architectingforsustainability1642791125998.pdf

© 2021, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Architecting for sustainability
Adrian Cockcroft
VP Sustainability
Architecture
Amazon

Sustainability transformation
Partnering on sustainability
How to architect for sustainability
Next steps for builders
Agenda

Sustainability
Transformation

Circular
economy
Zero landfill
Recycling
Water
Minimize water use
Keep it clean
Social
responsibility
Responsible
employment and
supply chain practices
Decarbonize
Decarbonize the
global economy
Limit the effects
of the climate crisis
Sustainability areas of focus
S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y I M P A C T S M U L T I P L E A R E A S A N D H A S B E C O M E A S T R A T E G I C P R I O R I T Y F O R O R G A N I Z A T I O N S

Sustainability
trends are
increasing
Customer demand
Government regulations
Employee demand
Impact investing
Sustainability as competitive positioning

Digital
transformation
becomes
sustainability
transformation
We’ve all been figuring out digital
transformation over the last decade
We can connect directly to our customers
and instrument everything we make
But now it’s time to measure, clean up, and
decarbonize all our products and operations

How do I reduce energy and water usage in my operations?
How do I identify carbon emission hotspots?
How do I collaborate with others in my value chain to
reduce carbon emissions?
How can I innovate faster to achieve sustainability transformation?
Sustainability transformation challenges

Digital transformation happens in
months or years
Sustainability takes decades
How can we deliver a result that
is so far away yet know that we
are speeding up the process of
getting there?

Amazon’s
sustainability journey

Commitment to a sustainable future
On September 19, 2019, Amazon and Global Optimism cofounded
The Climate Pledge, a commitment to meet the Paris Agreement
10 years early
Net-zero carbon by 2040
Path to 100% renewable energy by 2025
$2 billion Climate Pledge Fund
Further and faster, together

Three principles
Regular reporting
Carbon elimination
Credible offsets
Progress
200+ signatories
26 industries
21 countries

Three principles
Regular reporting
Carbon elimination
Credible offsets
Why sign The Climate Pledge?
Collaboration: Join a collective of leading
companies leveraging the best knowledge
Signal: Committing to net zero offers confidence
to investors
Innovation: Opportunities to lead by sharing
access to technologies
Acceleration: We are the first generation with the
knowledge and the tools to solve this problem
Progress
200+ signatories
26 industries
21 countries

Published first, second,
and third annual
sustainability report
Ordered 100,000 Rivian
electric delivery vehicles
Reduced weight of outbound
packaging by 36% and eliminated
over 1 million tons of packaging
Amazon becomes largest
corporate buyer of renewable
energy in the world
Echo and Fire devices get energy-
saving low-power mode, recycled
materials, and secure renewable energy
to offset use of Amazon devices
HQ2: Building achieved LEED
Platinum, highest certification for
sustainable development
Amazon journey highlights

Water stewardship: evaporative
cooling, recycled water, and
onsite water treatment
Renewable energy to
power data centers
Removing central UPS reduces
energy conversions, optimizations
on the racks reduce energy use
New data center
construction incorporates use
of low-carbon concrete
AWS Graviton2 processors provide
better performance per watt than
any other AWS processor
Amazon Sustainability Data
Initiative (ASDI) provides free access
to satellite data and climate models
AWS journey highlights

Growing
exponentially
From new
sources
Increasingly
diverse
Used by
many people
Analyzed by
many
applications
Data is core to addressing the climate crisis

Amazon Sustainability
Data Initiative
Data to address a wide range of sustainability challenges
Image from Landsat 8 satellite,
courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey
Open Data
Program
AWS Data
Exchange
Sustainability data: Open data
& commercial data

Climate data projections
Historical weather records
Weather forecasts
Satellite imagery
Air quality
Energy
Water
Ocean forecasts
Sea surface temperature
Environmental indicators
ASDI: Making access to data faster,
cheaper, and easier
DigitalGlobe NASA

Sustainability use cases

What sustainability problems
are you trying to solve?
What are your biggest challenges
related to sustainability?
What do you wish you could do?
How are you currently solving these issues?
What would make these projects easier?

