This presentation contains the information about the most deadliest zootoxins which cause death in humans as well as in the animals. It consist the detailed information about the Scorpion Venom poisoning, Bufotoxin, Black Widow Spider venom poisoning, Tetradotoxin, Ciguatera poisoning and Scromboid fish poisoning. Also detailed aspect regarding clinical signs, toxicity, physical characteristics of the lower animals, toxic components of the venom or toxin and also the treatment for the poisoning. It is just a class presentation about the zootoxins and it is done not for any commercial purposes. It can be used by anyone only for the educational purpose. The credits goes to the original author. I acknowledge the authors in the reference section whose articles, books, etc., are taken for the reference for making this presentation. It is just a class presentation and I used only for educational or academic purpose and this is done not for making money purpose.
In any kind of manufacturing industry, the calibration of instrument plays a very important role and also it occupies a very significant place. Whenever a product comes into existence, back of it there's a perfect flow calibration. Calibration is a set of operations, which under certain conditions build relationships amongst values indicated by a measuring instrument.
This document provides information on laboratory glassware and plasticware, including their types, care, and uses. It discusses the characteristics of borosilicate glass used to manufacture glassware and lists precautions for handling glassware. Various types of volumetric wares like pipettes, flasks, burettes, and cylinders are described. Recommendations are provided for cleaning glassware and plasticware to ensure they are thoroughly cleaned and free of contamination.
Dark field microscopy (1) By Ehtisham Ul Haqshamawan
This document discusses dark field microscopy. It explains that dark field microscopy allows the observation of unstained living cells and organisms by illuminating the specimen in a way that only light reflected or refracted by the specimen forms the image. The field surrounding the specimen appears dark while the object is brightly illuminated, allowing internal structure of larger microorganisms to be revealed. Some common uses of dark field microscopy include studying unstained, transparent samples like insects, fibers, yeast, and bacteria, as it is useful for examining external details like outlines. Dark field microscopy is often combined with other illumination techniques to widen its applications.
Agape Water Solutions is an environmentally conscious water treatment company in Harleysville, Pennsylvania. Dedicated to customer care and safe and efficient practices, Agape Water Solutions provides a number of services, including deionization.
This Slide is made from most efficient Research Paper of world. This is combination of more than 8 Research paper. It may be helps you to increase your knowledge. In this slide we will be try to discuss about waste water treatment & we also discuss how to improve This treatment process. Thank you.
Cleaning of new glassware by rahul gautamRahul Gautam
Cleaning of laboratory new glassware is not as simple as washing the dishes. Here is how to wash your lab glassware so that you will not waste your chemical solution or laboratory experiment as well as time consumed during the experiment.
In any kind of manufacturing industry, the calibration of instrument plays a very important role and also it occupies a very significant place. Whenever a product comes into existence, back of it there's a perfect flow calibration. Calibration is a set of operations, which under certain conditions build relationships amongst values indicated by a measuring instrument.
This document provides information on laboratory glassware and plasticware, including their types, care, and uses. It discusses the characteristics of borosilicate glass used to manufacture glassware and lists precautions for handling glassware. Various types of volumetric wares like pipettes, flasks, burettes, and cylinders are described. Recommendations are provided for cleaning glassware and plasticware to ensure they are thoroughly cleaned and free of contamination.
Dark field microscopy (1) By Ehtisham Ul Haqshamawan
This document discusses dark field microscopy. It explains that dark field microscopy allows the observation of unstained living cells and organisms by illuminating the specimen in a way that only light reflected or refracted by the specimen forms the image. The field surrounding the specimen appears dark while the object is brightly illuminated, allowing internal structure of larger microorganisms to be revealed. Some common uses of dark field microscopy include studying unstained, transparent samples like insects, fibers, yeast, and bacteria, as it is useful for examining external details like outlines. Dark field microscopy is often combined with other illumination techniques to widen its applications.
Agape Water Solutions is an environmentally conscious water treatment company in Harleysville, Pennsylvania. Dedicated to customer care and safe and efficient practices, Agape Water Solutions provides a number of services, including deionization.
This Slide is made from most efficient Research Paper of world. This is combination of more than 8 Research paper. It may be helps you to increase your knowledge. In this slide we will be try to discuss about waste water treatment & we also discuss how to improve This treatment process. Thank you.
Cleaning of new glassware by rahul gautamRahul Gautam
Cleaning of laboratory new glassware is not as simple as washing the dishes. Here is how to wash your lab glassware so that you will not waste your chemical solution or laboratory experiment as well as time consumed during the experiment.
Biosoption of heavy metals by orange peelAbbas Kazi
Biosorption uses biological materials like bacteria, fungi, and orange peel to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Orange peel is a good biosorbent because it contains cellulose and pigments with hydroxyl groups that can adsorb metals. This document outlines experiments examining orange peel's ability to remove copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, and nickel. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength on adsorption were studied. Adsorption increased with pH and adsorbent amount and reached equilibrium within 20 minutes. Adsorption also fit the Langmuir isotherm model well, indicating monolayer adsorption onto the
This presentation will help you understand the common lab glassware & their uses. For more info please visit : https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
This Presentation is presented by tuba nafees Graduate in university of Karachi from department of biotechnology.
This presentation will cover Bio-safety levels.
Video link is attached below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eavkVHsSO1E
1. Laboratory safety rules are essential to prevent injury in microbiology labs. Students must follow specific safety procedures like wearing protective gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses.
2. Lab safety is important to protect students from harming themselves or others. Safety rules and symbols alert students to potential dangers.
3. Key lab safety equipment includes safety showers, eyewash stations, fire blankets, and fire extinguishers used in emergencies. Students must also properly dispose of waste and report all accidents.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
Two main types of deionizers are two-bed and mixed-bed deionizers. Two-bed deionizers have separate cation and anion exchange resin beds, while mixed-bed deionizers intimately mix the resins. Both work by exchanging ions in water for hydrogen and hydroxyl ions using ion exchange resins, producing high purity deionized water free of ionic contaminants. Common applications of deionized water include use in laboratories, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, power plants, and other industrial processes requiring high purity water.
