5246 5250.output

* GB785653 (A)
Description: GB785653 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to yarn carriers for full-fashioned hosiery
knitting machines
Description of GB785653 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,653 -i X ^ Date of application and filing Complete Specification:
May 17, 1955.
No 14188/55 Application made in Germany on May 18, 1954 Complete
Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
lndex at acceptance:-Class 74 ( 2), C( 1 C 1: 17).
International Classification:-DD 4 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Yarn Carriers for Full-Fashioned
Hosiery Knitting Machines I, EDGAR GEORG SCHOB, a German National, of
14, Bahnhofstrasse, Emmendingen/Baden, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:The present invention
relates to filat-bed knitting machines and more particularly to the

thread carriers thereof from which the thread is fed to the knitting
needles.
Prior to this invention it has been usual to employ a thin
thread-guiding member comprising a fine-gauge tube which is mounted on
the lower end of a thread carrier or thread carrier finger and through
which the thread passes to the needles over the sinkers.
In actual practice these thin thread-guiding tubes, especially for
fine-gauge machines, are very difficult to produce and require
considerable lateral space since the walls thereof may not be made
below a certain strength, as otherwise the thread might be cut by the
edge of the thread opening This danger is considerable Owing to the
small inner diameter of the tubes, they easily become clogged, and the
removal of obstructions requires a considerable time as well as
necessitating frequent replacement of the tube.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement
wherein the aforementioned disadvantages are eliminated.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a thread carrier
which is much more easily threaded than the prior known thread-guiding
tube, through which it is very difficult to pass the thread,
especially if resinous matter or lint has settled therein.
A further object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a
thread guide which does not exert an uncontrollable binding or braking
action upon the thread which occurs very frequently when using thin,
and easily clogged thread-guiding tubes, resulting in uneven tension
of the thread in the stocking.
lPrice 3 s M l Another object of the present invention is to provide a
thread guide which is resilient and will deflect toward the side if it
should engage with a sinker With these and other SO objects in view,
there is provided, according to the invention, a flat bed knitting
machine having a reciprocating thread carrier for feeding the thread
to the knitting needles which carrier comprises a thread guide in the
SS form of a thread guiding needle which projects towards the knitting
needles and has at its end closest to the knitting needles, which end
is pointed, an eye through which the thread passes to the knitting
needles, the 60 needle being thinner than the space between adjacent
sinkers of the machine.
With the free end of the thread guiding needle pointed as aforesaid it
is practically impossible for it ever to damage a sinker u 6 Another
material advantage of the threadguiding needle according to the
present invention is that, owing to its smaller diameter as compared
with a thread-guiding tube, it takes up a space less than the space
between 70 two adjacent sinkers, whereas the latter because of its
larger diameter, the tube will always overlap the two sinkers.
It is another important feature of the invention that it permits the

use of two thread 75 guiding needles on a single thread carrier, for
example, when the work requires, two threads to be used
simultaneously.
Still another advantage of the thread-guiding needle is that it can be
made of a better 80 steel and can be more easily and more highly
polished than the customary thread-guiding tube.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention
will be apparent 85 from the following detailed description thereof,
as well as from the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 shows a
prior known construction of thread carrier with a thread-carrying tube
90 mounted thereon, in its position relative to the sinkers.
Fig 2 is a side view of thread carrier according to the invention with
a cliread-guiding needle at its free end; Fig 3 is a front view of the
thread-guiding needle of Fig 2; and Fig 4 is a front view of a thread
carrier according to the invention mounted thereon with two needles.
Referring to the drawings, Fig 1 shows a prior known construction of
thread carrier with a thread-carrying tube 2 mounted on its lower end
so as to be in a position intermediate two sinkers 3 above the upper
edge of a presser 4.
1 S The relative thickness of the tube 2 to thesinkers 3 and presser
bar 4 as shown in the drawing substantially corresponds to the
conditions prevailing in actual practice It is evident from this
drawing that the tube 2 will be subject to considerable stresses and
difficulties if used in the knitting of fine gauge fabrics.
Fig 2 shows a thread carrier finger 5 of a thread carrier of a flat
bed knitting machine, which has a thread-guiding needle 6 mounted on
its free end and projecting towards the knitting needles (not shown)
The thread 7 runs through a lead eye 8 and then through an eye 9 on
the thread carrier finger 5 to a thread eye 10 in the thread-guiding
needle 6.
A preferred embodiment of the threadguiding needle 6 is shown, for
example, in Fig 3 The needle has a shaft 7 which is thickened so as to
permit the needle to be more easily secured to the free end of the
thread carrier finger 5 Its free end which projects towards the
knitting needles of the machine is provided with a thread eye 10, and
the needle terminates in a sharp point 11 As is illustrated in Fig 2,
the end of the thread 71 preferably leads forwardly along the needle 6
and then passes through the needle eye 10 toward the rear.
Fig 4 illustrates the application of the invention to a thread carrier
12 which is provided with two thread-guiding needles 13 and 14 which
are bent relative to each other above the sinkers at a point 15 and
16, respectively, so that, when seen from the front, the lower ends
thereof are disposed at a 50 right angle to the sinkers and may be so
close to each other as to permit both needles to pass safely between

two adjacent sinkers 3.
It is evident from a comparison of Figs 1 and 4 that a thread-guiding
needle may be 55 made of considerably thinner diameter than a
thread-guiding tube as previously used, thus even permitting two
needles to be used within the same area where only one tube could be
used, apart from its advantage over 60 such a tube of being more
easily threaded and not liable to collect lint or resinous matter
which easily clogged the passage and opening of a tube and exerted a
binding or braking action upon the thread which might 65 affect the
quality of the hosiery knitted on the machine.
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* GB785654 (A)
Description: GB785654 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of metal tubes or metal
sheaths of electric cables
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: JAMES RONALD PENROSE Date of filing Complete Specification:
April 20, 1956.
Application Date: June 9, 1955.
No 16577/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 83 ( 4), 12 (C: E: F: lG).
International Classification:-B 21 c.
Improvements in or relating to the Manufacture of Metal Tubes or Metal
Sheaths of Electric Cables LIMITED, a British Company, of 343/5,

Euston Road, London, N W 1, do hereby declare the invention for which
we pray that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement: -
The present invention relates to a method of and means for the
manufacture of metal tubes, or of metal sheaths of electric cables
wherein the sheath is of plain cylindrical form.
In the manufacture of metal tubes, it is sometimes required to reduce
the diameter of the tube over the whole or a portion of its length
Also, in the manufacture of cables, an insulated cable core, which
term is hereinafter to be understood as including two or more such
cores, may be drawn into a sheath, and it is necessary that the sheath
shall be of sufficient internal diameter to permit the core to be
drawn in without damage, the sheath being subsequently reduced in
diameter to bear on the core.
According to another mode of cable manufacture, the sheath is formed
around the core by bending a metal strip transversely and uniting the
edges by welding along a longitudinal seam For various reasons, and in
particular to permit of the introduction at the point of welding of a
shoe between the sheath and the cable core, it is necessary that the
sheath as initially formed shall be of a diameter greater than that
ultimately required, it being then reduced to this last-mentioned
diameter.
Hitherto it has been the practice to effect reduction in diameter of
tubes or cable sheaths (generally designated hereafter as tubes) by
means of a number, for example four, of rollers carried by a frame
whereon they are mounted so as to be capable of rotation about axes
parallel to that of the tube, the frame being rotated around the tube,
which is caused to travel axially through the space between the
rollers, and the latter being so adjusted that by this action the
desired reduction is effected.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l v Li-,, -dfe, In following this procedure, however,
difficulty has been found in securing reduction in diameter in a
uniform manner For instance, in respect of stainless steel or like
high-tensile metals, there is a tendency for cracks to develop in the
tube, whereas, when dealing with softer metals, such as aluminium or
mild steel, the tube is liable to become deformed out of the
cylindrical shape, particularly if the wall is thin, for example, has
a thickness of 1/32 " for an outside tube diameter of 1 ".
The present invention has for its main object an improved method of
and means for reducing the diameter of a metal tube while, at the same
time, overcoming the above drawbacks.
According to the invention a method of reducing the diameter of a
metal tube consists in subjecting its external surface to the action

of a tool having an operative surface which is concave toward the tube
and is formed by a generatrix parallel, or slightly inclined, to the
axis of the tube, the nearest point on the said operative surface to
the axis of the tube being at a less distance from such axis than the
external radius of the tube as unreduced, moving the tube in the
direction of its axis and simultaneously producing relative rotation
between the tool and the tube Under these conditions, the surface of
contact between the tool and the tube will trace out a helical path
around the tube and, in order that the latter as reduced in diameter
shall be free from corrugations and truly cylindrical, it is necessary
that the length of the operative tool surface, measured in a direction
parallel to the axis of the tube, shall be not less than the axial
travel of the tube during a complete relative rotation between the
tool and the tube.
In order that the tube as unreduced may be led smoothly into contact
with the above operative surface of the tool, that surface is so
formed that the tube first encounters a flared portion whereby its
diameter is somewhat 785,654 reduced, the reduction ultimately reached
being determined by the position of the main portion of the operative
concave surface relatively to the axis of the tube These two portions
of the operative surface are conveniently formed by generatrices
respectively inclined and parallel to the axis of the tube At the
point at which the reduced tube emerges from the operative surface of
the tool, the latter is slightly flared in order to ensure smoothness
of action.
The tool may be made in the shape of an arc of circular or other form
in which case it is convenient that it shall be rotated around the
tube, while the latter is caused to progress in its axial direction In
such apparatus the contact between the tool and the tube is
necessarily of a rubbing character and lubrication of the surfaces in
contact would be required Apparatus of this nature would be suitable
only for comparatively slight reduction of the tube and in cases in
which it is of aluminium or other comparatively soft metal.
In practice, the tool most suitably takes the form of an annular
member surrounding the tube and having an aperture whereof the
periphery is continuous and constitutes the operative surface, the
axis of this annular member being displaced laterally from the axis of
the tube; the sum of this displacement and of the external radius of
the tube as unreduced is greater than the radius of the said aperture,
also the sum of the said displacement and of the radius of the said
aperture is greater than the external radius of the tube as unreduced,
whereby the operative surface of the aperture engages the wall of the
tube and, on progression of the tube in the direction of its axis
through the aperture simultaneously with rotation of the axis of the

