reaches the eyes of the observer.
For technical reasons l can hardly be made larger than l. The value 7
= 1 can be obtained by cutting out the whole test area. When the test
area must cover a larger part of the line C1C2 than for the region of
a-values:- or or a=1 a fraction of the test area may be blackened. If
for instance the fraction of the test area corresponding to the holes
is a, a fraction P may be blackened. Then if 131 is the brightness of
the front of the partition wall and B2 the brightness of the walls of
the back compartment, the brightness B of the test area will be : - (1
- a - PB1 aBz = B.
The colour G' on the line C102 is defined by the equation: ?B2: (1 -
?)B1 = (CC1): (CC2)
The condition for equal brightness of the test area and its
surroundings is B,=B, or aB2 = (a + P)B1, and thus:-
(a+P)B1 B > B1 : B2 = (CC1)
So, by providing test areas having different a's and P's any colour
between C2 and C2 can be compared with C1.
The blackened parts of the front of the test area must obviously
consist of uniformly distributed small black areas.
If desired the surroundings of the test area could be blackened
partially by unifondly distributed small black areas.
When y is the blackened fraction of this part of the plate, B1 in the
appropriate formulae is to be replaced by y13l.
The apparatus illustrated in Figalre 3 is of the same general type as

14. that of
Figure 1. llowever, the sha-pe of the compartments in this case is
nearly spherical in order to improve the uniformity of the
illumination (brightness). As in the
Figure 1 construction, there is a front compartment 30 and a back
compartment 31.
A flat partition wall 32 is arranged between the spheres and is
provided with a number of test areas 33 of the kind already described
in connection with
Figure 1.
The partition wall 32 is slidably mounted in suitable guides 34, 35.
The part 36 of the back compartment opposite the partition wall is
flattened. The opening 37 in the front compartment, the part of the
partition wall between the spheres 3{) and 31 and the flattened part
36 have the same size and shape: thus, the shapes of both spherical
compartments are identical. The back of the partition wall is
blackened to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front
compartment 30 due to the viewing opening 37.
The light of four incandescent lamps is introduced into each of the
compartments by means of optical systems having their foci at 38 and
39 respectively. These foci should preferably be located as nearly
opposite as possible to the back of the test areas and the opening 37
respectively in order to obtain the greatest possible brightness
combined with a uniform illumination of the test areas and the
flattened part 36.
The incandescent lamps (of which only two are shown near each of the
compartments) are indicated at 40. 41 and 42, 43.
They are mounted in boxes- 44, 45 respectively provided with
partitions 46 and 47 having four openings 48, 49 respectively.
An optical system consisting of a condenser lens 50 a colour filter 51
and a pair of relatively rotatable plane polarising filters 52 is
located opposite each of the lamps. An adjustable iris diaphragm or a
neutral density wedge may be used instead of a polarising filter. As
ah alternative, the currents in the lamps may be adjustable. All the
optical systems are of the same type and a description of the
remaining systems is therefore superfluous.
The optical systems are mounted in tubular members 53 which are welded
to the outer surface of the compartments.
The boxes 44 and 45 in which the lamps are mounted are provided with
holes at 54, 55 and 56, 57 respectively. Bars 58 and 59 extend through
the holes 54, 55 and 56, 57 and carry the boxes 44 and 45. A rotatable
member 60 is mounted in the box 45 and has the shape shown in Figure 4
in which figure the small circles indicated by the reference numbers
61, 62, 63 and 64 inaicate the positions of the four incandesent lamps

