8624 Unit 06. cgffggggggfffggggggggggg 06.pdf

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP
SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN
COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVES
UK , USA , MALAYSIA ,
CHINA
And
Sri Lanka
CC 8624 -B.Ed.

2
SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES
UK , USA , MALAYSIA,
CHINA and Sri Lanka

 School education in UK between the age of 11 to 18 can be
termed as secondary education.
 Bebore the Education act of 1944 many types of secondary
and post primary schools such as Grammar School, Senior
Schools, Higher Elementary Schools, Central Schools, Junior
Technical Schools, Commercial Schools etc. had come up.
4
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN UK

 The system needed simplification of the pattern. So the act
recommended tripartite system of secondary education
comprising grammar schools, secondary model schools and
Secondary Technical School.
 There is different criteria for admission in these different
channels of Education. Education up to age of 16 years is free
and compulsory, further extended to the age of 18 for those
who show interest, aptitude and ability.
5

The Tripartite System
The Secondary Grammar School:
An academic institution par excellence. It belongs to the
category to which lice in France and gymnasium in Germany
belong. The cream of family is educated in Grammar School.
6

Secondary Technical School:
The schools had developed out of Junior Technical Schools.
These were of good standard and mostly considered to be
schools for lower grade workers such as artisans and domestic
helpers.
7

The Secondary Model School:
This is the mainstream of Sec. Edu. In U.K. Half of the
students study in such schools. Here admission is non-selective.
Low and poor educated labelled as illiterate and semi-skilled
workers in factories, stores, business offices are enrolled in
these schools.
8

Other Types of Secondary Institutes:
▪ Comprehensive Schools
▪ Independent Schools
▪ Public Schools
▪ The 6th Form College
9

Important Features:
✓ Co-Education
✓ Welfare services and the schools
✓ The School Health Service
✓ Career Guidance
✓ Meals, Milk and Clothes
✓ Child Guidance Clinic
✓ Children’s Care Committee
✓ Transport 10

Introduction:
 USA attach so much importance to sec.edu. that President
Johnson had to say:
“The Sec. School is the key stone of American education for
millions of our young people. It lies on the threshold of higher
learning, for millions, more it is the pathway for adult life and
useful citizenship. All children are provided 12 years of free
education. Among 14 to 17 years of age, about 91% of the
students are in schools.”
12
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN USA

TYPES OF SCHOOLS
The Junior High School:
Several well-known committees, studying secondary education,
recommended beginning Secondary Studies in the 7th grade.
The first formally organized Junior High Schools were
established in Columbus, Ohio, in 1909 and in Berkley,
California in 1910. This school includes the 7th, 8th and 9th
grade and is housed in a separate building.
13

TYPES OF SCHOOLS
The High School (Higher Sec. Schools):
These organized on a departmental plan, in which each
teacher teaches one subject or several related subjects and
meets five or six different classes each day. The schools are
widely distributed throughout the country as these are
organized by local districts not far from the learners’homes.
14

TYPES OF SCHOOLS
Comprehensive High School:
 Comprehensive high school called multilateral or “Omnibus”
or “Composite” high school in some other countries, has grown
up.
 In addition, to other educational social and cultural gains it is
economical also. The comprehensive High School is a
distinctive feature of American Sec. Edu. It offers all types of
special education, combined in the same schools.
 All students take required core courses, such as English,
Social Studies, Science and Maths as elective. They choose
the courses required to meat the needs of commercial,
technical, agriculture or home economics fields.
15

Secondary Education in Malaysia
16

Secondary Education is available over 5 or 6 years
✓ Lower and upper – Secondary levels.
✓ Lower Stage – Three years duration
✓ Upper Stage – Two years duration
✓ Medium of instruction is Malay
✓ Residential schools meant specially for talented students –
especially from rural areas.
17
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA

▪ Upper Sec. Edu. consists of Arts, Science, Technical and
Vocational Courses. Selection of areas is made on the basis of
performance at lower stage (grade 9) examination of 9th class
is a terminal for some who fail join Laboure market.
▪ At form IV (grade 10) students are allowed to select elective
courses besides the core subjects. In 1992 two programes
offered at the post Sec. level (V & VI form) i.e. Matric and
HSSC exams. HSSC is conducted by Malaysians Exam
Council which is requirement at local universities.
18