annular member around that of the tube, serves to effect the desired
reduction in diameter by bending the wall of the tube along a path of
helical form The action is thus distinguished from the normal
drawing-dowvn process wherein a tube is drawn in the axial direction
through a ring die, whereof the aperture of a diameter less than that
of the tube, bears on the latter simultaneously around its entire
circumference.
In this instance also contact between the tool and the tube is of a
rubbing nature and is therefore subject to the above limitations In
order that the method may be applicable in cases in which substantial
reduction of the tube diameter is required, or the tube is of
comparatively hard metal, such as stainless steel, the tool in the
form of an annular member may be mounted so as itself to be capable of
rotation in its own plane, in addition to the above relative rotation
between its axis and that of the tube From this it results that
contact between the tool and the tube is of a rolling character
whereby friction is substantially eliminated and it is found possible
to deal with the onerous conditions above referred to.
The invention will now be more fully described with reference to the
accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which: Figure 1 is an axial
section through an 70 apparatus for performing reduction in diameter
of a metal tube, and Figure 2 is an axial section through a similar
apparatus for performing reduction in diameter of a cable sheath 75
Referring now to Figure 1, the tube-reducing machine comprises a
reducing head, indicated by the general reference 1, mounted within a
fixed frame 2 for bodily rotation about an axis X-X which is the axis
of 80 progression of the tube to be reduced For this purpose the
reducing head is carried by a sleeve 3 which is rotatable in a bearing
4 in the frame 2 and is driven by a gear wheel _ keyed to the said
sleeve 85 The reducing head has a bush 6 of internal diameter such
that the bush will fit over and support the unreduced portion of the
metal tube 7, and a bush 8 of smaller internal diameter to support the
reduced portion 7 a of 90 the tube, these bushes 6 and 8 being fitted
respectively within rings 9 and 10 by means of bearings 11 and 12
concentric with the axis X-X.
A further ring 13 is carried between and 95 rigidly secured to each of
the rings 9 and 11 Internally of the ring 13 is a member 14,
hereinafter called the tool holder, within which the tube-reducing
tool 15 is supported by a bearing 16 The tool holder 14 is axially im
100 movable, but adjustable diametrically across the ring 13; for this
purpose there is provided in the ring 13 an adjusting bolt 17 threaded
in a tapped hole in the ring and having a flange 18 bearing on a
forked plate 19, secured to the 105 tool holder 14 By this means the
latter may be adjusted relatively to the ring 13 to obtain a required

eccentricity of the axis of the tool with respect to the axis X-X of
the tube.
For this purpose, there are threaded on the 110 bolt 17 a nut 20 and a
micrometer head 21 adapted to co-operate with a scale marked on a bush
22 fixed to the ring 13 In use, the nut and head 21 are locked
together to form means whereby the bolt 17 may be turned so 115 as to
cause the tool 15 to bear lightly on the tube 7 as unreduced: the nut
20 and head 21 having then been unlocked, the latter is set to the
zero marking on the scale on the bush 22 and the nut and head are
again 120 locked together, whereupon the bolt 17 is turned to impart
the desired eccentricity to the tool 15 as indicated on the above
micrometer scale.
The tool 15 is constituted by an annulus 125 whereof the inner
periphery provides the operative surface; in this example this surface
is cylindrical over the main portion of its length in the axial
direction The axis of the tool 15 is so displaced laterally, by means
of 130 785,654 between the tube and the operative surface will then be
obtained by reason of the fact that arcuate sections of the operative
surface of the aperture progressively act to bend the wall of the tube
inwards to the decreased 70 diameter desired.
Figure 2 illustrates a machine operating on similar principles to that
in Figure 1 and showing the application of the method of the invention
to the reduction of a cable sheath 75 In this diagram parts of the
machine which have corresponding function to those shown in Figure 1
are, where possible, indicated by the same references.
In this case, the tool 151 is an annulus 80 whose operative surface is
again of cylindrical form flared at its ends The operation of the
machine is similar to that of the machine depicted in Figure 1
However, since the cable core 27 is only slightly smaller than the 85
internal diameter of the unreduced sheath 28, the supporting plug 25
of Figure 1 must be replaced by a hollow plug 29, if such a member be
required, though this is by no means always the case 90 Although, in
the examples of apparatus illustrated, the plane of the tool 15 or 151
is at right angles to the tube axis, it might be inclined thereto In
that case the main portion of the operative surface would be conical,
with 95 an entry section for the tube suitably flared.
Reduction in diameter may be effected in stages by arranging for two
or more reducing tools to operate on the tube in tandem.
While, in the above modes of carrying the 100 invention into effect,
the tool has been described as rotating around the tube, the opposite
relation might be adopted, namely that the tool should be stationary
and the tube rotated about an axis parallel, but eccentric, 105 to its
own axis.
After the above reducing operation, the tube is of substantially the

same cross sectional area as before, so that increase in wall
thickness results Also the working of the metal produces, 110 at least
in the case of some metals, a hardening effect whereby the tensile
strength is increased.
Consequently it is possible, in employing an overhead cable whereof
the sheath has been treated in accordance with the present inven 115
tion, to use longer spans whereby economy is effected.
Further, treatment of a tube in accordance with the present invention
is effective for reducing it to a precise diameter and producing 120 a
truly circular outline; the latter feature is especially of advantage
in cases of overhead lines employing a cable wherein the sheath
constitutes the outermost covering, since any departure from the truly
cylindrical form 125 is liable to give rise to increased vibration or
swinging of the cable when exposed to a cross wind.
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* GB785655 (A)
Description: GB785655 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Detergent compositions
BE540474 (A) CH342684 (A)
BE540474 (A) CH342684 (A) less

Ot O 5 N
PATENT SPECIFICATION i i ttor: PETER TAMBURO VITALE and CHARLES EDWARD
BUCK
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 8, 1955.
No 19902155.
Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Ciass 91, D(E: F: G: H: L: N: P).
International Classification: -Clld.
COM 1 PLETE SPECIFICATION
Detergent Compositions ERRATA SPECIFICATION No 755,655
Page 1, line 62, after ' phenol " delete " phenol " Page 5, line 49,
delete, top'" THE PATENT OFFICE, 12th December, 1957.
7855655 LVL-a U Li V 1 C 1 Lvai UL lituiui Um Ju Lt S Um C Unt volume
to indicate the presence and approximate concentration of the
detergent composition that is being employed but which will no:i foam
excessively so as to fill the machine with foam and escape or "
spill-over " therefrom through the inlet port provided at the top of
the machine for the addition of detergent and bleach Excessive foam
generated by certain compositions may also act to cushion the
mechanical tumbling and washing action of the clothes in the machine
and serve to overload the driving mechanism thereof by acting as a
spin retardant when the basket of the machine is spun at high
velocities if a body of foam fills the void between the rotating
basket and its surrounding stationary enclosure.
In the case of household automatic dishwashers it is desirable to
employ a substantialhv non-foaming detergent composition since the
presence of foam in such a machine greatly retards the mechanical
action of the fine water sprayn employed to aid in the removal of
soil.
particularly from the surfaces being washed.
oy Lut: mgner anpnauc alconoi wnicn may D,.
present as a minor proportion of the mixture, for example in
proportion by weight to the detergent of about 1: 1 to 1: 100.
Certain detergent compositions according to the invention may produce,
when used in tumbler type automatic washing machines in normal
concentrations, a solution of approximately 4 % of the detergent
composition in either hard (e g about 300 ppm hardness) or soft (e g
about 50 ppm hardness) water at about 1200 F foaming to a height

between -2 inch and 5 inches during washing of household linens of
average soil load.
The compositions of the present invention, which are excellent
detergents, may be prepared in liquid, paste or powdered form They may
also contain inorganic builder salts as well as other adjuvant
materials.
The water soluble non-ionic detergents employed in compositions of the
present invention may in general be produced by the addition or
introduction of hydrophilic ether groups into an organic hydrophobic
compound PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventoas: PETER TAMBURO VITALE and CHARLES EDWARD BUCK 785,65,5 Date
of Application and filing Complete Specification July 8, 1955.
No 199021/55.
Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 91, D 2 (E: F: G: H: L: N: P).
International Classification: Clld.
Detergent Compositions We, COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY, a corporation
organised and existing under the Laws of Delaware, United States of
America, of 105, Hudson Street, Jersey City, Nevz Jersey, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement -
The present invention relates to detergent compositions having
controlled foaming characteristics.
In recent years there has developed a substantial need for detergent
compositions having controlled foaming properties, frequently in
conjunction with a high degree of detersive power In the case of
automatic tumbler type washing machines, since the housewife commonly
associates foaming with washing, for aesethetic purposes it is
desirable to provide washing compositions which will form a stable
foam of minimum but sufficient volume to indicate the presence and
approximate concentration of the detergent composition that is being
employed but which will not foam excessively so as to fill the machine
with foam and escape or " spill-over " therefrom through the inlet
port provided at the top of the machine for the addition of detergent
and bleach Excessive foam generated by certain compositions may also
act to cushion the mechanical tumbling and washing action of the
clothes in the machine and serve to overload the driving mechanism
thereof by acting as a spin retardant when the basket of the machine
is spun at high velocities if a body of foam fills the void between
the rotating basket and its surrounding stationary enclosure.
In the case of household automatic dishwashers it is desirable to

employ a substantially non-foaming detergent composition since the
presence of foam in such a machine greatly retards the mechanical
action of the fine water sprays employed to aid in the removal of
soil, particularly from the surfaces being washed.
" Spill over ", or escape of excess foam, is also encountered in the
case of these machines.
In accordance with the present invention, detergent compositions
comprise a water soluble non-ionic detergent of the polyalkylene ether
type and a higher aliphatic alcohol having 10, to 20 carbon atoms
Where a composition exhibiting high detergency and being characterized
by production of similar volumes of foam when used in either soft or
hard water is desired, a high alkyl aryl sulphonate detergent
preferably also is present.
In one form of the invention the detergent composition comprises a
water soluble polyethylene oxide detergent condensate of an alkyl
phenol phenol or a higher aliphatic monohydric alcohol or mixtures
thereof, a water soluble salt of a higher alkyl aryl sulphonate
detergent, and a higher aliphatic alcohol In such compositions the
foam generated by the mixture of the non-ionic detergent and the
sulphonated detergent is controlled by the higher aliphatic alcohol
which may b present as a minor proportion of the mixture, for example
in proportion by weight to the detergent of about 1: 1 to 1:100.
Certain detergent compositions according to the invention may produce,
when used in tumbler type automatic washing machines in normal
concentrations, a solution of approximately 4 % of the detergent
composition in either hard (e g about 300 ppm hardness) or soft (e g
about 50 ppm hardness) water at about 1200 F foaming to a height
between -1 inch and 5 inches during washing of household linens of
average soil load.
The compositions of the present invention, which are excellent
detergents, may be prepared in liquid, paste or powdered form They may
also contain inorganic builder salts as well as other adjuvant
materials.
The water soluble non-ionic detergents employed in compositions of the
present invention may in general be produced by the addition or
introduction of hydrophilic ether groups into an organic hydrophobic
compound 785,655 or group, usually of all aliphatic, alkyl aryl ot
aromatic structure The degree or proportion of hydrophilic ether
groups will vary with the specific hydrophobic group, but will be
sufficient to confer the desired water-solubility and detersive
properties These detergents are known in the art and the determination
of a specific hydrophilic-hydrophobic relationship for each type is a
matter within the ability of a man skilled in the detergent art Such
detergents are generally the water-soluble non-ionic polyalkylene