This document summarizes the key microorganisms and constituents present in wastewater. It discusses that wastewater contains both beneficial microbes needed for degradation of organic matter, as well as pathogenic microbes that can threaten public health. It outlines the major constituents in wastewater including suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, and more. The document then discusses the types of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa found in wastewater and their impacts on human health. It concludes with an overview of wastewater treatment processes including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments that utilize chemical and biological processes to remove pathogens and reduce organic and nutrient levels.
The document discusses key concepts in clinical laboratory management including leadership, quality management, safety, and regulations. Effective management requires both leaders to provide direction and managers to implement processes. Laboratories must balance various hazards through work practices, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment. Quality is ensured through approaches like total quality management, continuous quality improvement, and six sigma. Human resource management and strategic planning are also important aspects of running a successful clinical laboratory.
The document discusses the roles of public health laboratories and forensic laboratories. It describes how public health laboratories support disease investigation and outbreak response. They work with the Laboratory Response Network (LRN) to identify pathogens. Forensic laboratories assist with criminal investigations by analyzing evidence. Both types of laboratories follow strict chain of custody procedures to ensure sample integrity which is important for legal purposes. Public health laboratories are regulated at the state level while forensic laboratories work with law enforcement and medical examiners.
This document provides an overview of waste water treatment processes. It discusses 3 stages of treatment: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical treatment includes screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Chemical treatment uses neutralization, coagulation, and flocculation to remove dissolved and suspended materials. Biological treatment occurs in aerobic processes like activated sludge and anaerobic digestion to break down organic pollutants. The document also briefly discusses water treatment laws and regulations in India and the United States.
Sandra Aouf completed a medical internship from June 15th to July 20th, 2014 at the Specialized Medical Center Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. During the internship, she was trained in the chemistry and special chemistry section of the clinical laboratory department. She learned about the various machines used, including the Cobas 6000 analyzer series which performs tests via photometry, ion-selective electrodes, and immunoassays. As part of her training, Sandra determined calcium, vitamin D, and HBsAg levels in patient samples using these different techniques.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
Bioburden is the measure of living microbes on a surface that has not yet been sterilized. It is usually tested for on medical devices and other products that come in contact with patients during care at a medical facility.
The document discusses heavy metals, which are defined as metallic elements that are relatively dense and toxic in low concentrations. Common heavy metals include aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, uranium, and tin. Heavy metals enter the human body through food and water. While some heavy metals like iron and zinc are essential nutrients, others such as cadmium and lead are highly toxic even in small amounts. Sources of heavy metal exposure include mining, industrial waste, vehicle emissions, and food/water contamination. The document provides details on specific heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and lead, their sources, and health effects.
Biomarkers provide a concise way to monitor aquatic environments. Current monitoring methods have limitations, but biomarkers can indicate exposure to pollutants and their effects. Biomarkers are measured at different biological levels from cells to whole organisms. They are used globally to assess contaminant impacts and identify stressors. In India, biomarkers have been applied to coastal waters to study effects of metals, oil, and pesticides on species. Biomarkers are a valuable tool for environmental monitoring when chosen carefully based on sensitivity, specificity, and other factors.
The document provides an overview of the clinical laboratory, including its roles, workflow, common specimen types, and sampling/testing procedures. The key responsibilities of the clinical lab are the correct identification, collection, and processing of patient specimens; accurate testing; timely reporting of results; and communication with healthcare professionals. There are typically six main steps in how a sample flows through the lab: ordering a test, sample collection, delivery to the lab, processing, analysis, and reporting results. Common specimen types include blood, urine, body fluids, sputum, stool, and tissue samples.
Bioburden refers to the number of microorganisms contaminating a material prior to sterilization. Bioburden testing measures the total microbial count on medical devices before final sterilization and use. It is important for quality control and ensuring sterilization processes are effective at eliminating microbes. Routine bioburden testing helps manufacturers monitor for changes in contamination levels, identify process improvements, and maintain sterility assurance of their medical products.
Biosorption process for removal and recovery (1)sonumehta217
This document summarizes a presentation on the biosorption process for removal and recovery of heavy and precious metals from aqueous solutions. The presentation covers the historical background of biosorption from the 1980s to present, current developments including applications and mechanisms, and future trends. Biosorption utilizes inactive biomass such as algae, fungi and bacteria or their derivatives to bind and concentrate metals from dilute solutions. The presentation provides examples of marine algae collected in Singapore that are effective biosorbents and discusses characterization techniques. Mechanisms of metal biosorption include surface complex formation, ion exchange and coordination. Kinetic models of biosorption by various seaweeds and a calcium alginate biosorbent resin are also presented.
Effect of industrial effluents on receiving watersDipo Elegbs
Industrial effluents released into water bodies can negatively impact water quality and aquatic life. Effluents introduce organic materials and nutrients that increase biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, depleting oxygen levels needed to support aquatic life. Effluents also increase turbidity, conductivity, and temperatures in receiving waters. Heavy metals and other pollutants in effluents further contaminate water supplies and become toxic when consumed. Discharge of industrial effluents requires regulation and treatment to limit environmental damage.
This document discusses various neurotoxins that can contaminate food, including their sources and effects. It focuses on botulinum toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria and commonly found in improperly canned foods. It acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Other neurotoxins discussed include tetrodotoxin from pufferfish and conotoxins from snails, as well as toxic metals like mercury, aluminum, and lead that can contaminate foods. The document emphasizes that following good manufacturing practices is key to avoiding neurotoxin proliferation in foods.