15. 42, 43 in the box 45 (Figure 3).
A third compartment 65 is provided in front of the apparatus and is
illuminated by a number of incandescent lamps 66, 67 the inner
surfaces of the compartment being painted white; the surfaces 68 and
69 are blackened for obvious reasons.
The brightness of the inner surfaces of compartment 65 is adjusted so
as to be equal to the brightness of the sphere 30.
In order to test the equality of the brightness of the spheres 30 and
31, a test area of the partition is used for which a = 1. If the
surroundings of this test area cannot be seen against the background
constituted by the flattened portion 36 the brightness in both spheres
is the same.
The member 60 is used to obtain colours of the same brightness. The
procedure is as follows :
Circle 61 represents the lame producing white light and the other
circles 62, 63 and 64 represent the lamps producing coloured light.
The white lamp 61 and one of the coloured lamps are turned on and the
member 60 is then rotated. The intensities of the lamps are adjusted
until the flickering is reduced to a minimum.
The brightness of the white illumination and the coloured illumination
are then the same. The equality of the brightness thus obtained
obviously has a subjective character and as a rule will be different
for different human beings.
What we claim is:
1. Apparatus for esamining the capacity of human beings to
discriminate between lights of different intensity or of different
colour comprising front and back compartments separated by a partition
wall, the partition waIl and the walls of the compartments being
coated with a.
layer of a non-selectively diffusely reflecting material, means
adapted to illuminate both compartments with light of adjustable
intensity and adjustable colour, test areas in the partition wall
consisting of groups of small holes arranged in eonfigurations which
are recognizable as one another, and an opening in the front
compartment through which a number of test areas can be seen.
2. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the means adapted to
illuminate the compartments comprises light sources located outside
the compartments adjacent to openings in the compartments, means for
adjusting the area of the openings through which the light is admitted
into the compartments and means for adjusting the colour of the light
admitted into the compartments.
3. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the widili of the holes in
the partition wall increases in the direction from the front to back
of the partition wall.

16. 4. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 including a back compartment
adapted to compensate for the loss of brightness in the front
compartment due to the opening in the said compartment.
5. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein a portion of the wall of
the back compartment is blackened.
6. Apparatus for examining the capacity of human beings to
discriminate for differences of brightness and colours substantially
as described either with reference to Figures 1 and 2 or to Figures 3
and 4 of the accomI)anying drawings.
* GB785797 (A)
Description: GB785797 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to separation of fluidized particles in transfer
line reactors and processes
Description of GB785797 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Separation of Fluidized Particles in
Transfer
Line Reactors and Processes.
We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
COMPANY, a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of
the State of Delaware, United States of' America, having an office at
Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare'the
invention, for which we pray ' that a patent may be granted to us,
arid the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for
contacting hydrocarbons with catalytic or non-catalytic finely divided
solids' for -the purpose of carrying out- a chemical reaction.
The process and apparatus of the invention are for use under
conditions involving a very short time of contact between solids and
reactants. The apparatus is particularly adapted to carrying out such
reactions as the catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, the vapor phase
dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons and the coking of petroleum residua,

17. using the fluidized solids technique.
Many petroleum and petrochemical processing operations involving
contact of gases or vapors with catalytic or non-catalytic solids are
carried out by the 'now well-known fluidized solids technique, in
which the reactant gases pass upwardly through a dense, fluidized bed
of finely divided solids at atmospheric or superatmospheric pressures.
A uniform contact time is thus maintained, and thereafter the reaction
products and entrained solids are separated in cyclone separators.
Certain reactions, particularly those in which contact time between
reactants and the contact solid should be maintained at a minimum, are
more advantageously carried out in a transferline reactor.
For example, in the catalytic vacuum derydrogenation of n-butane to
butadiene in a transfer-line reactor, the catalyst and product vapors
are separated in cyclones. However, since the reaction is carried out
at low pressures, in the order of 100 to 400 mm. Hg., numerous
conventionai cyclones in parallel are required to handle the large
volume of vapor.
-It is necessary in operations of this type to enclose the cyclones in
a separate vessel. If an enclosure were not --used, the erosion of a
hole in one of the cyclones would cause a plant shutdown. In
conventional cyclone installations, to avoid expensive manifolding and
piping, the vapor-catalyst stream is usually fed to the vessel where
it seeks its own path through the cyclones. This technique, however,
is unsatisfactory in operations in which a minimum contact time of
catalyst and reaction product is desired, such as in the catalytic
dehydrogenation of butane to butadiene, which is a highly endothermic
reaction, the catalyst being heated to 1150-1450"F. to supply the heat
of dehydrogenation. At these high temperatures, the butadiene
initially produced is readily decomposed, and for this reason it is
essential to remove the catalyst from the reaction product as soon as
the reaction is completed and to cool the reaction mixture before
appreciable diolefin loss occurs. However, passage of the product
stream to the conventional cyclone separator vessel described above,
where it seeks its own path through the cyclones, is a highly
unsatisfactory technique, for the vapor residence time above the
catalyst bed in such a vessel would be very large compared to the
reaction time and would be sufficient to cause undesirable thermal
cracking reactions to take place. For example a reaction time of about
0.5 second is desired for butadiene production. A conventional cyclone
installation might give a minimum of three-six seconds residence time
at a high reaction temperature. This is clearly unpractical. It is
undesirable and impracticable, however, to quench both the vaporous
reaction mixture and the catalyst particles and thereafter separate
the former from the latter. Heat balance calcu lations show that it