▪ Post Sec. Edu. is also offered at MARA institute of technology
and colleges. At this stage areas offered are technical,
commerce, management and administration. The school
operates Semester System. The school calendar begins in the
1st week of December with 41 weeks in a school year.
▪ The school double shifts in urban areas. Boarding facilities
are meant for poor groups, needy and deserving students are
granted scholarships. Private sector is ruled by Ministry of
Education.
19

Curriculum Development and Teaching Methodology:
❖ All the schools follow a common content / curriculum
formulated by C.D.C on the basis of national objectives and
National Educational Philosophy.
❖ The main objective of school curriculum is to develop
balanced personality-Physical, mental, moral, spiritual,
emotional development i.e. development in cognitive, affective
and psychomotor domains.
❖ Other areas of emphasis include
National consciousness
Production of trained and skilled labour 20

 The school curricula is developed with representation of
working teachers, teacher educators and edu. officers.
 Melayu is taught as a compulsory language and English as a
second language.
 Child-Centered instructional approach.
 Teaching-Learning strategies include a variety of approaches,
remedial teaching etc.
 Sec. school curriculum lays stress on acquisition of knowledge
and skills to enable them to analyze, synthesize, explain,
draw conclusion and produce ideas constructive and useful. 21

 At lower Sec. level the core subjects tend to provide general
education for all. At upper-Sec. Level besides the core several
electives are offered to cater student’s interests and talents.
At the lower stage living skills, family life education has been
introduced. 45 periods of 40 minutes per week.
22

System of Examination, Promotion and Certification:
 Automatically promotion to Grade 9
 At the end of 6th year all the students have to take primary
school assessment test in language and Maths.
 At the end of Grade 9 students take another national exam
(lower certificate of Education). On the basis of this exam the
students are placed in educational, technical or professional
branches. Afterwards this exam was changed into lower Sec.
Assessment.
23

System of Examination, Promotion and Certification:
 At the end of form – 5 (Grade 11), students take Malaysian
Certificate of Edu. Or the technical and vocational Certificate
Exam. Based on their results they are made to sit for HSC for
placement in universities or join teacher-training colleges or
prepare themselves for employment.
24

Formal system of Education in Peoples
Republic of China
25

Four Sectors of Education
➢ Basic Education (B.E.)
➢ Technical and Vocational Education (TAVE)
➢ Higher Education (H.E.)
➢ Adult Education (A.E.)
26
FORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Formal system of Education in Peoples Republic of China
 B.E. – covers pre-school, primary and secondary education.
 TAVE – specialized Sec. school, skilled workers school, Sec.
vocational schools and advanced technical and vocational
colleges.
 H.E. – Regular Higher Educational institutions
 A.E. – Literacy programs etc.
27

Types of Institutions
 Kindergarten – admits pre-school children (age 3)
 Primary Schools – lasting 5 to 6 years (age 6)
 Secondary Education – Lower Middle, upper middle
 Compulsory Education: in 1986 for 9 years (covering
primary and lower Sec. Level)
28

 State education committee appoints experts to make primary
and secondary education effective. There are two concepts of
six years primary school – one for urban schools and the other
for rural schools.
 Ten subjects are offered based on moral, Chinese language
and Maths.
 Urban schools manage sports for grade 1 and grade 2 while
the rural school manage agriculture edu. for grade 6.
29

 Middle schools offer 13 subjects including moral education,
politics, Chinese language, Maths and foreign language.
Upper middle school offer elective subjects – based on the
content related to social needs of students.
 English is commonly taught – besides this the language
Japanese, Russian, French, German and Spanish. Teaching
material is developed by experts approved by the Primary
and Secondary School Teaching Materials Board of SEDC.
30

System of Examination, Promotions and Certifications
Primary and sec. schools administer three types of examination
(T.E.)
 school year exams (STE)
 completion examination (C.E.)
 and entrance Exams (E.E.)
In primary schools all types of exams are confined to the
subjects of Chinese and Maths.
31