Biosoption of heavy metals by orange peelAbbas Kazi
Biosorption uses biological materials like bacteria, fungi, and orange peel to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Orange peel is a good biosorbent because it contains cellulose and pigments with hydroxyl groups that can adsorb metals. This document outlines experiments examining orange peel's ability to remove copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, and nickel. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength on adsorption were studied. Adsorption increased with pH and adsorbent amount and reached equilibrium within 20 minutes. Adsorption also fit the Langmuir isotherm model well, indicating monolayer adsorption onto the
This presentation will help you understand the common lab glassware & their uses. For more info please visit : https://www.scienceequip.com.au/glassware/
This Presentation is presented by tuba nafees Graduate in university of Karachi from department of biotechnology.
This presentation will cover Bio-safety levels.
Video link is attached below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eavkVHsSO1E
1. Laboratory safety rules are essential to prevent injury in microbiology labs. Students must follow specific safety procedures like wearing protective gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses.
2. Lab safety is important to protect students from harming themselves or others. Safety rules and symbols alert students to potential dangers.
3. Key lab safety equipment includes safety showers, eyewash stations, fire blankets, and fire extinguishers used in emergencies. Students must also properly dispose of waste and report all accidents.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
Two main types of deionizers are two-bed and mixed-bed deionizers. Two-bed deionizers have separate cation and anion exchange resin beds, while mixed-bed deionizers intimately mix the resins. Both work by exchanging ions in water for hydrogen and hydroxyl ions using ion exchange resins, producing high purity deionized water free of ionic contaminants. Common applications of deionized water include use in laboratories, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, power plants, and other industrial processes requiring high purity water.
This document summarizes the key microorganisms and constituents present in wastewater. It discusses that wastewater contains both beneficial microbes needed for degradation of organic matter, as well as pathogenic microbes that can threaten public health. It outlines the major constituents in wastewater including suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, and more. The document then discusses the types of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa found in wastewater and their impacts on human health. It concludes with an overview of wastewater treatment processes including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments that utilize chemical and biological processes to remove pathogens and reduce organic and nutrient levels.
The document discusses key concepts in clinical laboratory management including leadership, quality management, safety, and regulations. Effective management requires both leaders to provide direction and managers to implement processes. Laboratories must balance various hazards through work practices, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment. Quality is ensured through approaches like total quality management, continuous quality improvement, and six sigma. Human resource management and strategic planning are also important aspects of running a successful clinical laboratory.
The document discusses the roles of public health laboratories and forensic laboratories. It describes how public health laboratories support disease investigation and outbreak response. They work with the Laboratory Response Network (LRN) to identify pathogens. Forensic laboratories assist with criminal investigations by analyzing evidence. Both types of laboratories follow strict chain of custody procedures to ensure sample integrity which is important for legal purposes. Public health laboratories are regulated at the state level while forensic laboratories work with law enforcement and medical examiners.
This document provides an overview of waste water treatment processes. It discusses 3 stages of treatment: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical treatment includes screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Chemical treatment uses neutralization, coagulation, and flocculation to remove dissolved and suspended materials. Biological treatment occurs in aerobic processes like activated sludge and anaerobic digestion to break down organic pollutants. The document also briefly discusses water treatment laws and regulations in India and the United States.
Sandra Aouf completed a medical internship from June 15th to July 20th, 2014 at the Specialized Medical Center Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. During the internship, she was trained in the chemistry and special chemistry section of the clinical laboratory department. She learned about the various machines used, including the Cobas 6000 analyzer series which performs tests via photometry, ion-selective electrodes, and immunoassays. As part of her training, Sandra determined calcium, vitamin D, and HBsAg levels in patient samples using these different techniques.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
What are Oxidation Ponds ?
Oxidation Pond is an open, flow through earthen basin of controlled shape specially design and constructed to treat sewage and bio-degradable industrial waste by natural processes involving bacteria and in many instances algae.
Bioburden is the measure of living microbes on a surface that has not yet been sterilized. It is usually tested for on medical devices and other products that come in contact with patients during care at a medical facility.
The document discusses heavy metals, which are defined as metallic elements that are relatively dense and toxic in low concentrations. Common heavy metals include aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, uranium, and tin. Heavy metals enter the human body through food and water. While some heavy metals like iron and zinc are essential nutrients, others such as cadmium and lead are highly toxic even in small amounts. Sources of heavy metal exposure include mining, industrial waste, vehicle emissions, and food/water contamination. The document provides details on specific heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and lead, their sources, and health effects.
Biomarkers provide a concise way to monitor aquatic environments. Current monitoring methods have limitations, but biomarkers can indicate exposure to pollutants and their effects. Biomarkers are measured at different biological levels from cells to whole organisms. They are used globally to assess contaminant impacts and identify stressors. In India, biomarkers have been applied to coastal waters to study effects of metals, oil, and pesticides on species. Biomarkers are a valuable tool for environmental monitoring when chosen carefully based on sensitivity, specificity, and other factors.
The document provides an overview of the clinical laboratory, including its roles, workflow, common specimen types, and sampling/testing procedures. The key responsibilities of the clinical lab are the correct identification, collection, and processing of patient specimens; accurate testing; timely reporting of results; and communication with healthcare professionals. There are typically six main steps in how a sample flows through the lab: ordering a test, sample collection, delivery to the lab, processing, analysis, and reporting results. Common specimen types include blood, urine, body fluids, sputum, stool, and tissue samples.
Bioburden refers to the number of microorganisms contaminating a material prior to sterilization. Bioburden testing measures the total microbial count on medical devices before final sterilization and use. It is important for quality control and ensuring sterilization processes are effective at eliminating microbes. Routine bioburden testing helps manufacturers monitor for changes in contamination levels, identify process improvements, and maintain sterility assurance of their medical products.
Biosorption process for removal and recovery (1)sonumehta217
This document summarizes a presentation on the biosorption process for removal and recovery of heavy and precious metals from aqueous solutions. The presentation covers the historical background of biosorption from the 1980s to present, current developments including applications and mechanisms, and future trends. Biosorption utilizes inactive biomass such as algae, fungi and bacteria or their derivatives to bind and concentrate metals from dilute solutions. The presentation provides examples of marine algae collected in Singapore that are effective biosorbents and discusses characterization techniques. Mechanisms of metal biosorption include surface complex formation, ion exchange and coordination. Kinetic models of biosorption by various seaweeds and a calcium alginate biosorbent resin are also presented.
