University of Technology Sydney Yuxia Liu's Phenology 2018 conference poster on tracking grass phenology with phenocams and remote sensing over victorian pastures.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2008. Assessing the cumulative effects of windfarms on ...Ryan Wilson-Parr
The document models the distribution of golden plover across Scotland using land cover and management variables. It finds the greatest overlap between golden plover abundance and current/proposed wind farms is in three biogeographical zones, estimated at around 5% of the population in each zone. New field data from eleven wind farm and control sites provides evidence that golden plovers significantly avoid wind turbines out to 200m. Wind farm sites also support lower golden plover densities than predicted, indicating negative effects. The results suggest strategies to reduce potential conflicts between wind energy development and maintaining golden plover populations.
The goal of this project is to investigate the effects of different beef cattle housing, manure management, and crop production scenarios in the Northern Great Plains on nitrogen and phosphorus losses and efficiencies. The objectives are to adapt and evaluate models estimating the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus under various scenarios, and evaluate housing/manure/crop scenarios for nutrient fate and farm profitability under climate variability. The project involves plot and barn studies measuring variables like emissions, soil nutrients, and crop yields from different manure and fertilizer treatments over multiple years. An integrated farm system model will be used to investigate nutrient cycling and evaluate scenarios. The outcomes aim to provide insights into sustainable livestock nutrient management and production.
International partnerships for ecosystem science_KaranTERN Australia
This document summarizes the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) in Australia, which established a network of ecological research sites called Supersites. It describes TERN's partnership with the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) in the United States to standardize data collection protocols across sites for comparability. The networks are working to advance sensor technologies and data integration to address questions about ecosystem responses to climate change and other disturbances. Standardizing measurements will improve the quality and reproducibility of ecological data.
This document provides an overview of a research project studying the effects of different grazing management strategies on carbon and nitrogen cycling in rangelands. The project compares a low stocking density grazing strategy to an ultra-high stocking density strategy. Key findings include greater vegetation trampling but similar litter deposition under high density grazing. The project also found higher dung beetle diversity under rotational grazing regardless of stocking density. Dung beetle activity did not significantly impact greenhouse gas fluxes or dung decomposition rates. Spatial and temporal patterns of dung distribution will be modeled to estimate ranch-level nutrient cycling under different management strategies.
This document discusses the use of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning systems (GPS) for forest mapping and management. It explains that these technologies have revolutionized forest resource assessment by reducing time and costs. GIS is useful for tasks like resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. RS provides accurate data over large areas, while GIS allows for spatial analysis and mapping. Together these tools provide crucial information for planning and managing forest resources. The document also outlines some future prospects and challenges for using these technologies in forestry.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2008. Assessing the cumulative effects of windfarms on ...Ryan Wilson-Parr
The document models the distribution of golden plover across Scotland using land cover and management variables. It finds the greatest overlap between golden plover abundance and current/proposed wind farms is in three biogeographical zones, estimated at around 5% of the population in each zone. New field data from eleven wind farm and control sites provides evidence that golden plovers significantly avoid wind turbines out to 200m. Wind farm sites also support lower golden plover densities than predicted, indicating negative effects. The results suggest strategies to reduce potential conflicts between wind energy development and maintaining golden plover populations.
The goal of this project is to investigate the effects of different beef cattle housing, manure management, and crop production scenarios in the Northern Great Plains on nitrogen and phosphorus losses and efficiencies. The objectives are to adapt and evaluate models estimating the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus under various scenarios, and evaluate housing/manure/crop scenarios for nutrient fate and farm profitability under climate variability. The project involves plot and barn studies measuring variables like emissions, soil nutrients, and crop yields from different manure and fertilizer treatments over multiple years. An integrated farm system model will be used to investigate nutrient cycling and evaluate scenarios. The outcomes aim to provide insights into sustainable livestock nutrient management and production.
International partnerships for ecosystem science_KaranTERN Australia
This document summarizes the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) in Australia, which established a network of ecological research sites called Supersites. It describes TERN's partnership with the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) in the United States to standardize data collection protocols across sites for comparability. The networks are working to advance sensor technologies and data integration to address questions about ecosystem responses to climate change and other disturbances. Standardizing measurements will improve the quality and reproducibility of ecological data.
