This document discusses the history and implementation of independent Chinese secondary schools and conforming schools in Malaysia. It provides the following key points: 1. Independent Chinese secondary schools emerged after the 1961 Education Act and had to decide whether to receive government aid by converting to national schools or remain independent without support. They struggled without resources but persevered to provide education. 2. Conforming schools, also known as national-type schools, are government-aided Chinese schools that receive funding for teacher salaries and follow the national curriculum, with Chinese as the medium of instruction for some subjects. 3. Both independent and conforming Chinese schools have played an important role in education and remained integral parts of Malaysia's development, with some

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HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MALAYSIAN
EDUCATION
ASSOC PROF DR MOHAMAD JOHDI SALLEH
Name : ZAIM ZUFAYRI BIN
AB RAZAK
Matrix No : DL1412307
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2. Independence chinese schools
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3. Independent Chinese
secondary schools in
Malaysia shared a
similar history.
They went through
abysmal darkness
without government
aid nor guidance.
Malaysian
Independent Chinese
Secondary Schools
(MICSS) which came
into being after the
Education Act 1961.
1961 was the year when
chinese schools had to
make the painful
decision whether to be
converted to sekolah
menengah to receive
government aid or to
remain as independent
Chinese schools to
survive on their own.
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4. January 1962 was
the creation of the
first class of Kuala
Lumpur Chong
Hwa independent
Chinese secondary
school of students
in the afternoon.
Classes of the
converted Sekolah
Menengah
remained in the
morning session.
These classes
were “generously”
allowed to squat
on national school
premises.
Their effort are to
stay alive.
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5. There are around 78 of
independence chinese schools in
Malaysia and overall population
around 129,000 students and
7,500 teachers & administrators.
In 1994, these schools obtained
approval from the Malaysian
Ministry of Education to form a
School Council, run by a committee
elected from principals from these
78 schools.
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7. Implementation of Independence
Chinese Schools
They provided an alternative path for special
students of good conduct from primary schools
who passed the entrance examination, and could
afford the fees
Students must be able to take strict disciplines
and heavy work loads
The United Examination Certificate (UEC)
examinations at both Junior and Senior levels
determine whether they move on or would be
retained to repeat a year of poor performance
In line with government education policy, many
of these schools coached their students to sit for
SPM, not forgetting special English lessons
The students which does not prepare for UEC
examinations is not an independent Chinese
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8. Differences between independent
chinese school and national school
The main difference
of the school is all
students are required
to learn Mandarin
They are also
required to take
Chinese subject in
PMR and SPM
examinations
The school is concerned
with three languages,
Malay, English and
Mandarin
Independence chinese
school hopes that all the
students are able to
master the languages
when they completed
their studies at Form Five
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9. Conclusion of independent chinese
school
 Through pure perseverance, these schools have proven its
past values and developed future.
 There is no doubt of their sustainability and adaptability to
globalization.
 In the year of 2013, two of these schools celebrating their
100 years anniversary campuses.
 These schools have walked side-by-side with the nation’s
development.
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10. Conforming
School
Definition
Implimentation
Conclusion
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11. Definition of conforming schools
Government-aided schools are schools in
which the administration under the
auspices of their own administrative board
While the government is subsidizing the
provision of management students only.
All school policies are administered by the
school board and the appointment of
teachers made ​​by the Ministry of
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12. Conforming school
• The SMJK (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan) is a
group of Malaysian Chinese conforming schools
classified as Government-aided schools
• Originally the school was funded by the Chinese, in the
days of British administration.
• But now the National-type schools to receive aid from
the Ministry of Education
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13. Implementation of conforming
schools
 Syllabus and teachers' salaries in national-type schools
funded by the government.
 The school curriculum is also similar to the National
School,
 different is the medium used.
 Moreover, most of the building was funded by the
school's board of trustees.
 In Teaching and Learning of Science and Mathematics
in English in primary school, the medium for Science
and Mathematics is Chinese
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14. Conclusion
On June 27, 2009, Deputy Prime
Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin
Yassin said the government is
ready to help national-type
schools, private schools if they do
not conflict with the National
Education Policy. RM 1.8 billion
was allocated to pay the salaries
of teachers who worked in
national-type schools in 2008
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15. References
• http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_jenis_k
ebangsaan
• http://mediawangsamaju.blogspot.com/2013
/06/sekolah-vernakular-menter
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