ether compounds, such as are obtained by condensation of alkylene
oxide with a hydrophobic organic group, the latter containing usually
at least about 8 carbon atoms, and preferably 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
It is preferred to use the polyoxyalkylene condensates derived from
ethylene oxide although other lower alkylene oxides, such as propylene
oxide, butylene oxide, and the like have generally similar properties
and may be substituted therefore While the number of alkylene oxide
groups is controlled so as to yield the desired water-solubility and
detersive properties and is dependent upon the character of the
hydrophobic group, the product in the types of detergents included in
composition of the present invention will possess usually from about
5-30 alkylene oxide groups.
Among the suitable non-ionic detergents are the polyalkylene oxide
condensates of an alkyl phenol, such as the polyglycol ethers of alkyl
phenols having an alkyl group of at least about 6 and usually about 8
to 20 carbon atoms and an ethylene oxide ratio (number of ethenoxy
groups per mole of condensate) of about 7 5, 8 5, 11 5, 20 5, 30 and
the like The alkyl substituent on the aromatic nucleus may he
di-isobutylene, diamyl, polymerised propylene, iso-octyl, nonyl,
dimerized C,-GQ olefin, and the like Among other condensates with
phenols is the alkylated fl-naphthol condensed with 8 moles of
ethylene oxide the alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms.
Further suitable detergents are the polyoxyalkylene esters of organic
acids, such as the higher fatty acids, rosin acids, tall oil, or acids
from the oxidation of petroleum, and the like.
The polyglycol esters will usually contain from about 8 to about 30
moles of ethylene oxide or its equivalent and about 8 to 22 carbon
atoms in the acyl group Suitable products are refined tall oil
condensed with 16 or 20 ethylene oxide groups, or similar polyglycol
esters of lauric, stearic, oleic and like acids.
Additional suitable non-ionic detergents are the polyalkylene oxide
condensates with higher fatty acid amides, such as the higher fatty
acid primary amides and higher fatty acid mono and di-ethanol-amides
Suitable agents are coconut fatty acid amide condensed with about 10
to 30 moles of ethylene oxide.
The fatty acyl group will similarly have about 8 to 22 carbon atoms,
and usually about 10 to 18 carbon atoms in such products The
corresponding suphonamides may also be used if desired.
Other suitable polyether non-ionic detergents are the polyalkylene
oxide ethers of higher aliphatic alcohols Suitable alcohols are 70
those having a hydrophobic character, and preferably 8 to 22 carbon
atoms Examples thereof are iso-octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tridecyl,
tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and oleyl alcohols which may be
condensed with 75 an appropriate amount of ethylene oxide, such as at

least about 6, and preferably about 10moles A typical product is
tridecyl alcohol, produced by the Oxo process, condensed with about
12, 15 or 20 moles of ethylene oxide 80 The corresponding higher alkyl
mercaptans or thioalcohols condensed with ethylene oxide are also
suitable for use in compositions of the present invention.
The water soluble polyoxyethylene con 85 densates with
polyoxypropylene polymers may likewise be employed in compositions of
the present invention The polyoxyprepylene polymer, which is prepared
by condensing propylene oxide with an organic 90 compound containing
at least one reactive hydrogen, represents the hydrophobic portion of
the molecule, exhibiting sufficient water insolubility per se at a
molecular weight of at least about 900, such as about 900 to 2400, 95
and preferably about 1200 to 1800 The increasing addition or
condensation of ethylene oxide on a given water insoluble
polyoxypropylene polymer tends to increase its wat r solubility and
raise the melting point l-o such that the products may be water
soluble, and normally liquid, pasty or solid in physical form The
quantity of ethylene oxide varies with the molecular weight of the
hydrophobic unit but will usually be at least about 20 %; 105 and
preferably at least about 40 % by weight of the product With an
ethylene oxide content of about 40 up to 50 ', there are usually
obtained normally liquid products, above 50 "' soft wax-like products,
and from about 70 110 % normally solid products may be obtained which
can be prepared in flake form if desired.
These condensates may be designated by the foilowving structure:Yl(C 3
H,0) 1-Hl 115 where Y is the residue of an organic compound which
contained x active hydrogen atoms.
n is an integer, 120 x is an integer, the values of N and x being such
that the molecular weight of the compound, exclusive of E, is at least
900, as determined by hydroxy number, F is a polyoxyethvlene chain and
consti 125 tutes 20-90 %, by weight of the compound and H is hydrogen.
It is Dreferred to use products of the type just described having a
total molecular weight 130 785,655 within the range of about 2000 to
10000, and preferably about 4000 to 8000 A suitable material is a
condensate having a typical average molecular weight of about 7500,
the hydrophobic polypropylene glycol being condensed with sufficient
ethylene oxide until a normally solid water-soluble product is
obtained which has an ethylene oxide content of about 80-90 % and a
melting point usually of about 51-54 C Another material is a liquid
condensate having an ethylene oxide content of 40-50 % and a molecular
weight of about 4500.
The higher aliphatic alcohols employed in compositions of the present
invention are those having at least 10 to about 18 to 20 carbon atoms
per molecule These aliphatic alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated

in character It is preferred to use the saturated primary alcohols
Examples of suitable alcohols falling within this preferred
classification are decanol, dodecanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol and
octadecanol It is also within the contemplation of the present
invention to employ unsaturated higher aliphatic alcohols (e.g oleyl
alcohol), branched chain and secondary higher aliphatic alcohols, and
higher aliphatic diols It is not necessary to use the pure substances
themselves as the commercial mixtures of these substances are also
operable and are preferred from the viewpoint of economy.
Thus, commercial mixtures of fatty alcohols containing predominantly
the alcohols of 10 -to 18 carbon atoms are included within the scope
of this invention, even though such mixtures may contain minor amounts
of fatty alcohols of different chain length.
The aliphatic alcohols may be derived either from natural or synthetic
sources Many naturally occurring wax esters are an important source of
higher aliphatic alcohols.
Certain animal oils, chiefly those of marine origin such as sperm oil,
also contain a high proportion of recoverable alcohols occurring as
esters The most plentiful and economic sources for their production
however are from fatty acids or aldehydes by reduction, or from
oxidized petroleum stocks by processes known in the art, e g the Oxo
process.
The amount of these added higher aliphatic alcohols to be employed
depends upon the particular aliphatic alcohol and detergent involved,
and upon the characteristics desired of the final product Thus by
proper selection of these components and their proportions it is
possible to prepare substantially non-foaming compositions or
compositions having restricted foaming power of various degrees The
specific amount of these higher aliphatic alcohols to be employed is
generally minor in proportion to the weight of the detergent employed
and sufficient to bring about a marked reduction in the foaming power
of the detergent Generally the ratio of nonionic detergent to higher
aliphatic alcohol is within the range of about 1:1 to 100:1 and
preferably about 4:1 to 25:1 by weight.
The water soluble higher alkyl aryl sulphonate salts optionally used
in conjunction with the polyalkylene oxide detergent condensates, 70
e.g of alkyl phenols or higher aliphatic monohydric alcohols in
compositions embraced by the present invention may be mononuclear or
polynuclear in structure More particularly the aromatic nucleus may be
derived from ben 75 zene, toluene, xylene, phenol, cresols,
naphthalene, and the like The alkyl substituent on the aromatic
nucleus may vary widely as long as the desired detergent power of the
active ingredient is preserved While the number of 80 sulphonic acid
groups present on the nucleus may vary it is usual to have one such

group present in order to preserve as much as possible a balance
between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule 85
More specific examples of suitable alkyl aromatic sulphonates
detergents are water soluble salts of the higher alkyl aromatic
sulphonates The higher alkyl substituent on the aromatic nucleus may
be branched or straight 90 chain in structure including such groups as
decyl, dodecyl, "keryl " pentadecyl, mixed long-chain alkyls derived
from long-chain fatty materials, cracked paraffin wax olefins,
polymers of lower mono-olefins, and the like Pre 95 ferred examples of
this class are the higher alkyl mononuclear aryl sulphonate salts
wherein the alkyl group has about 8 to about 20, and preferably about
12 to 15 carbon atoms More particularly, it is preferred to use 100
the higher alkyl benzene sulphonate salts wherein the higher alkyl
group has about 12 to 15 carbon atoms For example, propylene may be
polymerized to the tetramer or pentamer and condensed with benzene in
the pre 105 sence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst to yield essentially
the dodecyl benzene derivative which is suitable for sulphonation and
neutralization to the desired sulphonate salts.
The foaming characteristics of such sul 110 phonate-containing
compositions may be adjusted to a certain extent by varying the ratio
of the non-ionic detergent to the sulphonate salt However, the
aliphatic alcohol is the primary means for controlling the foaming 115
characteristics of the compositions, acting both to reduce and
substantially to equalize the amount of foam produced by particular
compositions when used in hard water on the one hand or in soft water
on the other The par 120 ticular proportions of the three components
may therefore vary considerably within the limits wherein the ratio of
non-ionic condensate to alkyl aryl sulphonate detergent is from about
10:1 to about 1:2 by weight, and the 125 ratio of the non-ionic
condensate of the higher aliphatic alcohol is from about 40: 1 to
about 1: 1 by weight In general it is preferred that there be more
non-ionic condensate present than alkyl aryl sulphonate detergent and
that 130 there be more alkyl aryl sulphonate detergent prrsent than
there is higher aliphatic alcohol.
Other adjuvant materials may be employed also The detergent
compositions of the present invention may include any of those
substances employed by the art in admixture with detergent
compositions generally, provided the use of any such materials does
not substantially adversely affect the desired properties.
These adjuvant builders additives or like materials may be inorganic
or organic in structur and may be mixed with the essential ingredients
in any suitable manner Such inorganic water soluble builder salts as
the various alkali metal phosphates, particularly the
molecularlydehydrated polyphosphate salts may be employed in a

suitable proportion Examples of phosphate builders are pentasodium
tripolyphosphate, hexasodium hexametaphosphate, tetrasodium
pyrophosphate, and the like Other water soluble inorganic builder
salts which may be present include sodium silicate, sulphate,
carbonate, and the like In the case of such built compositions it is
preferred that the non-ionic detergent be about 2 to 90 %, and usually
5 to 15 %' of the total composition, that the higher aliphatic alcohol
be about 0 1 to 15 % and usually 0 5 to 5 % of the total composition,
and that the water soluble inorganic builder salts be about 10 to 98 %
and usually about 40 to 95 %-, of the total composition by weight
Preferably, alkyl sulphonate salt constitutes about 5 to 10 %By and
usually 4 to 10 %l of the total composition, replacing an equal amount
of the aforesaid inorganic builder salts Suitable organic materials
such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, optical bleaches or other
suitable organic additives may also be employed as desired.
The controlled foaming power possessed by the present combination of
essential ingredients may be illustrated by pour foam tests.
The pour foam test is designed for comparative study of the relative
foaming power of liquids and is described by Ross and Miles in " Oil
and Soap ", May 1941, pages 99 to 102.
In such test, a portion of the solution to be tested is placed in a
jacketed measuring cylinder The foam is formed by allowing a second
portion of solution to stream in from a fixed height through a
standard orifice, resulting in a particular foam height generated by
each test solution.
The data on foam height in Table I were obtained in a pour foam test
conducted at 1100 F using distilled water as a solvent for
compositions comprising ani ethylene oxide condensate of iso-octyl
phenol having about 10 ethylene oxide groups per molecule of
condensate and the indicated proportions of various higher aliphatic
alcohols.
TABLE I
Pour Foam Data, Solutions of Detergent Composition Weight ratio
non-ionic Foam Foam detergent height, height, to fatty mm 0 25 % mm 0
75 Fatty alcohol alcohol solution solution None Infinite 160 200
n-Docanol 4:1 35 32 n-Decanol 8:1 70 90 n-Decanol 25: 1 40 75
n-Dodecanol 4:1 30 30 n-Dodecanol 8:1 57 65 n-Dodecanol 25:1 40 58
n-Tetradecanol 4:1 30 25 n-Tetradecanol 8:1 41 38 n-Tetradecanol 25:1
42 95 iz-Hexadccanol 4:1 35 35 it-Hexadecanol 8: 1 35 25 n-Hexadecanol
25:1 55 175 Table II presents data on the foam depressing effect of
n-hexadecanol on various nonionic detergents obtained using the pour
foam test at 0 25 % concentration of each detergent solution in
distilled water at 110 F.
Where proportionate amounts of fatty alcohol are indicated, such