18. would involve almost a 10fold increase in total heat requirement for
the solids have to be reheated to regeneration temperatures and to
supply the sensible heat for the dehydrogenation reaction.
Accordingly, the present invention provides apparatus comprising a
housing; a transferline reactor of relatively narrow cross-section
disposed within said housing; a plurality of cyclonic separators
spaced about the circumference of the transfer-line reactor and in
open communication with it; one or more plates adapted to support said
separators and extending horizontally across said housing, whereby
said housing is divided into an upper chamber and a lower chamber
adapted to contain, in operation, a fluidized bed of solids, the
diplegs of the cyclonic separators extending to near the bottom of the
lower chamber so that, during operation of the apparatus, they open
below the surface of the fluidized bed of solids contained in the
lower chamber; inlet conduit means in said lower chamber for admitting
a gas; outlet conduit means for withdrawing gas; an outlet for
fluidized solids, and conduit means for withdrawing gaseous fluids
substantially completely free from solid particles from the
separators.
The invention also provides a hydrocarbon conversion process that
comprises passing hydrocarbons and suspended catalytic or noncatalytic
solid particles through a transfer-line reactor at a reaction
temperature and from there into a series of cyclone separators
disposed circumferentially about the reactor, passing separated solids
from the cyclones into a dense fluidized bed of solid particles, the
diplegs of the cyclones extending below the upper surface of the bed
and recovering substantially solids-free gases from the cyclones.
Particularly preferred forms of the present invention are illustrated
in the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 illustrates a preferred
form of apparatus in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 illustrates a form of the apparatus of the invention
particularly applicable to a coking process; and
Figure 3 illustrates modifications of the apparatus of Figure 2.
Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown in coinbination transfer-line
reactor vessel 102 and a plurality of cyclone separators 104, only two
of which appear in the drawing. The reactor is a short vertical
conduit of relatively narrow cross-section and, together with the
cyclone separators, is located entirely within housing 106.
Hydrocarbon feed is passed to the reactor through line 108 while the
heated catalyst, either fresh or regenerated, is passed upwardly
through duct 110. Passage of the regenerated catalyst from the
regenerator (not shown) to the reactor is made possible, first, by the
difference in pressures existing in the two zones, the regenerator or
burner vessel being maintained at atmospheric pressure whereas the