Effect of industrial effluents on receiving watersDipo Elegbs
Industrial effluents released into water bodies can negatively impact water quality and aquatic life. Effluents introduce organic materials and nutrients that increase biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, depleting oxygen levels needed to support aquatic life. Effluents also increase turbidity, conductivity, and temperatures in receiving waters. Heavy metals and other pollutants in effluents further contaminate water supplies and become toxic when consumed. Discharge of industrial effluents requires regulation and treatment to limit environmental damage.
This document discusses various neurotoxins that can contaminate food, including their sources and effects. It focuses on botulinum toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria and commonly found in improperly canned foods. It acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Other neurotoxins discussed include tetrodotoxin from pufferfish and conotoxins from snails, as well as toxic metals like mercury, aluminum, and lead that can contaminate foods. The document emphasizes that following good manufacturing practices is key to avoiding neurotoxin proliferation in foods.
Neurotoxins are substances that are toxic to nerve cells. They can originate from plants, animals, minerals, or the atmosphere. Common neurotoxins include botulinum toxin, tetrodotoxin, and toxic metals like mercury and lead. Botulinum toxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, is the most potent toxin known and works by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing paralysis. Tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels, leading to paralysis and respiratory failure. Heavy metals like mercury and lead can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause central nervous system damage. While some neurotoxins like glutamate and nitric oxide are normally present in the body, higher concentrations can
Neurotoxins
Content:-
What is Neurotoxins
Introduction of neurons
Mechanism action of neurotoxins
Different neurotoxins and its mode of action
Reference
The point where your muscles and nervous system meet is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
ACh Receptor Channel Opens
Scorpions, spiders
Contain low molecular weight proteins that affect ion transport along axon
Impairs action potential
Symptoms include tachycardia, respiratory distress
PESTICIDES
Malathion , parathion, “nerve gases” like organophosphorous pesticides and DDT like organochlorine like pesticides Inhibits acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) leading to continuous stimulation.
Fasciculin inhibits mammalian and fish acetylcholinesterases
Neurobehavioral, cognitive, neuromuscular disturbances
Death from respiratory distress
Acetycholin-esterase
AChE hydrolyzes Ach into choline & acetate .
Puffer fish
Botulinum toxin cleaves SNARE proteins. SNARE proteins are involved with fusing synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane. Cleaving of SNARE proteins by botulinum toxin therefore inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, and leads to inhibition of neurotransmission.
This means acetylcholine isn’t released at the neuromuscular junction, so muscles are paralysed.
Both cause poisoning by interfering with they way muscle contractions are regulated.
Muscles become very sensitive to stimulation and instead contracting and then releasing, they go into spasm
Reference
Toxipedia
Neuroscience online: An electronic textbook of neuroscience
Clostridium botulinum produces a potent neurotoxin that causes the disease botulism. There are three key points:
1) C. botulinum toxin works by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, preventing muscle contraction. It does this by cleaving SNARE proteins involved in synaptic vesicle fusion.
2) There are four main types of botulism - foodborne, wound, infant, and inhalation. Symptoms include blurred vision, dry mouth, muscle weakness and paralysis. If untreated, paralysis can affect respiratory muscles and cause death.
3) Treatment involves antitoxin to halt progression of symptoms, especially in food/w
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and produces a potent exotoxin. The exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis and causes severe illness. Active immunization with diphtheria toxoid vaccine provides protection. Laboratory diagnosis involves isolating C. diphtheriae from lesions and confirming toxin production. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and antibiotics like penicillin. Complications can include respiratory obstruction, paralysis, and death.
Radiation can cause biological effects by damaging living tissues. The direct effects occur when energy is absorbed by molecules, and indirect effects are caused by free radicals formed during radiation radiolysis of water. Early effects of high radiation doses include radiation sickness, while delayed effects include increased risk of cancer, leukemia, and cataract formation. Radiation safety involves reducing exposure time, maximizing distance from sources, and use of protective barriers like lead gloves and aprons. Exposure is monitored using film badges and doses are limited to 100 mrem per week for whole body and 1,500 mrem per week for hands, forearms and feet.
This document discusses animal poisons and venoms, focusing on scorpions and snakes found in Libya. It defines the differences between venomous and poisonous animals. It then describes the 9 main species of scorpions found in Libya, noting their geographic distributions and relative toxicity levels. The document outlines the pathophysiology of scorpion envenomation, describing the composition and effects of scorpion venom on the body. It also discusses the clinical manifestations and treatment approaches for scorpion stings of varying severity grades. For snakes, it briefly notes that only about 15% of snake species worldwide are dangerous to humans, and describes the composition and effects of snake venoms.
A full concept on venom of snakes. A slideshow having chemistry of snake venom, types of Snake venom, lethal dose, anti venom, uses of anitivenom,and followed by conclusion.
1. The document discusses snake venom toxicology and management of snake bites in Egypt. It describes several venomous snake species found in Egypt including the Black Desert Cobra, Red Spitting Cobra, and Egyptian Cobra.
2. Snake venom contains various toxins that can cause local and systemic effects ranging from pain and swelling to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Symptoms depend on the toxin type and amount of venom injected.
3. Management of snake bites involves first aid, antivenom therapy, and supportive care. First aid includes immobilizing the bite area, noting the snake's appearance, and seeking emergency medical help. Treatment involves antivenom administration, wound care, monitoring for toxicity signs, and managing symptoms.
This document discusses chromosome manipulation techniques used to induce androgenesis and gynogenesis in fish. It describes how gametes can be inactivated through irradiation or shock treatments. Androgenesis results in all-paternal inheritance and is induced by fertilizing irradiated eggs with normal sperm. Gynogenesis results in all-maternal inheritance and involves egg activation by inactivated sperm followed by diploidization treatments. These techniques are used to generate clonal lines, map genes, and produce monosex or all-female populations for aquaculture.