Move workloads
to cloud
Optimize cloud
workloads
Identify
sustainability
use cases

Energy analytics
and forecasting Sustainable packaging
Carbon footprint
framework
Sustainable operations
Tap into industry-specific expertise including:
Agriculture Power & utilities
Retail, logistics, and
consumer packaged goods
Identify sustainability use cases

Professional Services
engagement/digital innovation
Leverage sustainability technologists and solutions,
and innovate across your business
Industry products co-development
Strategic collaboration to develop new products together
Build with AWS services
and AWS Partner services
Identify use cases; select AWS technologies and partners
Migration to cloud/
cloud optimization
Evaluate migrations; engage in architecture reviews
Move workloads to AWS

Optimize cloud
workloads

The GHG Protocol defines how to convert
greenhouse gases to CO2 equivalent, and
the three scopes of carbon footprint
Greenhouse Gas Protocol - https://ghgprotocol.org

Car Gas pump Fireplace Furnace Gas meter Cooking
Scope 1—fuel consumed
C O U N T E D B Y W H O E V E R O W N S T H E F U E L W H E N I T B U R N S
Electrify everything to take Scope 1 to zero

Windmill Power station
Grid mix
Heat pump Solar panels Batteries Electric car Induction range
(gas ranges are also a big cause of
indoor pollution that leads to asthma)
Scope 2—energy used
E L E C T R I C I T Y U S E I S C O U N T E D O N L Y O N C E W H E R E I T I S C O N S U M E D
Change grid mix to renewable power and store renewable
energy in batteries to reduce Scope 2

Scope 3 depends a lot on what kind of business you are in
Suppliers Inventory Consumers
Scope 3—everything else
S U P P L Y C H A I N A N D I N V E S T M E N T S

The carbon footprint of datacenters
T O P - D O W N C O N T E X T
POWER STATION
WIND FARM
M I X O F E L E C T R I C I T Y S O U R C E S
S C O P E 2
DATACENTER
B A C K U P
G E N E R A T O R
S C O P E 1
POWER PYLONS
D E L I V E R I N G N E W R A C K S A N D R E C Y C L I N G O L D R A C K S
S C O P E 3
C O N S T R U C T I O N
O F B U I L D I N G
S C O P E 3

The carbon footprint of datacenters
T O P - D O W N C O N T E X T
B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N
S C O P E 3
DATACENTER
POWER PYLONS
Cooling
Power
distribution
H E A T
H E A T
N E W
O L D
D E L I V E R I N G N E W R A C K S A N D R E C Y C L I N G O L D R A C K S

Customer
AWS
AWS is responsible for
sustainability of the cloud
Shared sustainability responsibility with AWS
Data design & usage
Software application design
Platform deployments and scaling
Data storage Code efficiency Utilization & scaling
Servers Waste
Building
materials
Data centers
Electricity supply
Cooling Water
AWS Global
Infrastructure
Customer is responsible for
sustainability in the cloud

Typical datacenter
A M E S S Y M I X O F T E C H N O L O G I E S — U N D E R U T I L I Z E D , O B S O L E T E A N D W A S T E F U L
32
H E A T
TOP OF RACK SWITCH TOP OF RACK SWITCH TOP OF RACK SWITCH
H I G H
C A R B O N
I N T E N S I T Y
P O W E R I N
N E T W O R K

AWS datacenter
O P T I M I Z E D T E C H N O L O G I E S — H I G H L Y U T I L I Z E D , M O D E R N A N D E F F I C I E N T
33
H E A T
N E T W O R K TOP OF RACK SWITCH
H I G H
C A P A C I T Y
N E T W O R K
C E N T R A L I Z E D
S T O R A G E
D E C E N T R A L I Z E D
U P S
TOP OF RACK SWITCH
L O W E R
C A R B O N
I N T E N S I T Y
P O W E R I N

AWS datacenter
34
H E A T
TOP OF RACK SWITCH TOP OF RACK SWITCH
N E T W O R K
H I G H
C A P A C I T Y
N E T W O R K
S T O R A G E
U P S
A W S S E R V I C E T E A M
R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y T O
A L L O C A T E A N D
O P T I M I Z E
T H I S C A P A C I T Y
L O W E R
C A R B O N
I N T E N S I T Y
P O W E R I N

AWS datacenter
35
H E A T
N E T W O R K
H I G H
C A P A C I T Y
N E T W O R K
S T O R A G E
U P S
O P T I M I Z E
A W S S P O T M A R K E T
C U S T O M E R
I N S T A N C E S
Running
instances
Idle instances
L O W E R
C A R B O N
I N T E N S I T Y
P O W E R I N