This document provides an overview of a research project studying the effects of different grazing management strategies on carbon and nitrogen cycling in rangelands. The project compares a low stocking density grazing strategy to an ultra-high stocking density strategy. Key findings include greater vegetation trampling but similar litter deposition under high density grazing. The project also found higher dung beetle diversity under rotational grazing regardless of stocking density. Dung beetle activity did not significantly impact greenhouse gas fluxes or dung decomposition rates. Spatial and temporal patterns of dung distribution will be modeled to estimate ranch-level nutrient cycling under different management strategies.
This document discusses the use of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning systems (GPS) for forest mapping and management. It explains that these technologies have revolutionized forest resource assessment by reducing time and costs. GIS is useful for tasks like resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. RS provides accurate data over large areas, while GIS allows for spatial analysis and mapping. Together these tools provide crucial information for planning and managing forest resources. The document also outlines some future prospects and challenges for using these technologies in forestry.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009. Distribution of breeding birds around upland wind...Ryan Wilson-Parr
1. The study examines how the distribution of breeding birds is affected around 12 upland wind farms in the UK. Bird surveys were conducted during breeding seasons to assess occurrence near wind farm infrastructure and in control areas.
2. Statistical analyses found 7 of 12 bird species had significantly lower occurrence near turbines after accounting for habitat. No species occurred more near turbines. Turbines were avoided more than access tracks, with no consistent avoidance of overhead power lines.
3. Avoidance of turbines was estimated to potentially reduce bird densities within 500 meters of turbines by 15-53% for certain species like buzzards and hen harriers. The results provide evidence that wind farms can significantly impact upland birds and strategic siting is needed.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing techniques to quantify evapotranspiration over a mosaic landscape in the Czech Republic. Satellite-derived land surface temperature data from MODIS and Landsat were input into the ALEXI and DisALEXI models to estimate evapotranspiration at different spatial resolutions. Results found DisALEXI agreed well with eddy covariance tower measurements at longer timescales and that MODIS DisALEXI showed promise. Land cover types of cropland, forest, and grassland were analyzed, with mean annual evapotranspiration of 495, 527, and 472 mm/year respectively. The study demonstrated satellite data can effectively determine evapotranspiration patterns in diverse landscapes.
This document describes a sabbatical grant to study controls on plant-soil stoichiometry in dryland agroecosystems. The objectives are to 1) quantify how human management impacts plant and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in cork oak savannas and 2) assess effects of woody plant encroachment and UV radiation on litter decomposition. Samples have been collected from sites in Portugal with different land uses and a two-year litter decomposition experiment was conducted measuring effects of litter type, location, and UV exposure.
- This poster examines the impact of crop diversification (4-year rotation) versus conventional (2-year) cropping systems on soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of maize.
- Diversified systems had richer, more even microbial communities that differed in structure from conventional systems. Diversification decreased AOA and AOB populations.
- Maize roots hosted distinct microbial communities that varied by cropping system. Diversification led to lower AOA and AOB abundances in the rhizosphere.
- Overall, diversification modified the microbial community in ways that could improve nitrogen retention through tighter coupling of carbon and nitrogen cycles.
The document summarizes a GEO-CRADLE workshop held in Istanbul in March 2018. The workshop aimed to increase uptake of Earth observation data and services in the region, integrate existing capacities, and engage stakeholders across sectors to increase participation in GEOSS. Desired outcomes included establishing a regional network and data hub, identifying regional priorities, and ensuring Earth observation drives societal and economic benefits.
Characterizing Forest Degradation using Multiple SAR ApproachesCIFOR-ICRAF
This study uses multiple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) approaches to characterize forest degradation in tropical peatland forests in Sumatra, Indonesia. Quad-polarimetric ALOS PALSAR and Landsat 5 TM data were analyzed. Polarimetric features and supervised classifications using multilayer perceptron neural network and maximum likelihood were performed. The multilayer perceptron neural network classification using radar backscatter and Landsat bands achieved the highest accuracy of 79.9% for differentiating between peat swamp forest and other land uses. SAR data shows potential for characterizing forest degradation but further study on feature selection is needed to increase classification accuracy.