The document discusses poisonous insects including bees, wasps, hornets, ants, and toads. It describes their venom components and mechanisms of action, as well as clinical signs and treatment approaches. The key points are that these insects and toads release irritating or toxic venoms through stinging or gland secretions that can cause local or systemic effects depending on dosage. Symptoms range from mild pain and swelling to anaphylactic shock. Treatment focuses on removing stingers, flushing areas, and controlling symptoms.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It was first discovered in the late 18th century when outbreaks were traced to contaminated sausage. There are different forms including foodborne, wound, infant, and inhalation botulism. Symptoms typically begin with gastrointestinal issues followed by symmetrical descending paralysis starting with cranial nerves. Treatment focuses on supportive care like mechanical ventilation which is sometimes needed for weeks. Prognosis is generally good if treated promptly.
Where should organisms in Microsporidia be classified Give characte.pdffippsximenaal85949
What is the relationship between and Type I Error?
What decision is reached when the p-value is greater than ?
PLEASE EXPLAIN. THANK YOU
Solution
Sol)
Type I error: Rejecting Null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true.
Level of significance: P(Type I error) is level of significance(alpha)
When you are doing a statistical test, the significance level is set at the desired type I error level
(alpha). So the concepts you are asking about are basically the same thing - both are fixed by
design to the same value. The p-value is calculated from the data and is different from the alpha
value, and may be why you are getting confused.
When doing a power calculation, typically the type I error value is fixed, as is either the available
sample size, or the desired type II error level (beta). Given an expected effect size (or in the case
of your graph, it appears to specify an expected proportion) the non-specified value is calculated
(either necessary sample size, or available type II error level - used to get power = 1-beta)
2) if p> alpha , we accept the null hypothesis..
The document provides an overview of muscle biopsy procedures and interpretation. It discusses the normal structure and histology of muscle, types of muscle fibers, indications for muscle biopsy, procedures, sample preparation, staining, and general abnormalities seen. It describes changes seen in various neuromuscular diseases like nuclear changes, fiber necrosis, regeneration, inflammation, cores and targets, mitochondrial abnormalities, vacuolar changes, and fibrosis. The document concludes with a working classification of neuromuscular diseases.
Corynebacterial Toxins
The document discusses Corynebacteria and their toxins, focusing on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. C. diphtheriae produces a potent exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis and causes tissue damage. The toxin has two components - component A carries the enzymatic activity, while component B binds to host cell receptors to transport component A inside cells. After entering cells, the toxin enzymatically modifies elongation factor 2, blocking protein synthesis and killing host cells. Vaccines containing toxoid have greatly reduced diphtheria incidence worldwide.
This document discusses Corynebacterial toxins, with a focus on Corynebacterium diphtheriae and diphtheria toxin. It describes C. diphtheriae as a Gram-positive bacillus that can produce a potent exotoxin. The diphtheria toxin has two components - component A inhibits protein synthesis in host cells, while component B binds to host cell receptors to transport component A inside cells. The toxin is regulated by iron levels and encoded on a lysogenic bacteriophage. C. diphtheriae uses this toxin to cause the infectious disease diphtheria, which can lead to formation of a pseudomembrane and systemic complications affecting organs like the heart,
Ultraviolet radiation can be used therapeutically to treat various skin conditions. It has both immediate physiological effects like erythema, tanning, and long term effects like aging and cancer. There are different types of UV generators that produce UVA, UVB or UVC. Dosage is carefully determined based on skin type and response. PUVA treatment uses oral photosensitizing drugs before UVA exposure to treat conditions like psoriasis. Precautions must be taken with UV therapy due to risks of overexposure like burns, aging and skin cancer.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. CONTENTS
What is Poison???
What is Toxicant???
What is Toxin???
What is Venom???
What is Zootoxin???
Scorpion Toxins.
Spider Toxins.
Toad Toxins.
Fish Toxins.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 2
3. WHAT IS POISON????
Any substance or matter which when applied either externally or internally
produces ill effects on health or entirely destroys the life.
What is Toxicant????
It is a synonym of poison and is a more professional term.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 3
4. WHAT IS TOXIN????
Special types of poison that are produced by living organisms in small
quantities.
Classified as biotoxins.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 4
5. WHAT IS VENOM????
It is a toxicant synthesized in a specialized gland and ejected by the process
of biting or stinging.
It is also a zootoxin but is transmitted by the process of biting or stinging.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 5
6. WHAT IS ZOOTOXIN????
Toxins produced by the lower animals.
These toxins may have genus name as prefix.
E.g.: Bufotoxin from the toxic toad.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 6
7. SCORPION
Order: Scorpionida.
Family: Buthide.
Genera: Buthus, Parabuthus, Mesobuthus, Tityus, Leiurus, Androctonus
and Centruroides.
Black Bark Scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda) – Mexico and South west
America.
Leiurus quinquestriatus (Deathstalker) – Asia and Africa.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 7
9. CHARACTERISTICS
Eight legged arthropods.
Hard exoskeleton and 3 body parts – cephalothorax, abdomen and tail
(stinging apparatus).
Regulate the amount of venom to be injected through striated muscles –
usual amount is 0.1 – 0.6mg.
Nocturnal and take shelter during day under rocks, piles of debris or may
hide inside house in clothing and shoes.
Habitat: Desert and semi arid regions
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 9
11. TOXIC COMPONENTS
Heterogenous mixture.
Composed of various concentration of – Neurotoxin, Cardiotoxin,
Nephrotoxin, Hemolysin, Agglutinins, Coagulins, Phosphodiesterases,
Phospholipases, Hyaluronidases, Glycosaminoglycans, Histamine,
Serotonin, Tryptophan, and Cytokine releasers.
Most potent – Neurotoxin.
Long and Short chain polypeptides.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 11
13. TOXICITY
Amount, Species, and Site of injection.