19. reactor vessel is maintained under vacuum, and secondly, by the use of
inert gas injection at various points along the riser. A good catalyst
for the process is one comprising chromia and alumina.
In accordance with the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1,
the hot spent dehydrogenation catalyst is disengaged abruptly from the
vaporous product stream in the cyclone separator system shown. A
series of cyclone separators 104, numbering from four to eight or
nine, are arranged about the circumference of reactor 102 with
entrance ducts 112 at or near the top of the reactor. The cyclones are
supported and separated from the large free space in vessel 106 by a
plate 114 which extends across housing 106, which encloses both
reactor 102 and cyclones 104. If this plate were not used, the
residence time and subsequent thermal cracking of any vapors coming
from a hole in one of the cyclones would be appreciable, owing to the
large free space available above the bed. However, a tight seal
between plate 114 and cyclones 104, and between plate 114 and reactor
102, is not necessary because of the gas stripping in the lower
chamber which removes small amounts of product carried into the
catalyst bed 116 from the cyclones. For this purpose, stripping gas is
introduced through conduits 118. The major part of this stripping gas
is removed through conduit 120 and is combined with product vapor from
the cyclones. Any gas leakage around plate 114 and into the upper
portion of vessels 106 can thus go out through the manifold at the top
of the vessel through a cyclone (not shown) located in the upper
portion, whose entrance duct opens into the free space and not into
the top of reactor 102. This cyclone also removes solids from any
vapor blowing through any eroded holes in the other cyclones.
It should also be pointed out that this construction minimizes thermal
stresses since there need be no fixed connection between the reactor
and the cyclone systems. The cyclones can be suspended from the upper
section of the vessel 106 while the reactor is fixed to the lower part
of this vessel. The cyclone may also be supported by plate 114 which
in turn need not be fastened firmly to the reactor.
Another example of a process to which the present invention is
applicable is, for example, coking of petroleum residua.
Charging stocks suitable for such use, comprise, preferably, petroleum
residua containing refractory constituents and catalyst contaminants
that render other conversion methods unattractive. Such a low value
residual oil is characterized by an API gravity between - 100 and 20 ,
a Conradson carbon content between 5 and 50 wt. % and an initial
boiling point between 850" and 1200 F. Broadly, however, charging
stocks such as shale oils, asphalts, tars, pitches, coal tars,
synthetic oils, cycle stocks extracts, recycled heavy ends from the
conversion products, whole crudes, heavy distillate or residual

20. fractions therefrom, or mixtures thereof, may also be used.
The coking temperatures used in this example can be in the range of
1200 to 1800"F., with temperatures in the range of 1300 to 1500"F.
being preferred. Low reaction times are desirable, at least for the
primary or initial reaction products, to avoid undue degradation of
the products by condensation, polymerization, etc. In the preferred
coking temperature range, the reaction times for the primary reaction
products before they are quenched are preferably in the range of 0.1
to 1.0 seconds, although in certain applications and with some feed
stocks the reaction times may be in the range of 0.1 to 10 seconds.
As this is a fluidized solids process, the coke particles have,
preferably, a size in the range of 40 to 500 microns by screen
analysis, although the size in some applications may vary considerably
beyond this range, e.g., from 10 to 1000 microns or more.
In practice, it is preferred to partially burn the circulating coke
particles to maintain the heat balance in the system. During this
burning, the temperature of the coke is raised 50 to 400"F. above the
coking or reactor temperature. A situation may obtain, however, where
the value of other fuels may be less than that of the coke produced by
the process. In such cases, other extraneous liquid and gases may be
preferentially combusted to supply heat to the process.
Normally, the high temperature coking of oils for the production of
chemicals using fluidized solids consists of three basic steps;
namely, initial conversion of the oil followed by rapid separation of
the solids from, and quenching of, the primary conversion products;
heat soaking and/or stripping of the separated solids to dry them and
to produce long time conversion products from any residue deposited on
the solids; and heating of the solids, usually by partial combustion.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the particulate solids may
be reheated by partially burning the solids in the heating zone, the
flue gases therefrom being withdrawn after having entrained solids
removed.
The embodiment of the apparatus suitable for this type of coking
process comprises, in combination, a housing having a substantially
horizontal partition in the upper portion thereof forming upper and
lower chambers; a concentric vertically disposed conduit centrally
located within the housing extending upwardly through the partition
and in open communication with the upper chamber, the conduit forming
an inner transfer line coking zone, and an outer fluidized solids
soaking zone, and forming with the housing a fluidized solids burning
zone; a plurality of cyclonic separators spaced about the
circumference of the concentric conduits, supported by said. partition
and disposed within the upper chamber, the cyclonic separators being
adapted to receive gasiform solid-particle-containing streams from the