AWS datacenter
36
H E A T
N E T W O R K
H I G H
C A P A C I T Y
N E T W O R K
S T O R A G E
U P S
O P T I M I Z E
A W S S P O T M A R K E T
C U S T O M E R
I N S T A N C E S
AWS Lambda
running
capacity
AWS Lambda
idle capacity
Running
instances
Idle instances
L O W E R
C A R B O N
I N T E N S I T Y
P O W E R I N

Reports on carbon reduction and
energy efficiency
https://aws.amazon.com/sustainability/resources/

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BUSINESS NEED
Time to value for feature
What do we optimize
architectures for?
THE FIVE WELL ARCHITECTED PILLARS
delivery of products

What do we optimize
architectures for?
BUSINESS NEED
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OCEAN RISING
CLIMATE CRISIS

BUSINESS NEED
sustainable
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OCEAN RISING
CLIMATE CRISIS

BUSINESS NEED
sustainable
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CLIMATE CRISIS
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THE SIX WELL ARCHITECTED PILLARS
OCEAN RISING

BUSINESS NEED
sustainable
O
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THE SIX WELL ARCHITECTED PILLARS
CLIMATE CRISIS
OCEAN RISING

AWS Well-Architected pillar for sustainability
• Understand environmental impacts of the services used
• Quantify impacts through the entire workload lifecycle
• Apply best practices to reduce these impacts
SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability in the cloud is
a continuous, focused effort on
energy reduction and efficiency
across all components of a workload

Identify targets for improvement
Evaluate specific improvements
Prioritize and plan improvements
Test and validate improvements
Deploy changes to production
Measure results and replicate successes
Improvement process
Monitoring
Goals
1
2
3
4
5
6

Resources
Unit of work
Normalize sustainability KPIs to make them comparable

Establish fine-grained, frequent KPIs at
team level
AWS Cost &
Usage Report
Amazon S3 Amazon Athena Amazon
QuickSight
Amazon
CloudWatch metrics
[…]
+
Business Metrics

Best practices from the Sustainability Pillar
User
behavior
Data
Software and
architecture
Hardware Development
and deployment
process

User behavior patterns
Scale infrastructure with user load
Align service level agreements (SLAs) with sustainability goals
Eliminate the creation and maintenance of unused assets
Optimize the geographic placement of your workloads for
user locations
Optimize team member resources for the activities performed

Optimize capacity for sustainability
Running in two zones you need to reserve enough spare capacity
to rapidly switch the load for resilience
U T I L I Z A T I O N
U P T O 5 0 %
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
AVAILABILITY ZONE
C
Workload
requirement:
Immediate
failover

Running in two zones you need to reserve enough spare capacity
to rapidly switch the load for resilience
R E S E R V E D
C A P A C I T Y I S
S U F F I C I E N T T O
R U N
W O R K L O A D I N
O N E Z O N E
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
AVAILABILITY ZONE
C
Workload
requirement:
Immediate
failover

Running in three zones you need less reserved capacity to switch the load
U P T O 2 / 3
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
AVAILABILITY ZONE
C
Workload
requirement:
Immediate
failover

Split the extra load over two zones;
higher average utilization, lower cost and lower impact
R E S E R V E D
C A P A C I T Y I S
S U F F I C I E N T T O
R U N W O R K L O A D
I N T W O Z O N E S
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
AVAILABILITY ZONE
C
Workload
requirement:
Immediate
failover

Optimize resilience for sustainability
Use cold capacity for failover;
increased time to respond to failover request
H I G H
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
Trade-off for cost and impact
Workload
requirement:
Non-immediate
failover

Optimize resilience for sustainability
Use on-demand cold capacity for failover;
increased time to respond to failover request
AVAILABILITY ZONE
A
AVAILABILITY ZONE
B
Trade-off for cost and impact
Workload
requirement:
Non-immediate
failover
H I G H

May
reduce cost
Small increase
in response time
Reduction in
overall impact
Architectural recommendation

Software patterns
Optimize software and architecture for asynchronous and
scheduled jobs
Remove or refactor workload components with low or no use
Optimize the areas of your code that consume the most time
or resources
Optimize impact on customer devices and equipment
Use software patterns and architectures that best support your
data access and storage patterns