System of Examination, Promotions and Certifications
The upper middle school C.E. is independent of the
higher education E.E. The higher education E.E. is common
national exam with separate provisions for liberal arts
candidates and Science candidates. Successful C.E, examines of
primary and secondary are awarded completion certificates.
32

Secondary Education in Sri Lanka
33

There are two categories of schools in Sri Lanka
government schools and non-government schools. non-
government schools consist of private schools, state schools,
Pirivena institutions, certified schools, preschools, international
schools, and special schools. Pirivena schools are meant for
Buddhists. Very large prestigious schools called “national
schools” having 3000 to 6000 students each.
34
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN SRI LANKA

General Education Is Divided into Four Stages
i. Primary years (years 1-5)
ii. junior secondary (years 6-8)
iii. Senior secondary (years 9 to 11)
iv. Collegiate (years 12-13)
There is a fairly high rate of dropout and great repetition at
different levels. Pupil teacher ratio is 23:1 for the systems and
32:1 for the primary level.
35

General Education Is Divided into Four Stages (continue)
Formal school education is free at all levels and the medium of
instruction is mother tongue. Essential textbooks are provided
free of cost up to senior second level (11 years). Free midway
meal has been being provided since 1989.
The school year lasts from January to December with three
terms consisting of 190 school days per year. the lower primary
level (year 1-3) has four hours of work per day while the upper
primary, secondary, and collegiate levels have 5.5 hours of work
per day.
36

Curriculum Development and Teaching Methodology
✓ School education may be considered to consist of four stages -
for years 1 two 11. Curriculum consists the subjects - religion,
first language, English, math, integrated science, social
studies, history, aesthetic education, health, physical
education and life skills / technical subjects.
✓ The pupils may choose a technical subject out of several
options in years 10 - 11
37

(conti…)
✓ General certificate of education ordinary- level exam - A
centrally planned National School learning examination is held.
✓ Those who achieve certain prescribed standards at GCE O ’level
or allowed to enter the collegiate level. The curriculum of this
stage consists of a wide choice of subjects under three
disciplines- arts, science, Commerce. the pupils may select four
subjects out of these streams. At the end of this stage, GCE
advanced - level is held. 38

(continue)
✓ The National Institute of education prepares syllabuses of
instructions, teachers’guides, and textbooks for the school
curriculum. Education publications Department is
responsible for printing and distributing textbooks. Efforts
are being made for important changes for the improvement of
content and methodology.
39

(continue)
✓ Efforts are being made to conduct activity-based learning
process.
✓ Mass media also supports the learning of science,
mathematics, and English. The school curriculum is based on
the needs of society, but the problem of rote learning approach
used by students and teachers is still a major concern
40

The System of Examinations, Promotions and
Certification
❑ Automatic promotion from one year to the next is practiced. It
is compulsory for pupils to obtain the junior technical
certificate at year 9 to proceed further. GCE O ’level at the
end of year 11 is main National School leaving examination
which also serves as the selection examination for the
different streams of the collegiate stage and selection of
students to the universities are made on the grades obtained
at GCE A ’level.
41

The System of Examinations, Promotions and
Certification (continue)
❑ School based continuous assessment systems has been often
opposed by the parents. Sri Lanka society places more faith in
centrally controlled national examinations with identical
criteria for the entire country than on decentralized or school-
based assessment procedures. National School exams are
conducted by the Department of exams.
42

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Research
o The planning division of the ministry conducts the school
census every year, processes the data and makes summary
statistics available to the policymakers. Exam Department
analyzes the results of national exams GCE O and A ‘level
which provides some feedback to the system
43

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Research
(continue)
o The research division of NIE has carried out several studies
on issues such as school effectiveness, management reforms,
teacher requirements, policy changes, pupil achievements and
so forth. The objective of research is to find out the causes of
low achievement in certain subjects.
44

45
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES UK, USA,
MALAYSIA, CHINA AND SRI LANKA

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
THEORIES REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
46

8624 Unit 06. cgffggggggfffggggggggggg 06.pdf

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