21. upper chamber, and to discharge separated solids - into the fluidized
solids soaking zone; conduit means adapted. to withdraw gaseous
material from the cyclonic separators; conduit means for circulating
particulate solids from the fluidized solids burning zone to the
transfer line coking zone and from the fluidized solids soaking zone
to the fluidized solids burning zone; and conduit means for
introducing charging stock into the transfer line coking zone, for
introducing a stripping gas into the lower portion of the fluidized
solids soaking zone, and for introducing a free oxygen containing gas
into the lower portion of the fluidized solids burning zone.
The particular arrangement of cyclonic separators, and support thereof
in the apparatus of the present invention results not only in the
rapid separation of the contact solids from the conversion products to
permit rapid quenching of the products, but also minimizes piping and
manifold costs because of the integration of the processing steps in
one vessel, and permits operation of the apparatus although holes may
be eroded in one or more of the cyclonic separators.
Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown a transfer line reactor 2
having an annular soaking zone 3 enclosed in larger vessel or housing
4. The reactor 2 is a vertical conduit of relatively narrow
cross-section, and has preferably a length to diameter ratio in the
range of 3 to 15, e.g. 9. A charging stock to be converted, e.g. a
vacuum residuum, is injected into the base of the reactor via line 5
wherein it contacts hot solids, e.g. coke, circulated to the reactor
by line 6. As a control feature, the feed can be introduced into the
transfer line reactor at various points along its length. Thus, when
operating at high temperatures with relatively short contact times,
the contents of line 5 can be introduced by one or more lines into the
upper portions of reactor 2. The charging stock can, of course, be
suitably dispersed or atomized as by steam. Steam or other diluent and
conveying gas is admitted to the reactor by line 7. The solids and the
reactants are conveyed upwardly through the reactor at velocities
above 5 ft./sec., e.g. 60 ft./sec., while the injected oil undergoes
pyrolysis.
After a contact time within the limits of 0.1 to 1.0 sec., the solids
are removed from the conversion products by a plurality of cyclonic
separators 8, disposed around the circumference of the reactor, only
two of which are shown.
The conversion products, now substantially solid free, are discharged
into the chamber 9 in the upper part of vessel 4 from which they are
removed by line 10 to conventional separating processes to obtain the
various chemicals desired. It is preferred to immediately quench the
conversion products after the contact solids are removed and this is
accomplished by injecting via line 11 a quench medium into the

22. conversion products sufficient to cool-them to a temperature below
about 700"F. This quench medium comprises, preferably, heavy petroleum
oils, such as a recycled fraction separated from the conversion
products, but may include other liquids such as water, or gases, such
as light hydrocarbon gases or steam, or cool solids, such as
particulate coke.
It is to be noted that the cyclonic separators 8 are supported by a
partition or plate 12 that serves also to isolate the solids
disengaging zone 13 from the solids heating zone 14, described
hereinafter. Thus, if holes be eroded in one or more of the
separators, the products are not lost to the - solids heating zone.
The disengaging zone is separated from the products withdrawal chamber
9 by plate 27. It is to be appreciated, however, that conduits can be
used to connect each cyclonic separator directly with outlet conduit
10 to further decrease vapor holding time.
In the arrangement shown, the whole of the internal equipment is
supported by or suspended from- partition 12 in the top of the
reaction. This design permits differences in thermal expansion and
contraction of the various parts-of the apparatus. The various lines
leading into the reactor, e.g. lines 5, 6, 16 and 17, and connected to
the internal conduits are suitably fitted with expansion joints, slip
joints, bellows joints, etc., whereby any differences in expansion of
the parts of the vessel are accounted for. Partition 26 is suitably
designed to permit relative motion between housing 4 and conduit 3, it
being apparent that partition 26 need not form a perfectly gas tight
seal.
This apparatus is particularly adapted to balanced pressure operations
at near atmospheric pressures with the differences in levels between
the fluid beds and the height of the standpipes being used to maintain
the pressure balances. It is applicable with suitable modifications,
however, to operations at subatmospheric and superatmospheric
pressures, and to operations in which the pressure between zones is
relatively large.
Depending on the operating conditions, some refractory constituents of
the feed may not initially be converted in the transfer line zone and
will deposit on the contact solids. To convert this residue material,
in cases where it is necessary, and to strip the solids of occluded
gases, the solids from cyclonic separators 8 are transferred to the
soaking zone via diplegs 15 wherein they are held resident for 1 to 20
secs., at a coking temperature in the range of 1200 to 1800cm.,
sufficient to convert the residue to coke and other conversion
products and to dry the solids. A stripping gas, e.g. steam, is
admitted by one or more lines -16 to aid in drying and stripping and
to fluidize the solids. This stripping gas is suitably distributed