amounts indicate the ratio by weight of the non-ionic detergent to
thfatty alcohol.
785,655 785,655 TABLE II
Pour Foam Data Non-Ionic Detergents and Mixtures thereof with
n-Hexadecanol Weight ratio Foam Non-ionic detergent: height, detergent
hexadecanol mm.
A Infinite 65 A 100:1 45 A 25:1 0 B Infinite 195 B 25:1 179 B 4:1 45 C
Infinite 60 C 25:1 40 A=ethylene oxide condensate of polypropylene
glycol containing about 80% ethylene oxide and having a molecular
weight of about 7500.
B=Tridecyl alcohol condensed with about 12 moles of ethylene oxide.
C=Tall oil (mixed resin and fatty acids) condensed with about 16 moles
of ethylene oxide.
From the data in Tables I and II it will be observed that the higher
fatty alcohols of the present invention exhibit a foam reducing effect
on non-ionic detergents which is of considerable magnitude in most
instances.
EXAMPLE I
A satisfactory composition for use in an automatic dishwasher
comprises:% by Ingredients weight Non-ionic detergent 15 n-hexadecanol
7 Pentasodium tripolyphosphate 40 Soda ash 3 Sodium sulphate 35 Same
as non-ionic detergent A, above.
This composition is tested by placing a 0.25 % solution of it in soft
water about 150 F in an empty automatic dishwashing machine, running
the machine through its cycle which involves a wash and two rinses,
and observing conditions inside the machine through a glass port in
the door of the machine The machine is of the top-opening top type
employing a water jet and a motordriven water jet deflector in which
foam, if present in quantity, seriously impedes the washing and
rinsing action but in which the presence of a certain amount of foam
is desirable during the wash cycle to indicate to the user the
presence of sufficient washing agent.
The composition is satisfactory because it foams to a limited extent
during the wash cycle and no foaming occurs on rinsing If this
composition is modified by substantially reducing the proportion of
n-hexadecanol and replacing it by sodium sulphate, too much foam
produced for satisfactory operation in this machine.
EXAMPLE II
A satisfactory formulation which produces substantially the same
suitable small but indicative amount of foam when used in tumbler type
automatic washing machines in normal concentrations for proper
cleansing action in either hard or soft water comprises: % by
Ingredients weight Non-ionic detergent 10 00 Dodecyl benzene
sulphonate sodium salt 4 00 n-hexadecanol 1 50 Pentasodium

tripolyphosphate 25 00 Soda ash 10 00 Aqueous sodium silicate ( 43 5 %
solids, Na O: Si O 2 -1:2 35) 6 00 Carboxymethylcellulose 050
Fluorescent dye O 06 Sodium sulphate 42 94 The non-ionic detergent is
a nonyl phenolethylene oxide condensate containing about 9 5 ethenoxy
groups per molecule of condensate.
Table III gives the average foam height in inches for five tests of
this composition in soft water ( 50 parts per million hardness) and in
hard water ( 300 parts per million hardness) at the indicated times in
minutes after the composition is added to a tumbler type automatic
washing machine: TABLE III
AVERAGE FOAM HEIGHT IN INCHES Water Minutes after composition added 2
3 5 7 5 10 Soft 0 65 0 80 1 10 1 35 1 65 Hard 0 32 0 39 0 58 0 81 1 06
In the automatic washing machine used in this test the clothes are
washed in a rotating perforated cylindrical basket-like tumbler about
24 inches in diameter The basket 105 rotates on a horizontal axis, and
access is had to it by means of a water-tight door in the front of the
machine, the door being located is 6 785,655 adjacent to the open end
of the basket An 8 inch diameter glass observation port is centrally
located in the door and in normal operation of the automatic machine
the liquid level during the washing cycle is about at the base of the
observation port A composition is considered to have desirable foaming
characteristics for use in such a machine if under normal conditions
for satisfactory cleansing foam is produced during the washing cycle
to a level approximately 1 to 5 inches above the base of the port The
height of the foam produced during the washing cycle is observed
through the observation port at the indicated time intervals after the
detergent composition is added In these runs the amount of the
detergent composition employed constitutes 0.26 % by weight of the
solution in the machine which initially is at 1200 F The total washing
cycle of the machine is a period of about 10 minutes in length The
clothes used comprise items such as sheets, pillow cases, bath towels,
hand towels, dish towels, face cloths, and table cloths which are
soiled by home usage.
A composition of the same formulation except that the n-hexadecanol
was replaced by sodium sulphate produced much more foam in soft water
under the same test conditions.
In order to determine the detersive efficiency of the two compositions
tested, a Hunter Reflectometer is used to measure the whiteness of
these clothes before the first soiling and after the last of six
successive soilings and washing The clothese washed in soft water
solutions of the composition containing n-hexadecanol are
significantly whiter than those washed in soft water solution of the
composition not containing it, and there is no significant difference
in the whiteness of the clothes washed in the hard water solutions of

the two compositions.
Included with each load of wash used for the six soilings and washings
of household articles referred to above are cotton swatches which has
been artificially uniformly soiled with a standard soil The whiteness
of these swatches is determined as described above before and after
each washing as a second measure of the detersive powers of the two
compositions The data show that the fatty alcohol significantly
improves the detergency of the composition in soft water but does not
significantly affect the detergency thereof in hard water.
Similar results are obtained with compositions formulated within the
ranges shown below, provided the first three ingredients are properly
balanced in accordance with the present disclosure:-
Ingredients weight o by Water soluble polyalkylene oxide detergent
condensate of an alkyl phenol or a higher aliphatic monohydric alcohol
or a mixture thereof 5-20 Alkyl aryl sulphonate 2-10 Higher aliphatic
alcohol 05-5 Molecularly dehydrated phosphate 10-70 Sodium carbonate
0-20 Sodium silicate 0-10 Carboxymethylcellulose 02 Fluorescent dye
0-0 1 with the balance Largely sodium sulphate.
Such compositions are preferred for low foaming detergents having high
washing power.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785656 (A)
Description: GB785656 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Rubber reaction product and preparation and uses thereof

BE540014 (A) DE1137865 (B) FR1134478 (A) NL96261 (C)
BE565930 (A)
BE540014 (A) DE1137865 (B) FR1134478 (A) NL96261 (C)
BE565930 (A) less
Rubber Reaction Product and preparation and uses thereof
We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
COMPANY, a Corporation duly organised and existing under the laws of
the State of
Delaware, United States of America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United
States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to improved processes for treating rubber,
rubber including butyl rubber. More particularly it relates to
reaction of rubbers with a nitroso aromatic compound containing at
least one functional substituent other than a nitroso group,
preferably a substituent less reactive than nitroso.
The invention also relates to processes for treating fibres with such
vulcanized rubbers.
Butyl rubber, which had been known commercially under the designation
GR-I for many years, and now is available under the trade name Enjay
butyl, is exemplified by a high molecular weight copolymer of, for
instance, 97-99% of isobutylene and 13% isoprene, and is a
vulcanizable low unsaturation synthetic rubber having an iodine number
in the range of 0.5 to 50, generally about 1 to 20. Products of this
type which are known as "'Butyl rubbers" may be made by copolymeri-
zation of an isoolefin, preferably of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g.
isobutylene, methyl-2butene-l, and the like, with a minor proportion
of a conjugated multiolefin of 4 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably a
diolefin of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g. butadiene, isoprene, piperylene,
2-methylpentadiene, dimethylbutadiene, etc. This copolymerization is

carried out at a temperature substantially below 0 C., preferably
below c - 50 C., e.g. about * - 80"
C. as maintained by solidified carbon dioxide as refrigerant, or even
better - 103 C. as maintained by liquefied ethylene as refrigerant.
The catalyst should be a dissolved Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as
A1CI, dissolved in methyl chloride or other halogen-substituted alkane
which does not polymerize under conditions used. Other known
Friedel-Crafts catalysts may be used such as BF3, Albs3, SnCl4, TiCl4,
ZrCl4, etc., as well as various E;riedel-Crafts complexes containing
solubilizing hydrocarbon or alkoxy groups, or ether or other promoting
groups, as known in this art. The polymerization is preferably carried
out in the presence of about 0.5 to 20.0, preferably about 1 to 5,
volumes of inert diluent, such as methyl chloride, ethyl chloride,
ethylene, etc. or a material which is not only a diluent for the
reactants but also a solvent for the resulting polymer, e.g. butane,
heptane, etc.
The resulting butyl rubber, which should have a Staudinger molecular
weight of at least about 20,000, and preferably in the range of 30,000
to 100,000 or higher, may be recovered by any of the known recovery
processes such as the wet finishing technique involving discharging
the polymerization reaction liquid into a hot aqueous flash tank, then
filtering and drying the polymer, or by so-called dry finishing
involving flashing off solvent and unreacted raw materials without
contacting with water or aqueous solutions.
Butyl rubber made by such process has been available commercially for
a number lof years and has found great utility in the manufacture of
certain products such as automobile inner tubes, and in some respects
is substantially superior to natural rubber or any of the high
unsaturation synthetic rubbers such as dienestyrene, diene-nitrile,
polychloroprene, etc., because the low unsaturation of the butyl
rubber makes the product, both before and after vulcanization, much
more resistant to oxidation and attack by chemical agents than the
above-mentioned rubbery materials which have a high unsaturation on
the order of 300 to 400 iodine number.
However, the butyl rubber, probably inherently due to its low
unsaturation, has not thus heretofore shown as great a degree of
reinforcement or interaction with commonly used fillers such as carbon
black, silica, etc., as do the high unsaturation rubbers.
According to the present invention, it has now been discovered that
vulcanizable rubber, particularly butyl rubber can be tremendously
improved in filler-reinforcement properties if it is first subjected
to a process comprising reacting a vulcanizable rubber an aromatic
compound which has the general formula ON Ar
Mm Y in which Ar is a mono- or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

nucleus M is an aliphatic divalent group, m is zero, or an integer,
and
Y may be any one or more of the following groups
OR
C:OR
COOR
X
CN NO2
NR2 in which R is hydrogen or a monovalent hydrocarbon radical and X
is halogen. Examples of such monovalent hydrocarbon radicals are
alkyl, aryl, alkaryls and cycloalkyl.
One of the preferred aromatic compounds is an hydroxy-substituted
mononitroso aromatic compound. These reagents are preferably
nitrosophenolic type compounds having the empirical formula HO-Ar-NO,
in which Ar represents an aromatic ring, which may be a benzene or
naphthalene ring, etc., or lower alkyl homologs thereof containing 1
or more methyl, ethyl, etc. groups. Specific examples of such
materials include the preferred compound paranitrosophenol, as well as
paranitroso derivatives of other phenolic compounds, e.g. cresol,
xylenol, isopropyl phenol, ethyl phenol, etc. and 1,4nitrosonaphthol,
or other compounds such as those coming under the following graphical
empirical formula:
<img class="EMIRef" id="026473786-00020001" />
where R, Rl and 2 may be E, alkyl or aryl.
Also, o- and m- compounds may be used, e.g. o-nitroso cresol
(nitrosated o-cresol), nitrosated o-hydroxy diphenyl, etc. Esters of
any of these various compounds may be used, such as the benzoate ester
of p-nitrosophenol. Mis- tures thereof may also be used.
Other classes of modifiers or reactants may be used, preferably coming
within the scope of the general formula
ON Ar MmY in which Ar is a mono- or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
nucleus with or without inert substituents, M is an aliphatic
divalent hydrocarbon group, either saturated as in the formula
CnH2n or slightly unsaturated as in C, E2n~2n where n may be an
integer of 1 to 5 or 10 or higher, m is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10,
and Y may be any one or more of the following groups:
OR
C:OR
COOR
X
CN
NO2
NR2 in which R is hydrogen or a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, e.g.
aikyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloallcyl, and X is halogen. Any of