Optimization
categories
Do less work, store less stuff
Do work more efficiently
Drive up utilization
Use sustainable scheduling strategies
Steer work to more sustainable regions

Optimization example—logging
Send less information to logs, reduce retention
Use better log compression tooling
Log to S3 object store, not to a filesystem
Run batch analytics near midday, not at midnight
Store long term archives in lower carbon region
Do less work, store less stuff
Do work more efficiently
Drive up utilization
Use sustainable scheduling strategies
Steer work to more sustainable regions

Sustainable scheduling – Reduce peaks
I M P A C T D E P E N D S O N T O T A L P R O V I S I O N E D C A P A C I T Y , N O T A V E R A G E U T I L I Z A T I O N
TIME
A V E R A G E
P E A K
P R O V I S I O N E D
C A P A C I T Y
CAPACITY

Hardware patterns
Use the minimum amount of hardware to meet your needs
Use the instance types that meet your requirements with the
least impact
Use managed services
Optimize your use of GPUs

AWS Graviton processors offer best performance per watt
of energy use in Amazon EC2.
AWS Graviton3-based instances use up to 60% less energy
for the same performance than comparable EC2 instances.
AWS
Graviton

Data patterns
Implement a data classification policy
Use technologies that best support your data access and
storage patterns
Use lifecycle policies to automatically delete unnecessary data
Minimize overprovisioning in block storage
Remove unneeded or redundant data
Use shared file systems or object storage to access common data
Minimize data movement across networks
Only backup data when it would be more impactful, or impossible,
to recreate

Hot Warm Cold Deleted
S3 Standard
Active data
Millisecond
access
> 3 AZ
S3
Standard-IA
Inactive data
Millisecond
access
> 3 AZ
S3 One
Zone-IA
Inactive data
Millisecond
access
1 AZ
S3
Glacier
Archive data
Minutes to
hours
> 3 AZ
S3 Glacier
Deep Archive
Archive data
Hours access
> 3 AZ
Useless data
0 AZ
Pick a lower impact storage class
U S E I N T E L L I G E N T T I E R I N G T O O P T I M I Z E F O R Y O U – E X A M P L E A M A Z O N S 3 :

Optimize
log storage
Large amount of logs stored and archived to Amazon S3
Switched compression algorithm to ZSTD
Compression ratio improved by 30% from gzip to ZSTD
Compression ratio improved from 1:7 for LZ4 to
1:15 for ZSTD
Reduced storage by approximately 1 Exabyte

Development and deployment process
Adopt development
and testing methods
that allow rapid
introduction of
potential sustainability
improvements
Keep your workload
up to date
Increase the
utilization of your
build environments
Use managed device
farms for testing

Reduce build
artifact size
AWS SDK for JavaScript in the Browser is used by
browsers and npm applications to consume AWS services
Version 3 introduced modular packages per service client
Team gathered early feedback from the community
Reduced size in iterations
Modular packaging allows reduction of bundle size by ~75%
Further optimization reduced install & publish size by ~50%

Development
Optimize code
Choose faster languages and runtimes
Efficient algorithms
Faster implementations
Reduce logging
Reduce retries and work amplification
Operations
Higher utilization
Automation
Relax over-specified requirements
Archive and delete data sooner
Deduplicate data
Choose times and locations carefully
Make sure the savings are big enough to justify the work!

AWS Customer Carbon Footprint Tool
C O M I N G S O O N

CALL TO ACTION
FOR AWS
BUILDERS
Ask questions about sustainability in
planning discussions and set goals
Find areas where there is the biggest
opportunity to make a difference
Collect and share your sustainability
optimization learnings

Sustainability-related sessions at
re:Invent 2021
Sessions
ARC325 – Architecting for sustainability – extended version of this talk featuring Starbucks examples
AMZ202 – Driving sustainable operations at Amazon and Climate Pledge Arena
AIM207 – AI/ML for sustainability innovation: Insight at the edge
ARC206 – Sustainability in AWS global infrastructure
IOT206 – Scaling sustainability solutions with IoT
STP213 – How startups are building solutions for a sustainable future
STP222 – How Sofar Ocean is building ocean intelligence at scale
Events
Code Green Hackathon
Climate Next special video screening
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rearchitect GameDay

Thank you!

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