Leiurus quinquestriatus – potent venom.
S/C LD value in mice: 0.16 – 0.50 mg/kg.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 13
14. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Long chain polypeptide – voltage dependent sodium channel = stabilize it in
open position – firing of somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.
Excess release of NT – Ach, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline.
Cause autonomic and neuromuscular over-excitation signs.
Over-excitation followed by inhibition of normal nerve impulse
transmission.
Short chain polypeptide – block Potassium channel – Over excitation.
Binding to the target sites is reversible, but different neurotoxins has different
affinities.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 14
19. CLINICAL SIGNS
Local pain, numbness, hyperesthesia, skin discoloration, salivation,
agitation, wheezing, tachycardia, hypertension and muscle spasm.
Cranial nerves and somatic motor abnormalities – eye movement disorder,
blurred vision, tongue fasciculation, convulsions, impaired pharyngeal
muscle control and jerking of extremities.
Death – Respiratory and Cardiac failure.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 19
22. NECROPSY FINDINGS
Toxic myocarditis
DIC
Acute Pancreatitis, and
Pulmonary edema.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 22
23. TREATMENT
Specific Therapy: Antivenom therapy – its safety, efficacy and specificity is
not clear.
Cold Compress – Pain and Inflammation.
Atropine Sulphate – control excess parasympathetic manifestations.
Propranolol – Beta adrenoceptor blocker.
Calcium gluconate – IV – Muscle spasm.
First aid – Wound Cleaning and TT injection.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 23
34. CHARACTERISTICS
Black widow spider – Eastern and South-western US.
Female spiders – 1-1.5 inch in size, shiny black in color – red hourglass mark
on the abdomen.
Male spiders – 0.5 inch in size and no hourglass mark on abdomen.
After mating female eats male – Name “Widow”.
Claw like hallow fangs – connected to 2 venom glands in cephalothorax.
Brown recluse spider – Fiddle or violin marking on its back.
Back and belly – Brown.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 34
36. TOXIC COMPONENTS
Black widow spider venom – α- lactrotoxin / α- latrotoxin – potent
neurotoxin.
Isoleucin and leucin, lipoproteins and hyaluronidase.
Brown recluse spider venom – Hyaluronidase, proteases, sphingomyelinase
D, esterases and haemolysin.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 36
37. TOXICITY
Both male and female black widow spider are toxic. But female is large
enough to envenomate an animal.
Venom gland – less than 0.2 mg of venom.
𝐿𝐷50 = 0.005 – 1.0 mg/kg B.wt.
Cause systemic reaction.
Brown recluse spider – necrotic local lesion at the site of bite and also cause
DIC.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 37
38. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Black Widow Spider:
α- lactrotoxin – acts at NMJ – release of Ach from pre-synaptic nerve fiber.
Ach release continues – complete depletion of NT.
Ach release – severe painful cramping.
Neurotoxins binds to glycoproteins or gangliosides on neuromuscular
synaptic membranes and allow opening of cationic channels.
𝑪𝒂𝟐+
channel binding – Increase membrane permeability to calcium and
enhances depolarization.
Enhanced calcium influx cause – calcium dependent release of NT.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 38
40. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 40
Solid Black Line – Casual
Findings.
Solid Grey Line – Interaction
of Unknown Findings.
Dotted Arrow – Respective
Phenomena.
α LTX – Latrotoxin.
PTP-σ – Protein Tyrosine
Phosphate.
41. Brown Recluse Spider:
Primarily cytotoxic to endothelial cells.
Venom – DIC and microthrombi formation within capillaries.
Capillary occlusion, hemorrhage and necrosis.
Polymononuclear leucocytes and complement – potentiating the response to
envenomation.
Bite is slow to heal.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 41
42. CLINICAL SIGNS
Black Widow Spider:
Dull-numbing pain, which gradually spreads from the region of bite to the
muscles of the entire body.
Restlessness, Vomiting, Anxiety or apprehension, Muscle cramps, and rapid,
shallow and irregular respiration.
Later stages – abdominal rigidity and tenderness, muscle fasciculation,
tonic-clonic convulsions, sweating, hypersalivation, flaccid paralysis and
shock.
Death – Respiratory or cardiovascular failure.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 42
43. Brown Recluse Spider:
Two forms – Cutaneous and Viscerocutaneous forms.
Cutaneous form – Pain and edema at bite site and progress to ulcerated
wound.
Viserocutaneous form – More severe form.
Hemolytic anemia, Hemoglobinuria, Jaundice and Hyperthermia.
Complications – Intravascular hemolysis – Kidney damage.
Skin lesions resolve in 1 – 3 weeks.
Some lesions are permanent and may need skin grafting.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 43
50. PROGNOSIS
Black Widow Spider: Dogs – Good; Cats – Guarded.
Prolonged recovery.
Weakness and paralysis persist for several days.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 50
51. TOADS
Family: Bufonidae.
Genus: Bufo.
Not present in Australia and Antarctica.
Toxic toads – Bufo marinus (Marine toad, Giant toad), Bufo alvarius (River
toad) and Bufo vulgaris (Common toad).
Two lumps on either side of the back of their head – parotid glands – produce
venom – warding off intruders and predators.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 51
53. CHARACTERISTICS
Marine toad – large and lethargic – South and Central America.
Grow 9 inches in length and about 1 Kg in weight.
Prefer developed areas – man made canals, and ponds for spawning and
collect under electric lights to feed on insects.
Venom – thick, creamy-white, highly irritating substance secreted by glands
located dorsal and posterior to eyes and other dermal structures including
warts.
Expelled – contraction of peri-glandular muscles in the skin.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 53
54. TOXIC COMPONENTS
Mixture of different classes of toxic chemicals.
First Class: Cardiac glycosides – Bufodienolides.
2 subgroups – Bufogenins and their derivative bufotoxin.
Affect cardiovascular system – Heart and Blood vessels.