these above-listed groups may contain relatively inert hydrocarbon
groups in intermediate position, between the first and last elements
of these groups.
Thus, in case the empirical formula is ON
Ar OR, some specific examples include the nitrosophenol type compounds
described hereinabove, and corresponding either derivatives thereof
such as p-nitrosophenyl methyl ether, m-nitrosophenyl cyclohexyl
ether.
If such compounds contain an intermediate group Mm, several species
include p-nitroso benzyl alcohol, nitrosobenzyl ethyl ether.
If the empirical formula used is ON Ar
COR, some examples included are m-nitrosobenzaldehyde, p-nitrosophenyl
ethyl ketone, or aldehyde derivatives such as ON CGHt,
CH2CHO, ON CH, (cH,) CH CHO, etc.
If the empirical formula is ON Ar COOR, examples include
p-nitrosobenzoic acid, and corresponding ethyl, methyl and other
esters.
The simpler formula ON Ar X includes species such as
p-nitrosochlorbenzene, o,pnitrosodichlorbenzene, and corresponding
bromine or other halogen derivatives.
When Y is a nitrile or cyano (-CN) group, specific examples will
include p-nitroso cyanobenzene, -toluene, -naphthalene, etc.
Within the scope of the empirical formula
ON Ar NO2 are examples such as p-nitrosonitrobenzene,
m-nitrosonitrobenzene, nitrosonitrotoluene, nitrosonitronaphthalene,
etc.
The general formula ON Ar NR2 includes, when R is hydrogen, species
such as p-nitrosoaniline, -toluidine, -xylidine, etc., and when
R is an alkyl or other hydrocarbon group, examples such as p-nitroso
dimethyl aniline, m-nitroso diethyl aniline, etc. Other related,
substituted amine groups NHCOR, NHCW, CO OR, etc.
Homologs of any of the above-mentioned classes and species of
compounds may be used in which the aromatic nucleus may have one or
more other substituents of a non-functional character such as methyl
or other alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, etc. groups.
Normally, it is preferred to use nitroso aromatic compounds containing
only one other functional nuclear substituent, preferably less
reactive than the nitroso group, but it may be desirable for specific
purposes to use nitrosoaromatic compounds containing two or even
more other functional groups of the various types listed hereinabove,
as for instance, nitrosoresorcinol, nitrososalicylic acid,
nitrosohydroxy anisole, etc.
This reaction of the nitrosoaromatic compounds with butyl rubber may
be carried out in several ways such as by adding the desired amount of

p aranitrosophenolor other equivalent reagent onto a batch of butyl
rubber being mixed on a conventional rubber mixing mill, or in a
Banbury or other suitable equipment.
The actual mixing may be accomplished on a cold mill, but in order to
obtain the desired reaction the temperature of the mixture is
preferably maintained at 250-350" F. The period of time of heating may
range from about 20 minutes to 1 minute, the higher the temperature
the shorter being the time. Preferred temperature range is 260 to 310"
F.
The preferred time of heating is generally from 2 to 15 minutes at 310
F. and at lower temperatures the time would be approximately that
derived by multiplication of the above limits by a factor of 1.5 to 2
for each 10" C. decrease in temperature.
One particularly desirable method of accomplishing the reaction of the
nitrosophenolic or equivalent compound with the butyl rubber is to
continuously feed the desired proportion of phenolic compound into an
extruder in which butyl rubber is being continuously fed into one end,
mixed, and extruded at the other end, such extruder being maintained
at the desired temperature for effecting the reaction with the
nitrosophenolic compound.
It is found that the resulting nitrosopolyfunctional aromatic-butyl
rubber reaction product which has pendant functional polar, but
non-crosslinking, groups attached to it, now is susceptible to great
improvements in tensile strength, modulus characteristics, and
stress-strain relationships, when cured, particularly when compounded
with various plasticizers and/or conventional rubber fillers such as
various types of carbon black including channel black, furnace black,
thermal black, as well as other strictly inorganic fillers such as the
various silicas, aluminas, etc. with which the modified butyl develops
a new type of affinity or bonding. Improvements are reflected not only
in the above physical measurements but also in the dynamic properties
(loss factor and % relative damping), ozone resistance, electrical
resistivity, solution and compatibility with other types of rubbers,
resins, solvents, etc., adhesion to tire cord, cloth, metal, paper,
etc., and other properties, etc.
The attached polar groups also permit a new type of vulcanization or
curing not dependent upon, but supplemental to, the ordinary curing
with sulfur and accelerators, or dinitrosobenzene or quinone dioxime
cure.
Although the mechanism of the chemical reactions involved in the
present invention is not known with certainty, it is believed that
under the reaction conditions used, the polyfunctional modifier is
attached to the butyl polymer chain without substantial loss of
unsaturation.

Although it is believed that this invention is particularly applicable
to butyl rubber due to its low unsaturation, the invention may also be
applied, with various degrees of benefit, to higher unsaturation
synthetic rubbers, such as a special type of high unsaturation
isobutylenediolefin Friedel-Crafts copolymer having an iodine number
in the range of 50 to 175, and even to natural rubber or synthetic
rubbers having a high unsaturation in the range of 300 to 400 iodine
number, such as those mentioned in the earlier part of the
specification. In the case of GR-S (butadienestyrene rubbery
copolymer) or other synthetic rubbers having some cross-linking, or
having a tendency to cross-link, probably due to the presence of 20%
or more of side vinyl groups, the amount of nitrosophenolic compound
to be used should be kept low, e.g. 0.1 to 1.0%, preferably 0.2 to
0.7%, based on the amount of rubber.
The details and advantages of the invention will be better understood
from a consideration of the following experimental data.
EXAMPLE 1.
1 gram of p-nitrosophenol was mixed on a cold mill with 30 grams of
GR-I-25 isobutylene-isophene copolymer (8 minute
Mooney of 40-50 at 212" F., and a mole % unsaturation of about 1.9 to
2.3, corresponding to an iodine number of about 13 to 15.5). The mill
was then heated and the mixture milled for 10 minutes at 300-310" F.
The mill was then cooled and the polymer compounded according to the
following recipe:
GR-I25 Reaction Product - - 100.00
Zinc Oxide - - - - - - 5.00
Stearic Acid - - - - - - 1.00
Sulfur - - - - - - - 2.00
Tellurac* - - - - - - 1.00
Kosmobile 66** - - - - - 50.00
*Tellurim Diethyldithiocarbamate **@@ @ @ medium Processing Channel
Black
Specimens were then molded and the following inspections obtained:
Stress-Strain Data for 751/300" F. Cure
% Elongation Stress, psi
0 0
100 490
200 1475
300 2680
320 2850
Yerzley Oscillograph Data for 451/307 F. Cure
Dynamic Modulus Loss Factor(nf) % Relative Damping 8.175 x 107 dyne
cm.1 1.565 x 1 poises 17.28 sec. - 1
The above properties are vastly superior to those exhibited by a

conventional Butyl mix.
EXAMPLE 2.
2 grams of p-nitrosophenol were mixed on a cool mill with 100 grams of
QR-I-17 (Mooney about 60 to 70, mole % unsaturation about 1.4 to 1.8,
corresponding to an iodine number of about 9.5 to 12.5). About -3- of
this was then milled hot for 10 minutes at 260- 280 F. This reaction
product was then split into two parts which were compounded as
follows: GR-T-17 Reaction Product - - 100.00
Zinc Oxide - - 5.00
Stearic Acid - - - - - - 0.50
Hi-Sil C (silica) - - - - - 40.00
Sulfur - - - - - - - 2.00
Tellurac - - - - - - - 1.00
B.J.F. (3 anilinomethyl-2(3)-benzo
thiazolethione) - - - - - 1.00
The above compound gave the following inspections:
Stress-Strain Data for 751/300" F. Cure
0 0
100 220
200 665
300 1445
400 2280
500 3000
590 3585
Yerzley Oscillograph Data for 451/307' F. Cure
Dynamic Modulus Loss Factor (nf) % Relative Damping 5.868x107 dyne
cm.-z 1.063x106 poises 13.51
sec.-1
This compound showed that 92.3% of the polymer was bound to the
pigment (run by cyclohexane extraction of specimen).
The above data are of extreme interest and importance, especially in
view of the fact that a normal Butyl mix with this pigment shows the
usual properties attending mineral filled compounds, i.e., low modulus
@ 300% elongation, high loss factor and relative damping, low tensile
strength. Hence, here we have for the chemically modified Butyl the
long sought after mineral pigment which gives properties equivalent to
carbon black. This may be readily perceived by comparison of the above
stress-strain data with those obtained with the carbon black compound
described below.
GR-I-17 Reaction Product - - 100.00
Zinc Oxide - - - - - - 5.00
Stearic Acid - - - - - - 0.50
Tellurac - - - - - - - 1.00

Sulfur - - - - - - - 2.00
Kosmobile 66 - - - - - - 50.00
Stress-Strain Data for 751/300 F. Cures
0 O
100 250
200 655
300 1440
400 2310
500 3250
600 3875
This compound showed 78.5% bound polymer as compared to 8-12% found in
unmodified butyl compounds.
EXAMPLE 3.
A GR-I-17-p-nitrosophenol reaction product was prepared as in Example
2 and compounded as follows:
GR-I-17 Reaction Product - - - 100.00
Zinc Oxide - - - - - - 5.00
Stearic Acid - - - - - - 2.00
Sulfur - - - - - - - 2.00
Tellurac - - - - - - - 1.00
Alon C (alumina) - - - - - 90.00
When cured for 751/300" F. this compound gave the following
inspections.
Tensile Modulus @ 300,% Elongation
2570 540 730
This represents a distinct improvement over untreated butyl rubber
mixed compounds containing this filler.
EXAMPLE 4.
EFFECT OF P-NITROSOPHENOL CONCENTRATION
ON CHANNEL BLACK COMPOUNDS
A series of six compositions were made up in which GR-I-17 was treated
with various amounts ranging from 0 to 2 parts by weight per 100, of
p-nitrosophenol, using a 33% concentrate of p-nitrosophenol in
Whitetex clay.
The compounding ingredients and results are shown below.
Parts by
Weight
Treated GRI171 100
Carbon Black (MPC) 50
Stearic Acid 1
Zinc Oxide 5
Parts by
Weight