23. around the base of stripper as by a distributing ring. The gases from
the soaking zone pass upwardly into the solids disengaging zone 13.
Thus, only one system of cyclones is used to remove solids from the
gases and conversion products, whereas in the past it has been
customary to use a separate cyclone system to handle the gases from
the soaking zone.
In order to supply heat to the process, solids are circulated from the
soaking zone to the solids heating zone 14 via standpipe and riser
system 17, which can be any one of several types of solid circulating
systems known by the art. Air or other free oxygen-containing gas is
injected through conduit 18 into the riser side of conduit 17 to
transport the solids, and to fluidize and burn the solids in zone 14.
Additional air, if desired, can be admitted to zone 14, as by line 19.
The distribution of the air throughout the fluidized bed may be
facilitated by suitable means, as by distributing rings, packing, or
baffles. After being reheated, the solids are circulated to the
transfer line reactor zone 2 via line 6.
Where coke particles are used as the heat carrying medium, it may be
desired to maximize the amount of coke produced by the process.
Extraneous liquid or gaseous fuels can be injected into zone 14 via
line 20 to accomplish this, or to make up any heat deficiencies in
cases wherein the coke produced by the process is not sufficient to
meet heat requirements. Normally, however, a net amount of coke will
be produced and this is withdrawn by line 21 as product.
Flue gases are discharged from zone 14 via line 25, after having
entrained solids removed by cyclonic separators 24. As shown, these
separators are supported by plate 26, which need not be gas tight, and
the flue gases pass from the separators into the chamber formed by the
plate before passing through line 25.
The following Table I summarizes the pertinent processing variables
and apparatus proportions applicable to the embodiment of the present
invention as depicted by Figure 2 and presents an example thereof:
TABLE I
Range Example
Conversion temperature, "F. 1200 to 1800 1300
Soaking temperature, "F. 1200 to 1800 1300
Combustion temperature, "F. 1250 to 2100 1500
Initial C3* conversion in transfer line, wt.% 20 to 50 36
Ultimate C, *. conversion, wt. % (notincludingrecycleoperation) 20 to
75 ' 40
Solids/oil ratio in transfer line, wt./wt. 10 to 150 21
Steam rate to transfer line, wt,OJ, fresh feed 1 to" 300 3
Solids velocity in transfer line, ft./sec. 5 to 80 48
Vapor velocity in transfer line, ft./sec. .. 5 to 100 60

24. Solids loading in transfer line, lbs./ft.3 0.1 to 30 2.0
Superficial gas velocity in soaking and heating zones, ft./sec. 0.2
to. 5 1
Solids residence time in soaking zone, average secs. 1 to 20 12
Hydrocarbon partial pressure at products outlet, psi. 4 to 50 20
Diameter of transfer. line reactor, ft 4
L/D (lengthtdiameter) ratio of transfer line reactor 3 to 15 3
Diameter of soaking zone, % of diameter of transfer line reactor 150
to 200 150
Diameter of heating zone, % of diameter of transfer line reactor 250
to 700 500
*C, conversion is defined as: 100 times wt. % of C, and lighter
hydrocarbons divided by 100 wit."6 fresh feed less wt.% coke.
With reference to Figure 3, certain modify cations of this apparatus
will be described.
Parts similar to those shown in Figure 2 have the same numerical
designation. In order to minimize the duty of cyclonic separators 8,
additional solid-gas separating means of simple design can be
employed. For example, spiral vanes or impellers 22 are inserted in
the upper portion of the transfer line reactor to give the solids-gas
stream a rotational motion, thereby forcing the heavier solids to the
outside of the conduit. Suitable slots or openings 23 are made in the
reactor wall to permit the solids to fall into the soaking zone.
Further, the upper portion of the soaking zone may be suitably
enlarged as shown to decrease gas velocities in this area, and if
desired, the effluent from the transfer line reactor can be made to
discharge directly into each cyclonic separator to decrease residence
time by means of a serially branched conduit system or manifold
arrangement directly connecting the top portion of the transfer line
reactor and the soaking zone to the cyclones.
With or without the above modification, the solids-gas disengaging
zone can be suitably packed, baffled, etc., with filling 28 as shown,
to eliminate dead spaces and to cause rapid change of direction of the
gas streams, thereby forcing solids into the soaking zone. By proper
choice of refractory materials and design, the surfaces receiving the
direct impact of the gas stream from the transfer-line zone can be
made to give good service considering the extreme conditions of
temperature and erosion encountered. By thus ensuring the more direct
passageway of the conversion product to the cyclone separators 8,
vaporholding times are further decreased.
Instead of using a partition 26 as illustrated in Figure 2, the flue
gases from the burning zone may be collected in an annular collection
ring or manifold 30. Connecting lines 31 are used in this modification
to introduce the flue gases into the collection ring from each of the