Second Class: Phenethylamines and their derivatives.
Catecholamines – Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline.
Not prominent as bufodienolides in producing the quick adverse effects.
Contribute to vasoconstriction. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 54
55. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 55
Third Class: Tryptamines and their derivatives.
Serotonin and 5- hydroxy dimethyltryptamine (5-hydroxy DMT,
bufotenine).
Oxytocic action and frequently a marked pressor effect.
5-MeO-DMT trptaminergic derivative – Bufo alvarius – hallucinating and
psychoactive effect.
Fourth Class: Non-cardiac sterols.
Cholesterol, Provitamin D, Ergosterol and Gamma sitosterol.
56. TOXICITY
Venom potency varies from species to species.
Bufo vulgaris – least toxic and Bufo marinus – most toxic.
Commonly occurs in dogs, cats and children.
Dogs, severity – size of the dog and amount of toxin absorbed into the blood
stream.
Susceptibility – Puppies and small breeds – Dachshunds, Mini-Pins, Jack
Russel Terries and miniature Schnauzers.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 56
57. TOXICITY
Bufo toads are more active in spring and summer months – warm and moist
environment.
Also Nocturnal – most of the poisoning in evening, late-night or early
morning hours.
A dog will die after exposure to B. marinus toxin.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 57
58. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Ingestion – Absorption across the mucous membranes.
Bufodienolides bind to a specific receptor site on cardiac cell membrane –
Inhibit 𝑵𝒂+/𝑲+ ATPase pump.
Normally, 𝑁𝑎+/𝐾+ ATPase pump 𝑁𝑎+into the cell and 𝐾+ out of the cell.
When this pump is inhibited it depends on the 𝑵𝒂+/𝑪𝒂𝟐+ pump – maintain
𝑁𝑎+
gradient.
Increase intracellular calcium concentration in cardiac cells – excess cardiac
stimulation and ventricular fibrillation.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 58
59. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Failure of 𝑵𝒂+
/𝑲+
ATPase pump – Increase the extracellular potassium –
hyperkalemia.
Death – Heart failure.
Bufodienolides – similar effects to that of digitalis.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 59
61. CLINICAL SIGNS
Variable and ranges from local to systemic effects.
Local effects – Profuse or sometimes frothy salivation.
Vigorous head shaking, pawing at mouth and retching – extreme irritant
nature of venom.
More severe intoxication – Cardiac arrhythmias, dyspnea, diarrhea,
incoordination or stiff gait, cyanosis, apparent blindness, convulsions,
prostration and collapse.
High morbidity.
Death – Ventricular fibrillation leads to cardiac failure.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 61
64. NECROPSY FINDINGS
No distinct lesions.
Diagnosis:
Oral examination.
Toad pieces in the vomitus.
Circumstantial evidences and clinical signs.
Hematological chemistry – Polycythemia, Hyperglycemia, Hyperkalemia,
Hypercalcemia, and Uremia.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 64
65. TREATMENT
No specific antidote for bufotoxin.
Thoroughly clean the oral cavity of the animal using water. Sometimes it
needs rubbing of the mucus membrane since the toxin is sticky.
Detoxification – Activated charcoal and Osmotic cathartic.
Large dose of Propranolol (up to 2mg/kg) – Cardiac arrhythmia and
potential fibrillation.
Atropine Sulphate – Salivation and Bronchoconstriction.
Sedatives – Phenobarbitone or Diazepam – CNS excitation.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 65
68. FISH
Produce poisoning – Attacking and biting (Shark); Injecting through stings
(Stingrays); and eating fish whose flesh is toxic (Puffer fish).
Injected venom through spines – intense pain and potentially fatal.
1. Tetrodotoxic Fish / Pufferfish Poisoning.
2. Ciguatera.
3. Scombroid Fish / Scombroid Poisoning.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 68
69. TETRADOTOXIC FISH
Potent marine neurotoxin – Tetrodotoxin (TTX).
Syndrome – Tetrodotoxication.
Order: Tetraodontiformes.
Family: Tetrodontidae.
Genera: Tetraodon, Fugu and Takifugu.
Species: T. fahaka, T. miurus and T. mbu; F. flavidus, F. poecilonotus and F. niphobles;
AND T. rubripes.
Other marine and terrestrial animals store TTX – Starfish, Toads, Crabs, Mollusca,
Salamanders and algae.
Susceptible: Pets and Humans consume toxic fishes. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 69
73. CHARACTERISTICS
Habitat – Coastal areas, Oceans and live in deep sea.
Ability to inflate themselves – by swallowing water or air.
Four large teeth – beak like structure – crush the shells of mullscans and
crustaceans.
Neurotoxin – internal organs (Defense chemical).
Found in Ovaries and Liver.
In Japan and Korea – meat of pufferfish is delicacy.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 73
74. TOXIC COMPONENTS
Toxin – Tetrodotoxin = anhydro tetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin, tetrodonic
acid.
Molecular formula - 𝑪𝟏𝟏𝑯𝟏𝟕𝑶𝟖𝑵𝟑.
Oxygen link between 𝑪𝟓 and 𝑪𝟏𝟎 − cause toxicity.
Produced by the bacteria – Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis and some species
of Pseudomonas and Vibrio acquired through food.
Saxitoxin – PSP.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 74
76. TOXICITY
Accidental consumption of fish or meat tainted with pufferfish.
Weigh for weight – ten times as deadly as the venom of many snakes.
10 to 100 times as lethal as black widow spider.
>1200 times deadlier than cyanide.
𝐿𝐷50 = 10 mcg/kg IV in mice (same as saxitoxin).
Absorption better than saxitoxin.
More toxic during winter.
Single pufferfish – kill 30 adult humans. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 76
78. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Neurotoxin – Blocking neurotransmission in CNS and PNS.
Reaches the voltage-gated 𝑵𝒂+
channels – surface of nerve membrane and
bind to pore opening of the channel.
Binding – Interaction of positively charged guanidino carboxylate groups on
the side chains in the mouth of channel.