Sulfur 2
Tetramethyl Thiuram
disulfide 1
Benzothiazyl disulfide 1
Treated with amount shown below of a 33%
p-nitrosophenol/67%. Whitelex clay mix
ture, by mixing the GR-I-17 and nitro
sophenol on cool mill, then hot milling 10
mm. at 310" F., followed by compounding
with other materials listed above.
The compositions vulcanized at 307" F. were tested, with the results
shown below.
These data indicate that compared to the untreated butyl rubber
(GR-I-17), the product which had been reacted with various amounts of
p-nitrosophenol, all showed a very large increase in modulus at 300%
and greatly improved resilience, as indicated particularly by the
lower loss factor. It is especially remarkable that these surprisingly
beneficial results are obtained with even as little as 0.1 parts by
weight of p-nitrosophenol (i.e. 0.3 parts of the 1 concentrate in
clay).
TABLE I
Oscillograph Data
for 651/307 15. Cure
Loss Factor Dynamic Modulus
Nitroso- Mod. phenol Cured at (poises sec. (dyne cm.
Reagent* (min.) Tens. 300% Elong. = x 10-6) 2 x 10-7)
0 30 3125 775 690
60 3150 1050 630 3.8 8.4
120 3150 1275 580
0.3 30 3230 1150 640
60 3150 1300 600 2.8 7.8
120 3275 1550 550
0.75 30 3225 1350 580
60 2900 1700 490 2.8 7.9
120 3000 1800 480
1.5 30 3200 1450 560
60 3100 1600 530 2.4 7.3
120 3000 1650 510
3 30 3100 1150 640
60 3000 1375 560 2.5 7.6
120 3000 1500 540
6 30 2950 1100 610
60 3000 1300 570 2.9 7.8
120 2950 1450 540 *Parts by wt. of p-nitrosophenol/clay mixture used

for treating 100 parts of GR-I-17.
EXAMPLE 5.
EFFECT OF P-NITROSOPHENOL ON DC
RESISTIVITY.
In order to test the DC electrical resistivity, a compounding recipe
similar to that used in
Example 4 was used, except that the butyl rubber used was a GR-I-15
(Mooney about 41-49, mole % unsaturation about 1.519), (both untreated
and reacted with p-nitrosophenol), and the amount of stearic acid used
was only 0.5 instead of 1.0. In Example 5, the butyl rubber, stearic
acid and p-nitrosophenol (were used) were mixed on a cool mill, and
then hot milled 20 minutes at 265"
F. Then the rest of the compounding ingredients were added and the
compositions were cured for 60 minutes at 307 F., and the products
were tested for physical properties and DC resistivity, with the
following results:
TABLE II
Nitrosophenol Mod. at DC Resistivity (parts/100 GR-I-15) Tens. 300%
Elong. (ohm/cm.3)
0 2650 1080 585 4.59 x 107
1 2650 1380 525 1.05 x 1011
1* 2600 1775 425 3.22 x 10 * Black added on cool mill, then mixture
hot milled 51/265 F.
The above data in Table II show that this invention results in a
10,000 fold improvement in resistivity compared to exactly similar
butyl rubber composition containing butyl rubber which has not been
reacted with pnitrosophenol. The data in the last line of
Table II show the further improvement in modulus at 300% effected by
the added hot milling of the carbon black and the treated butyl rubber
(1775 modulus compared to 1380 without the added hot milling, and
compared to 1030 for the untreated butyl rubber).
EXAMPLE 6.
EFFECT OF TYPE OF CARBON BLACK.
The following set of 8 tests shows the results obtained when applying
the present invention to butyl rubber compositions containing 4
different types of carbon black, in each case comparing the results of
the treated butyl rubber with a control of untreated butyl rubber.
The general compounding recipe used was, the same as shown in Example
4. The treated butyl rubber compositions contained 3 parts by weight
of the same 33 O concentrate of p-nitrosophenol-Whitetex clay as were
used in
Example 4, this mixture being added to 100 parts of GR-I-17 on a cool
mill and then hot milled for 10 minutes at 310 F. In all of the 8
tests, the GR-I (treated or untreated) was mixed with the carbon black

and stearic acid on a cool mill and then hot milled for 5 minutes at
310 F. Then the rest of the compounding ingredients were added on a
cool mill and the finished composition was then vulcanized at 307 F.
and tested, the results being as shown here below in Table III.
TABLE III
Untreated GR-I-17 Treated GR-I-17
Cured Mod. Mod.
Min.@
307 F Tens. 300% Elong. Tens. 300% Elong.
Coarse Thermal Black
30 750 450 530 1200 825 450
60 615 490 410 1025 900 340
120 600 500 400 1025 900 340
Oscil. Data (651/307 F.)
Loss Factor (poise sec.-l x 10-G) 0.97 0.75
Dynamic Modulus (dyne cm.-2 X 10-7) 10- 6.51 6.78
Semi-Reinforcing Furnace Black
30 1750 800 580 2150 1500 460
60 1500 1000 460 2050 1600 390
120 1400 1000 430 1950 1650 370
Loss Factor (poise sec. -1 X 10-0) 2.42 1.08
Dynamic Modulus (dyne cm.-2 X 10-7) 10.58 7.63
High Modulus Furnace Black
30 1800 1300 490 2300 1840 410
60 1850 1550 400 2225 1950 305
120 1850 1650 360 2125 2025 330
Loss Factor (poise sec.-l x 10-6) 5.57 2.18
Dynamic Modulus (dyne cm.-2 X 10-7) 21.4 11.6
High Abrasion Furnace Black
30 2350 1400 500 2825 2025 440
60 2475 1700 430 2650 2150 370
120 2500 1875 420 2725 2300 370
Loss Factor (poise sec.-l x 10-6) 5.22 2.80
Dynamic Modulus (dyne cm.-2 x 10-7) 20.2 12.7
The above data in Table III show that in the case of each of the four
types of carbon black, the nitrosophenol-treated butyl rubber
(GR-I-17) has obtained an improved tensile strength, a substantially
better modulus at 300%, and a much improved resilience (lower loss
factor) compared to similar compositions prepared with the same type
of carbon black but with untreated butyl rubber. It will be noted in
this example that the carbon black was admixed and hot milled with the
pretreated or unpretreated butyl rubber before the addition of
curatives and subsequent vulcanization.
EXAMPLE 7.

OTHER NITROSO PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS.
The following tests are given to show how the invention may be applied
by reacting butyl rubber with nitrosophenolic compounds other than
p-nitrosophenol. In addition to data on an untreated butyl rubber
(GR-I-17), comparative data are given on 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0'' of
nitrosated o-cresol, and on 0.5 and 1.0 of nitrosated o-hydroxy
diphenyl, and on 0.5:i, of benzoate ester of p-nitrosophenol. The
general compounding recipe used in these tests was the same as that in
Example 4, in each case using 50 parts of medium processing channel
black as the filler. The procedure used was to first mix the GR-I-17
on a cool mill, add the nitrosophenolic compound, until thoroughly
mixed on the cool mill, then hot milling for 10 minutes at 310 F.,
then adding the carbon black and stearic acid on the cool mill, and
hot milling for 5 minutes at 310
F., followed by final addition of the other compounding ingredients on
the cool mill, and then vulcanizing and testing the compositions.
The results are given in Table IV.
TABLE IV
Oscillograph Data
on 651/307OF. Cure
Amount of Loss Factor Dynamic Modulus
Nitrosated . Mod.
Phenolic Min. ( Poises Dyne
Compound Cure Tens. 300% Elong. (sec.-l x 10-6) (cam. x 107-)
Nitrosated o-cresol
0 30 3150 925 650
60 3250 1175 580 4.6 10
120 3250 1275 570
0.5 30 3450 1375 600
60 3225 1425 530 2.5 7.7
120 3425 1550 520
1 30 3350 1425 590
60 3050 1675 500 2.4 7.8
120 3200 1875 470
2 30 3350 1400 605
60 3000 1625 500 2.5 7.7
120 3150 1600 500
Nitrosated o-hydroxy diphenyl
0.5 30 3150 1175 590
60 3075 1475 520 2.2 6.8
120 2925 1425 530
1 30 3150 1300 580
60 2850 1350 500 2.3 7.2
120 2950 1500 500

Benzoate Ester of p-nitrosophenol
0.5 30 2900 1150 610
60 2800 1400 520 3.0 7.5
120 2775 1575 480
The data in Table IV show that all three of the nitrosophenolic
compounds tested give a substantially increased 300!% modulus compared
to that obtained with the untreated butyl rubber control, the results
obtained with the nitrosated o-cresol being somewhat better than those
obtained with the nitrosated o-hydroxy diphenyl and the benzoate ester
of p-nitrosophenol.
The data in Table IV also show a substantially improved resilience
(lower loss factor) compared to the untreated butyl rubber ccm-
position. In the resiliency property, the data obtained with the
nitrosated o-hydroxy diphenyl were slightly superior to those obtained
with the nitrosated o-cresol and with the benzoate ester of
p-nitrosophenol.
EXAMPLE 8.
EFFECT OF NITROSATED O-CRESOL ONSILICA
COMPOUNDED BUTYL RUBBER COMPOSITIONS
The following series of tests is given to show the improvements
obtained by reacting a butyl rubber (GR-I-17) with concentrations
ranging from 0 to 2 parts per 100, of nitrosated o-cresol, and mixing
the resulting product with a silica filler, specifically Hi-Sil C, in
the following recipe:
Parts by
Weight
GRI17 100
Nitrosated o-cresol (as shown below) 0-2
Hi-Sil C (silica) 40
Stearic Acid 2
Zinc Oxide 5
Sulfur 2
Tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate 1
B.J.F. (3 anilinomethyl-2(3)
benzothiazolethione) 1
The procedure used was to mix the nitrosated cresol with the GR-I-17
on the cool mill and then hot mill the mixture for 10 minutes at 310
F., then add the Hi-Sil C and stearic acid on the cool mill, and hot
mill for 5 minutes at 310 F., followed by addition of the remaining
compounding ingredients on the cool mill, and finally curing at 3070
F., and testing the cured products, w'ith the results shown below in
Table V.
TABLE V
Oscillograph Data

on 651/307OF. Cure
Amoun reacted together and compounded according to the following
recipe:
Parts by
Weight
Smoked Sheet (Hevea) 100
Stearic Acid 2 p-Nitrosophenol 0--4, as shown below
Carbon Black (MPC) 50
Zinc Oxide 5
Sulfur 2.5
Mercaptobenzothiazole 1
Phenyl-beta-naphthylamine 1
The procedure used was to mix the smoked sheet rubber, the stearic
acid and the pnitrosophenol (when used) on a cool mill and then hot
mill the mixture for 10 minutes at 310" F. Then the carbon black was
added and mixed on the mill at about 155 F. (to prevent breakdown of
the rubber), and then milled for 5 minutes at 310 F., followed by
addition of the remaining compounding ingredients on the mill at about
155 F. The compositions were then cured at 287 F. and tested for
resiliency properties, with the results shown herebelow in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Oscillograph Data
on 65l/287 F. Cure
Amount of p-Nitrosophenol (poises sec.-1 x 10-6) (dyne cm.-2 X 10-7)
0 2.23 7.1
1 1.90 4.7
2 1.52 4.8
4 1.27 5.7
The above data in Table VI show that the reaction of natural rubber
with p-nitrosophenol effects a very substantial improvement in the
resiliency (low loss factor). The loss factor of 2.23 for the
untreated rubber is decreased successively to 1.90, 1.52, and 1.27 by
concentrations of 1, 2 and 4 parts of p-nitrosophenol per 100 of
rubber respectively.
EXAMPLE 10.
EFFECT OF p-NITROSOPHENOL ON GR-S
COMPOUND.
When GR-S (butadiene-styrene) synthetic rubber is substituted in place
of the Hevea smoked sheet rubber in the recipe used in
Example 9, the following results are obtained:
The GR-S control, and the GR-S reacted with 1 part of p-nitrosophenol
per 100 of GR-S, could both be mixed and compounded satisfactorily;