25. separators 24. The flue gases are then removed from the collection
ring by line 32.
In another modification of the apparatus as applied to residuum
coking, the conduits conveying solids from the soaking zone to the
heating zone may be eliminated. Instead, the lower portion of the
soaking zone 3 may be in direct fluid communication with the heating
zone 14 as shown in Figure 3 such that the solids fall or gravitate
from the stripping zone into the heating zone after a sufficient
residence time in the soaking. zone. The difference in Ievels between
the fluid beds are controlled in this arrangement to provide an
effective seal between the zones and to regulate the flow of the
solids. The opening 33 connecting the zones may conveniently be made
variable and a gas, e.g. steam, may be introduced at controlled
velocities upwardly into the openings as further control aids.
From the above description, it can be seen that this invention
considerably simplifies the customary high temperature coking process
which previously has required as many as three or four separate
vessels and considerable conduit for transporting the contact solid.
What we claim is:
1. Apparatus comprising a housing; a transfer-line reactor of
relatively narrow crosssection disposed within said housing; a
plurality of cyclonic separators spaced about the circumference of the
transfer-line reactor and in open communication with it; one or more
plates adapted to support said separators and extending horizontally
across said housing, whereby said housing is divided into an upper
chamber and a lower chamber adapted to contain, in operation, a
fluidized bed of solids, the diplegs of the cyclonic separators
extending to near the bottom of the lower chamber so that, during
operation of the apparatus, they open below the surface of the
fluidized bed of solids contained in the lower chamber; inlet conduit
means in said lower chamber for admitting a gas; outlet conduit means
for withdrawing gas; an outlet for fluidized solids and conduit means
for withdrawing gaseous fluids substantially completely free from
solid particles from the separators.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and having a concentric conduit
disposed around the transfer-line reactor, forming with it an annular
chamber opening into the said upper
* GB785798 (A)
Description: GB785798 (A) ? 1957-11-06

26. Lifting and bundling sling
Description of GB785798 (A)
I, STANLEY SIDNEY KELLAM ELPHEE, 68
Bleakhill Road, Birmingham 23, British, do hereby declare the
invention for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, a and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and
by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a rope sling An embodiment of my invention
is shown in the accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1 shows a spreader
device; Fig 2 shows how the device of Fig 1 is inserted in a rope; and
Fig 3 shows a sling employing the spreader device.
The lifting and bundling sling consists of a right or left hand layed
stranded or cable layed rope, the ends of which are formed into an eye
or loops (a) (d) as shown in Fig.
3 Into this sling is inserted one or more spreaders (b) as shown in
Fig 2 The spreader increases the diameter of the rope at the point of
insertion and is held in position by the strands of the rope which fit
into corresponding grooves (c) Fig 1 in the spreader.
The complete lifting and bundling sling is reeved around a bundle of
loose articles by threading eye or loop (a) through the other (d) as
shown in Fig 3 or, by threading eye or loop (d) through the other (a)
The eyes or loops (a) and (d) Fig 3 being large enough to pass freely
over the increased diameter of the rope caused by the insertion of the
spreader as shown in (b) Fig 2 The spreader (c) Fig 1 may be inserted
in the sling the opposite way up to that shown in (b) Fig 2.
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