This study aimed to develop nondestructive methods for measuring vegetation biomass, fuel moisture content, and vegetation water content in grasslands. Field measurements of these vegetation parameters and spectral reflectance data were collected over two growing seasons. Multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models were developed to predict the vegetation parameters using reflectance data and metrics like day of year, canopy height, and NDVI. Both modeling approaches predicted the parameters with acceptable accuracy, but the artificial neural network models provided slightly more accurate predictions with higher R2 values and lower RMSE. The neural network approach also did not require assumptions about the relationships between variables. This study demonstrated the potential for using remote sensing to nondestructively monitor important grassland vegetation parameters.
Long-term observed Precipitation Trends in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Baringo ...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to validate the pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ claim that there has been an increasingly variable and changing climate in the study area. The station average and Theissen polygon methods were used to estimate the mean areal precipitation of the small (Mogotio and Baringo South Sub-counties) and the large area (Baringo County), respectively. The aim of the current study is to analyse rainfall time series over long term observed precipitation and a wide area, detecting potential trends and assessing their significance. Monthly precipitation data for the period 1974-2003 from six weather stations, located mainly in Mogotio and Baringo South sub-counties and covering 3906km2 were used in the analysis. The data were quality controlled to ensure no missing data and any inconsistencies. Linear regression analysis of the database highlighted that; the trends were predominantly negative, both where the average and Theissen polygon methods were used and over the whole reference period. The negative trends are not significant. This finding implies that the study area has been suffering a precipitation decrease especially in the period under review.
This document summarizes a proposed study comparing the impacts of grazing on soil carbon across different grassland and management types. The study would compare C3 and C4 grasslands in Argentina and Kenya grazed under different strategies: horseback vs. foot herding, and with varying herd compositions including sheep, cattle, and native herbivores. Exclosures would be used to measure effects on soil organic carbon density, bulk density, texture, and plant root and mycorrhizal growth under different grazing conditions. The goals are to identify comparable study sites, develop sampling protocols, assess potential for carbon storage in each system, and evaluate herders' willingness to adopt strategies that increase soil carbon.
COOPERATORS' MEETING, Woodstock NH, Wednesday, 8 JULY 2015. Session l: Multiple Element Limitation Study Moderator: Ruth Yanai. Decomposition in the MELNHE plots: Filter paper and tea bags
Matthew Hayden, SUNY- ESF
Using a modified version of a new method called the Tea Bag Index, this study addresses two questions- will there be a noticeable difference in decomposition rates of tea across plots? and will the use of tea as litter be sufficient in identifying short term trends in decomposition?
The document investigates the internalization of antimicrobials and pathogens into lettuce following wastewater irrigation. It aims to study uptake under different soil textures, lettuce varieties, and stress conditions. Results show antimicrobial uptake did not correlate with soil sorption trends. The rhizosphere and root microbial communities differed, with soil texture having a larger impact than Salmonella in irrigation water. Irrigation reduced rhizosphere but not root microbial diversity.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of future climate change and higher crop yields on farm management and income in Finland. Crop modeling was used to simulate future spring and winter wheat yields under different climate scenarios, showing potential yield increases of 15-30% by 2040-2070. An economic model then analyzed how higher yields may impact land use, input use, farm income, and greenhouse gas emissions at the farm level under varying price scenarios. The results suggest that higher yields could lead to 50-60% greater production, 36-46% higher incomes, and 27-33% lower emissions per kilogram produced, allowing for sustainable intensification of agriculture.
2013 Poster Session, Geospatial Modeling of Mountain Pine Beetle Mortality by...GIS in the Rockies
Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) has infested 3.4 million acres of forest in Colorado since 1996 and continues to spread throughout the forests of western North America. This project identified the severity and extent of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) tree mortality at Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF). We mapped the spatial extent and severity of the outbreak using the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM) and a boosted regression tree model. The model combined satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 TM sensor, a variety of spectral vegetation indices, differenced satellite images (pre- and post-infestation), and field data collected at FEF. The results yielded a continuous mortality map showing the ratio of dead lodgepole pine to the basal area of all trees. The model accuracy was tested in R and had a cross validation (CV) correlation of 0.782 and an adjusted r-squared of 0.8072. The methodology from this project can be scaled up to assess mountain pine beetle impacts at a regional level. Results from this study will be used to enhance forest management efforts in mitigating hazards from standing dead trees and will provide a foundation for further research into the impacts of mountain pine beetle on wildlife habitat, hydrology, and recreation.