but the mixtures containing 2 and 4 parts per 100, of p-nitrosophenol,
though handling satisfactorily on the cool mill for mixing, and also
for the hot milling for 10 minutes at 310" F., they were too highly
crosslinked for proper mixing when the 50 parts of carbon black was
added. The untreated GR-S control and the reaction product of GR-S
with 1 part per 100, of p-nitrosophenol, were cured for 50 minutes at
287"
F. and tested, with the following results:
TABLE VII
Oscillograph Data
on 651/287 F. Cure
Mod.
Amount of @ Poises Dyne p-nitrosophenol Tens. 300% Elong. (sec.-1 x
10-6) (cm.-2 x 10-7)
Untreated GR-S
0 2850 1400 480 6.0 10.4
Treated GR-S
1 1900 190 4.5 I2.2
The data in above Table VII show that the reaction of 1 part of
p-nitrosophenol with 100 parts of GR-S synthetic rubber effects a
substantial improvement in resilience of the products, as indicated by
a reduction in the loss factor from 6.0 to 4.5. This example indicates
that higher concentrations of p-nitrosophenol effect too much
crossAinking of this type of synthetic rubber, perhaps due to the
presence of a substantial amount of side vinyl groups resulting from
the butadiene in this type of synthetic rubber. From these data, it
would appear that lower concentrations such as 0.1 to 1% of
p-nitrosophenol are satisfactory for reacting with R-S synthetic
rubber.
EXAMPLE 11.
ENJAY BUTYL 325 TREATED WITH 0.32 TO
1.3 % MODIFIER.
A sample of Enjay Butyl 325, which has an 8 minute Mooney of 41 to 49
and unsaturation of 1.9 to 2.3%, was reacted with four different
amounts ranging from 0.32 to 1.3%, of p-nitrosophenol, at 212" F. for
four minutes and then mixed with carbon black (15 parts Pbilblack-O
and 35 parts Kosmobile-66 per 100 of Butyl polymer), and curing agents
(zinc oxide 5, sulfur 2, and Tellurac 1), vulcanized 40 minutes at
307" F., and tested for physical and dynamic'properties, along with an
unmodified control for comparison. The results obtained are shown in
the following table:
TABLE VIII
1 2 3 4 5 % p-nitrosophenol 0.0 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.3

Mooney Viscosity - LR - 45 47 46 46 47
41 @ 212 F.
Polymer 100 Mixing: Cooling Water on Black
Philblack0 15 (3A Banbury) incorporated after
Kosmobile-66 35 4-5 minutes
Total Mixing Time
10 minutes
Discharge Temp. ( F.) 320 340 340 330 335
Mooney Viscosity - LR
41 , 212 F.
Stacked cool 81 86 87 87 86
Stacked hot 81 92 103 100 88 Vulc. 401 @, 307" F.
Modulus, 100%, psi 380 500 500 480 500
200%, psi 850 1380 1380 1400 1380
300%, psi 1380 2310 2300 2350 2300
Tensile, psi 2640 2540 2570 2620 2580
Elong. % 465 330 335 325 340
Dynamic Properties, 122" F.
11f X 10-6,poise x cps 3.85 2.06 2.13 2.15 1.99
K X 10-7,dynes/cm-2 8.66 7.70 7.96 8.04 7.65
The above data show that the reaction of the butyl rubber with
p-nitrosophenol before compounding and curing, produced a tremendous
increase in modulus in the cured compositions, e.g. gave a 200%
modulus of 1380 to 1400 compared to 850 for the unmodified control,
and a 300% modulus of 2300 to 2350 compared to 1380 for the unmodified
control, and also giving a great reduction in internal viscosity from
3.85 for the control down to 1.99 to 2.15 for the modified butyl
compositions.
EXAMPLE 12.
COMPOSITIONS LII(E EXAMPLE 11, BUT
CONTAINING OIL PLASTICIZER.
Another series of tests was made quite similar to those of Example 11
except that in each case some hydrocarbon oil plasticizer was used in
the composition when compounded and cured. Also, for comparison, an
additional control test was made in which unmodified butyl polymer was
heat treated with 50 parts of Kosmobile-66 carbon black, by hot
milling and then 12.5 parts of hydrocarbon oil plasticizer added, and
then curing agents added and the composition cured and tested in the
same way as the p-nitrosophenol modified butyl rubber.
The results obtained are shown in the following table.
TABLE IX
Heat
No Heat Treatment Treated
1 2 3 4 5 6 % Modifier (p-nitrosophenol) 0.0 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.3

Kosmobile-66 35 35 35 35 35 50 Philblack0 15 15 15 15 15 Coray-230* 20
20 20 20 20 Faxarn-lO** - - - - - 12.5
Vulc. 401 @/ 307 F. (a)
Modulus, 100%, psi 100 125 120 100 130 200
200%, psi 240 450 450 475 465 520
300%, psi 580 1060 1050 1060 1045 1140
Tensile, psi 2460 2340 2200 2260 2265 2730
Elong., % 745 550 520 530 540 545
Dynamic Properties, 122 F.
#f x 10-6, poise x cps 1.94 1.10 1.28 1.15 1.21 1.10
K X 10-, dynes/cm-2 4.70 4.21 4.51 4.51 4.62 5.21
* Naphthenic lubricating oil base stock having a viscosity of about
230 sec. Saybolt at 210 F.
** Paraffinic lubricating oil base stock having a viscosity of about
40 sec. Saybolt at 210 F.
(a) Full compound for control: Zinc Oxide 5, Sulfur 2, Tuads 1, Altar
1, for compounds 1-5
acceleration is changed to 1 part of Tellurac.
The above data show that p-nitrosophenolmodified butyl rubber (Samples
2-5) gave almost double the modulus values (200% and 300% moduli) of
the unmodified control test 1, and gave much lower internal viscosity
values of 1.10 to 1.28, compared to 1.94 for the unmodified control
test 1. These data show that without heat treatment of the butyl
rubber with carbon black, the modification of the butyl rubber with
0.32 to 1.3% p-nitrosophenol gives substantially as great improvement
in modulus and internal viscosity as is obtained by heat treatment of
an unmodified butyl rubber with carbon black, as shown in test 6 for
comparison.
EXAMPLES 13 AND 14.
BUTYL RUBBER MODIFIED WITH m-NITRO S OBENzALDEHYDE.
The butyl rubber of the type used in
Example 2 was modified by mixing 42 parts by weight of butyl rubber
with 0.95 parts by weight of m-nitrosobenzaldehyde and hot milling
this mixture for 20 minutes at 250260" F. This modified butyl was then
compounded and cured in duplicate samples except that one part of
p-phenylene diamine was used to obtain some additional curing by
crosslinking of the modified butyl polymer molecules.
The samples were then cured at 287" F. for periods ranging from 10 to
60 minutes, and the cured samples were tested for physical properties,
with the results shown in the following table:
TABLE X.
1 2
Modified Butyl - - - - 100 100
Zinc Oxide - - - - - 5 5

Stearic Acid - - - - 1 1
Kosmobile-66 - - - - 50 50
Sulfur - - - - - - 2 2
Tellurac - - - - - - 1 1 p-Phenylene Diamine - 1 Tensile-Mod. e @
Tensile-Mod. @
Cure 300-Elong. 300-Elong.
101/287 F. - 1 & 40-1680-3'60 151/287 F. 1530- 670-590 2140-2140-300
301/287 F. 2530- -295 601/287 F. 2370-1530-490
These data show that in the case of test 1 (without the use of
p-phenylene diamine), the butyl rubber which had been modified with
m-nitrosobenzaldehyde gave a 300% modulus of 1530 (at 60 minutes cure)
which is surprisingly high compared to the substantially corresponding
figure of 1050 obtained with an unmodified butyl control in Example 4.
The above tests also show that the additional use of p-phenylene
diamine in the curing compound produces an even stronger and faster
cure to a 300% modulus of 1680 after only a 10 minute cure and 2140 at
15 minutes cure. Thus the p-phenylene diamine is so reactive with the
m-nitrosobenzaldehydemodified butyl rubber that it would not be
necessary to use as much as 1 part of pphenylene diamine per 100 of
modified butyl polymer. For instance, 0.1 to 05 part would be
sufficient under the conditions of the above tests, to obtain a
substantial acceleration of the curing and increase of the modulus,
without substantial reduction in % elongation.
Other tests show that p-nitrosodimethylaniline, p-nitrosochlorbenzene,
and p-nitrosobenzoic acid all react with butyl rubber substantially
like p-nitrosophenol does.
An embodiment of this invention relates to a novel method for coating
natural and synthetic fibrous articles with the modified butyl rubber
described above, such as by the coating of an automobile tire cord
first with an aqueous solution of a resinous phenolicaldehyde
condensation product, preferably resorcinol-formaldehyde, and then
coating it with a cement comprising a volatile solvent solution of
butyl rubber which has been reacted with a small amount of a compound,
of the nature described above, this cement preferably also containing
a rubber pigment or filler such as carbon black, and the resulting
dried, coated cord is found to have much greater adhesion to butyl
rubber layers used in constructing tires for autos, airplanes, etc.
In the construction of many rubber articles such as tires, belting,
etc., a fabric made of a natural fiber such as cotton or a synthetic
fiber such as rayon or nylon is included in the structure to provide
rigidity and strength.
The performance of these structures is dependent upon the bond present
between the rubber and the fabric. In the construction of automobile
tires, latex dips have been developed using natural rubber latex or

any of several high unsaturation synthetic rubber latices which
provide satisfactory adhesion not only to cotton tire cord which had
been conventionally used in the past, but also to the more recently
developed rayon cord and nylon cord, which have greater strength and
smoother cord surfaces.
On the other hand, butyl rubber which is a low unsaturation rubbery
copolymer of an isoolefin such as isobutylene with a minor amount of a
diolefin such as isoprene, does not normally have good adhesion to
such fibers, particularly the synthetic fibers such as rayon and
nylon.
The present invention solves this difficulty and provides a strong
bond between butyl rubber and such fibers, by reason of the coating
technique as will be now described.
The fabric to be coated such as tire cord is first dipped in an
aqueous solution of a phenolic-aldehyde resin, preferably resorcinol
and formaldehyde. The proportions should be about 0.2 to 6 moles of
formaldehyde per mole of resorcinol and the concentration should be
about 1 to 10, preferably about 2 to 5 wt.
% resin solids in the water. A small amount of catalyst, preferably an
alkaline condensation catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or carbonate
should also be added. This catalyst may be used in a concentration of
about 0.1 to 5.0, preferably 0.5 to 2.0 parts by weight per 100 parts
of resorcinol. The resin solution may be prepared in many desired
manner, but preferably is made by dissolving the resorcinol in the
water, then adding the formaldehyde (commonly available as a 3540 X
aqueous solution) and finally adding the caustic catalyst, preferably
as 0.5 to 1.0% solution in water. The resin is then partially formed
by reacting it at about 70-75 C. for 2 hours or so, and cooled to room
temperature.
The tire cord, such as rayon or nylon cord, is then dipped into this
aqueous solution preferably without distorting the original shape or
twist of the cord, and then the resin-coated cord is dried by any
desired manner, such as in a circulating air oven for 1 to 10 minutes
at 200300Q F., e.g. 5 minutes at 250" F., or for a longer time at
lower temperature, e.g. room temperature.
The resulting resin-coated cord is then dipped into a modified butyl
rubber cement made as follows: The modified butyl rubber is made by
reacting a butyl rubber with a small amount such as 0.1 to 5.00/0,
preferably 0.5 to 3.0% of a compound, as described hereinabove.
The preferred procedure is to add the modifier, such as nitrosophenol,
to the butyl rubber on a cool mill, then heating to the desired
reaction temperature, such as at 275
F. for 15 minutes or so, then cooling to about 75 to 125 F. and adding
the stearic acid and carbon black or other pigment or filler, then hot