Binding – blocks the 𝑵𝒂+ channels – 𝑁𝑎+ movement stops – Action potential
along the nerve membrane stops.
Blocks 𝑵𝒂+
current in myocytes, inhibit their contraction.
Immunity to the poison due to mutation in protein sequence of 𝑁𝑎+
channel
pump on cell membrane. 2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 78
83. NECROPSY FINDINGS
No specific lesions.
Diagnosis:
History of eating fish.
Circumstantial evidences.
Clinical signs.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 83
84. TREATMENT
It is not antigenic – No antiserum is available.
Intestinal detoxification with gastric lavage and activated charcoal.
Supportive care – Artificial respiration.
Anticholinergics – Edrophonium.
Prognosis – Grave.
2/22/2023 10:34:49 AM 84
89. TOXICITY
Lipid soluble and a very heat resistant toxin – not destroyed by temperature,
gastric acid or cooking method.
Toxin – won’t affect odor, color or taste of the fish.
𝐿𝐷50 = 0.45 mcg/kg IP in mice.
0.1 mcg PO – illness in humans.
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93. CLINICAL SIGNS
GI distress – Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea.
Neurological signs – Headache, muscle ache, numbness, ataxia and
hallucination.
Hot-cold sensation reversal.
Signs lost for weeks to months also for many years.
Excreted in milk and transmitted sexually.
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99. SCOMBROID FISH
Consumption of scombroid and scombroid like marine fish species.
Family: Scombridae (Tunas and Mackerels).
Poison causing fish – Scombridae family and non-Scombridae fish (Bluefish,
Dolphin or Mahi-mahi, and Amberjack).
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102. It is attributed to the histamine produced by bacterial decarboxylation of
amino acid histidine – High concentration in fish.
Histamine concentration reach up-to 5mg/kg in fish.
Histamine – destroyed in GIT (Humans and Animals).
Putrescine and cadaverine – trigger the toxicity of histamine.
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107. TREATMENT
No specific therapy is present.
Supportive Therapy:
IV Fluids.
Oxygen.
𝑯𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝟐 receptor antagonist – some success.
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109. REFERENCE
Barsoum, G.S., Nabawy, M. and Salama, S., 1954. Scorpion Poisoning-its
Signs, Symptoms and Treatment. Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association,
37(8), pp.857-94.m.
Freire-Maia, L. and Campos, J.A., 1989. Pathophysiology and treatment of
scorpion poisoning. In Natural toxins (pp. 139-159). Pergamon.
Garg, S.K., 2011. Veterinary toxicology. CBS Publishers & Distributors.
Gawade, S.P., 2007. Therapeutic alternatives from venoms and toxins. Indian
Journal of Pharmacology, 39(6), p.260.
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110. 110
Haddad Junior, V. and Haddad Junior, V., 2021. Ingestion of Venomous Aquatic
Animals: Toxinology, Clinical Aspects, and Treatment. Medical Emergencies Caused by
Aquatic Animals: A Biological and Clinical Guide to Trauma and Envenomation Cases,
pp.301-334.
Herms, W.B., Bailey, S.F. and McIvor, B., 1935. The black widow spider. Bulletin of the
California Agricultural Experiment Station, (591).
Isoardi, K.Z. and Isbister, G.K., 2020. Poisoning by venomous animals. Medicine,
48(3), pp.220-223.
Mailho‐Fontana, P.L., Titon Jr, B., Antoniazzi, M.M., Gomes, F.R. and Jared, C., 2022.
Skin and poison glands in toads (Rhinella) and their role in defence and water
balance. Acta Zoologica, 103(1), pp.112-128.
Sandhu, H.S. and Brar, R.S., 2008. Textbook of veterinary toxicology. Kalyani publishers.
Trakulsrichai, S., Chumvanichaya, K., Sriapha, C., Tongpoo, A. and Wananukul, W.,
2020. Toad poisoning: clinical characteristics and outcomes. Therapeutics and clinical
risk management, pp.1235-1241.
Eight legged arthropods.
Hard exoskeleton and 3 body parts – cephalothorax, abdomen and tail (stinging apparatus).
Regulate the amount of venom to be injected through striated muscles – usual amount is 0.1 – 0.6mg.
Habitat: Desert and semi arid regions
In the presynaptic membrane, the wing region (N-terminal domain) of α-latrotoxin (α-LTX) interacts with neurexin-Iα (NXR-Iα), protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), and latrophilin 1 (LPH1). This interaction facilitates the insertion of the tetramer into the lipid bilayer, allowing the influx of monovalent (Li+, Cs+, Na+, K+) and divalent (Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+) alkali cations
The excess of Na+ induces the release of more Ca2+ from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm.
α-LTX triggers LPH1 signaling, resulting in the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. PLC increases the levels of inositol trisphosphate, promoting the release of intracellular Ca2+ stored in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The depolarization of the presynaptic terminal activates voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), allowing the influx of more Ca2+.
The massive increase in intracellular Ca2+ promotes the mobilization of synaptic vessels (SV) containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach).
The release of Ach into the synaptic cleft can be either due to the fusion of SVs with the plasma membrane or due to the leakage of the neurotransmitter through the α-LTX pore.
The interaction of Ach with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) present in the membrane of the myocyte causes depolarization and muscle contraction.
PSP – Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning.
Opening of Na channels.
Blocking of K channels.
Membrane depolarization.
Repetitive Action potential generated.
Swelling of axons, nerve terminal and Schwann cells.
6. Elevated Ca level via InsP3 from internal stores.
8. Activation of Ca channel via terminal depolarization.
7. Via Na Ca pump – Increased Ca level intracellularly.
9. The tonic action potential firing initiated in axons induces repetitive, synchronous and asynchronous neurotransmitter release at synapses and the neuromuscular junction
10. Spontaneous and tetanic muscle contraction.
11. Impairs the synaptic vesicle recycling – exhaust the pool of neurotransmitter vesicle available for release.