milling at about 225 to 350" F. inversely for about 15 to 3 minutes,
for instance at 280 F. for five minutes, to effect the desired bonding
of the carbon black with the butyl rubber-nitroso reaction product.
The mill is then preferably cooled to about 75 to 125" F. and the
curing agents added, after which it is then ready, with or without
further cooling, for preparation of the modified butyl rubber cement
by dissolving it in a concentration of about 8 to 20% by weight in a
suitable volatile solvent, preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent
of about 6 to 10, preferably 7 to 8 carbon atoms, such as heptane.
Benzene and toluene may also be used. This cement may conveniently be
prepared by dissolving the modified butyl rubber composition on a
mixed weight and volume basis, by using proportions corresponding to
about 10 to 25, preferably 15 to 20 grams of the compounded modified
butyl rubber in 155 cc. of heptane.
If desired, a small amount, such as 1 to 20 volume %, preferably about
5 to 10 volume
of an alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol or other
volatile viscosityreducer may be added to the cement, to facilitate
application of a larger amount of solids in a single dip.
The auto tire cord which has already been coated with the aqueous
resin solution and dried, is now dipped or otherwise coated with the
modified butyl rubber cement composition just described, and it is
then dried and heated in an air oven at 200 to 300" F. for about 10 to
1 minutes, e.g. at 250 F. for about 5 minutes, or for a longer time at
room temperature to evaporate the volatile solvent.
The resulting treated cord, which has now been first coated with a
resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, and then coated with the modified butyl
rubber composition, is now ready for use in constructing tire
carcasses for autos, trucks, airplanes, etc., as well as numerous
other uses such as conveyor belts and other products built up of a
plurality of laminations of cord and butyl rubber, etc., the invention
being especially applicable to such products which at least have one
layer which is butyl rubber.
The invention may also be applied in uses involving merely a single
layer of a textile fabric such as cotton cloth, silk, etc., which may
be either coated on one side or both sides, with the resin and
modified butyl rubber treatment described above and then bonded to a
layer of butyl rubber by calendering or any other suitable method for
use in making tents, tarpaulins, raincoats, etc., as well as laminated
fabrics, for instance composed of two layers of textile fabric bonded
together by a single layer of butyl rubber.
The following additional examples illustrate the treatment of tire
cord.
The adhesions were measured by a technique essentially similar to the

"H" test described by Lyons, Conrad and Nelson.'''* (The tire cords
used were rayon tire cord of 1650/2 ply construction and nylon cord of
840/2 ply construction). A test specimen is prepared with a -2 inch
length of treated cord vulcanized into the center of a 19 x A x - inch
rubber matrix. The rubber matrix is reinforced with light cotton duck
on the tmo long sides from which the cord does not protrude.
The force required to pull the A inch length of cord from the rubber
block is measured by means of a Scott Tensile Tester at a 20 inches
per minute jaw separation rate.
The following list gives identifications of materials referred to by
trade means.
Butyl rubber:
GR-I 17
60 to 70 Mooney (8 min. @ 212 F.) & 9.5 to 12.5 iodine no. (Wijs)
GR-I 25
40 50 13 15.5
Fillers:
Kosmobile 66 (MPC)-a medium processing channel black.
Philblack 0 (HAF)-a high abrasion furnace black.
Hi Sil C silica
Thermax (MT) -Medium Thermal Black
(A Registered Trade Mark)
Vulcanizing Accelerators:
Altax -Benzothiazyl disulfide.
B.J.F. -3 anilinomethyl-2(3)-benzothiazolethione.
Tellurac-Tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate.
Tuads -Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide.
Softener:
Forum 40-a treated paraffinic petroleum base oil
of about 110 sec. Saybolt viscosity at 100 F.
Pour Point, + 30 F.
Flash @ 365 F.
Misc.:
R.T. -Room Temperature
The Butyl rubber matrix from which the cord lengths were dislodged was
prepared in the following formulation.
Parts
Ingredient by Weight
GR-I-17 100
Kosmobile 66 50
Stearic Acid 0.5
Zinc Oxide 5.0

Sulfur 2.0
Tellurac (Tellurium diethyl
dithiocarbamate) 1.0
Petroleum Softener (Forum 40) 15.0
Unless otherwise specified the test specimens were cured for 25
minutes at a tem
perature of 320 F.
The p-nitrosophenol used in following experiments was prepared by
reaction of the sodium salt (Eastmans) with hydrochloric acid.
The solution was cooled in ice water and the
nitrosophenol separated by filtration. The
product was dried in vacuum oven at 55 C.
This invention is further described by the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 15
EFFECT ON ADHESION OF COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS rN BUTYL RUBBER.
Using a cool mill 2% by weight (4.4 g.) of p-nitrosophenol were added
to 220 g. of CR- I-25. The nitrosophenol was reacted with the Butyl
rubber by milling for 15 minutes
at 270 F., the mill cooled, and 1 pt. (2.2 g.)
of stearic add added. Portions of this modified
rubber, labeled 87A, were used to prepare the
following cements.
Cement No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Indent. 87- 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 87A, pts. 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Kosmobile 66, pts. (MPC) - 30 50 50 50 - Philblack 0, pts. (HAF) - - -
- - 50
Hi Sil C, pts. - - - - - - 50
Thermax, pts. (MT) - - - - 50 -
Fillers added cool mill-then milled for 5 minutes at 280 F. to
simulate banbury
mixing--the mill cooled and curatives added as indicated below.
Zinc Oxide 5 5 - 5 5 5 5
Sulfur 2 2 - 2 2 2 2
Tellurac 1 1 - 1 1 1 1
B.J.F. (3-anilinomethyl-2(3)-benzothiazolethione)- 1
Cements prepared by dissolving the following weights of each compound
in 155 cc.
heptane + 8 cc. of isopropyl alcohol.
Grams 11.1 14.1 15.3 16.1 21.1 16.1 16.2 % by wt. 9.0 11.1 12.0 12.5
15.8 12.5 12.6
An aqueous solution of a resorcinolformaldehyde resin was prepared by
dissolving 5 g. of resorcinol in 117 cc. of water.

To this solution was added 3.68 g. of 37% formaldehyde and 10 cc. of
0.5% NaOH as catalyst. The resin was partially formed by reacting at
70-75 C. for 2 hours (labeled 8so). This solution was then cooled to
room temperature. The cord was treated by rapidly pulling it through a
guide which forced it beneath the surface of the resin solution
contained in a beaker. The original length and twist of the cord was
preserved. The cords were dried by placing in a circulating air oven
for 5 minutes at 250 F. The cements were applied using the same
equipment and employing an air wipe to assist removal of the excess
cement from the cord immediately after it had passed through the
cement. The cord was again placed in the air oven at 250 F. for 5
minutes to remove residual solvent and "H" test specimens prepared.
Cement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Adhesion of Butyl to rayon treated with 86A
Pounds @ R.T. 11.9 17.4 19.5 20-22(a) 17.3 17.8 16.8
@ 212 F. 7.6 12.9 12.5 13.4 13.5 12.1 12.3
Adhesion of Butyl to nylon treated with 86A
Pounds @ R.T. 14.4 13.7
@ 212 F. 9.6 8.1
(a) Value obscured by cord failures.
The Butyl compound may be varied as is well known in the art and good
adhesion obtained to rayon and nylon treated with a
resorcinol-formaldehyde resin solution. Curatives are not required,
cement 3 versus 4,- but - appear to favorably affect the adhesion
strength.
EXAMPLE 16 EFFECT OF NITROSOPMENOL CONCENTRATION.
GR-I-25 was modified with from 0.5 to 5.0 pts. of~p-nitrosophenol per
100 of rubber as described in Example 11. The following data table
lists the concentrations used and the adhesion to butyl rubber
obtained on rayon tire cord treated with 86A prior to cement dipping.
Cement 8 9 10 11
Ident. 87- 10 1'1 12 14 GR-I-25, pts. 100 100 100 100 p-Nitrosophenol,
pts. 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0
Cool mill mixed-reacted by milling for 15 minutes at 280 F.
Stearic Acid 1 1 1 1
Kosmobile 66 50 50 50 50
Cool Mill mixed-milled at 280 F. for 5 minutes.
Zinc Oxide 5 5 5 5
Sulfur 2 2 2 2
Tellurac 1 1 1 1
Cements prepared by dissolving the indicated grams of
compound in 155 cc. of heptane + 8 cc. of isopropyl
alcohol. grams 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 % by Wt. 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.8
Following dipping in resin solution 86A (24 hrs. old) and

cement the rayon cords were dried for 5 minutes at
250 F.
"H" ADHESION RESULTS TO BUTYL RUBBER
Pounds at R.T. 17.2 17.9 17.2 19.5
@ 212 F. 12.5 12.0 12.9 12.4
The adhesion obtained is not critically affected by the concentration
of nitrosophenol employed.
EXAMPLE 17
INFLUENCE OF AQUEOUS RESIN COMPOSITION.
Effective resorcinol resins can be made using low mol ratios of
formaldehyde to resorcinol if prepared in an alkaline system.
The following table lists adhesions obtained to Butyi rubber using
cement 9 from Example 12.
Resins prepared by dissolving the resorcinol in sufficient water to
result in a 3.% by weight resin solution, formalin and catalyst added.
Solutions were held at 70 C. for 2 hours cooled to room temperature
and rayon tire cord treated and dried 5 min. @ 250 F.
The resin dipped cords were then treated with cement 9 and again dried
for 5 min. at 250
F.
Resin solution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Indent. 137 89
G H B C D E L M F G I K
Mol Ratios
Formaldehyde 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.0
Resorcinol 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Catalyst NaOH Oxalic Acid g./100 g. of 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 2 1 1 1 1
Resorcinol
Adhesion of Butyl Rubber to Rayon
Pounds @ R.T. 6.5 16.3 17.1 18.3 19.6 19.0 18.2 16.3 7.6 8.8 8.9 10.0
@ 212 F. 10.8 11.5 13.6 14.0 13.7 12.9 13.3 5.6
Resin solutions prepared using alkaline condensation catalyst is
required for good adhesion. The high temperature adhesion is greater
for resin solutions containing 0.6 to 1 or higher mol ratios of
formaldehyde to resort cinol.
Mol ratios greater than 1:1 can be successfully employed. This is
demonstrated below.
The modified Butyl cement was prepared in a manner and composition
similar to cement
No. 4 2 pts. of p-nitrosophenol) except that -GR-I-17 was substituted
for GR-I-25.
Resin Solution 13 14 15 16 17
Indent 137 H B C D H
Mol Ratios

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