Peatnet - 2nd International Symposium Peatlands in the Global Carbon Cycle (2...Courtney Miller
The document examines the long-term effects of altered hydrology from ditching and road impacts on plant community structure in peatlands in Alberta, Canada. Preliminary results showed increased tree productivity in a ditched fen, consistent with other studies. Results from road-impacted sites were more complex, with one site showing increased afforestation and species richness in treatment plots while another showed few differences. Surface peat was drier in treatment plots across sites. Future work will investigate effects of peatland type, structure, and nutrient loading on ecosystem responses to altered hydrology.
The study examined the effects of added nitrogen on soil arthropod populations over time in a treatment plot compared to an untreated control plot. Mite and springtail populations and species diversity were predicted to increase more in the treatment plot due to the added ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The results supported this, finding statistically higher arthropod populations and diversity in the treatment plot that correlated with increased soil moisture and plant growth from the additional nitrogen. However, errors from variability in soil sampling and separating the experiment between groups reduced the strength of the conclusions.
The document examines the effects of climate variability on the spread of Prosopis juliflora shrublands, vegetation trends, and livestock populations in Magadi Division, Kenya. Rainfall has decreased and become more variable while temperatures have increased over a 20-year period. Satellite imagery shows Prosopis cover expanding during dry seasons as other vegetation declines. Cattle populations have decreased as sheep and goat numbers rise. The study recommends exploring Prosopis utilization and economics to help pastoralists adapt to climate impacts.
The Annual Behavior of Backscattering And Coherence of PALSAR Data.pptgrssieee
The document analyzes the annual behavior of backscattering and coherence using PALSAR data from 2007-2008 over a study site. It finds:
1) Backscattering was stable in summer but decreased in autumn and winter due to leaf falling and snow, and increased in spring due to thawing and vegetation sprouting.
2) Coherence was best for summer interferometric pairs and worst for winter pairs, which were hindered by snow and freezing.
3) Differences between SRTM and PALSAR DEM heights correlated with forest coverage, indicating potential for biomass mapping.
(1) The document presents a new approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring, and sustainable exploitation of the seabed using big data. (2) Over 33,000 samples were collected and analyzed to characterize faunal assemblages, relate fauna to sediment composition, and establish a method to assess sediment change from dredging. (3) Online tools were developed to provide the faunal baseline, relate fauna and sediments, and assess sediment change, enabling more effective environmental management and monitoring.
This document summarizes the ClimBar project which aims to evaluate genetic diversity in barley to support climate adaptation. The project recognizes that barley varieties were domesticated under different past climates than current emerging conditions. It hypothesizes that alleles supporting resilient yields in a changing climate may be found in diverse landraces from the Mediterranean and Fertile Crescent, which experienced climates similar to projections. The project is phenotyping a diverse set of barley accessions, including Spanish landraces and wild barleys, under different environments to understand genotype by environment interactions over time and identify useful alleles for future climate breeding.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of remote sensing to monitor maize (Zea mays L.) phenology. The study monitored maize fields in Nebraska in 2001 and 2002 using visible atmospherically resistant indices (VARI) derived from spectral reflectance data. The VARI allowed detection of: (1) changes due to biomass accumulation, (2) changes induced by appearance and development of reproductive organs, and (3) onset of senescence, earlier than vegetation indices like NDVI. The VARI identified timing of phenological transitions related to maize physiological development and onset of the grain-fill period, which is important for maximum yield. The remote sensing approach provided a synoptic view of crop development
- Deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier than evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season.
- Modeling showed that the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled carbon uptake compared to evergreen/graminoid communities. The longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub communities.
- Increasing deciduous shrub dominance extends the peak season and increases modeled net carbon dioxide uptake in tundra ecosystems by enhancing carbon uptake during the period of peak greenness.
Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009. Distribution of breeding birds around upland wind...Ryan Wilson-Parr
1. The study examines how the distribution of breeding birds is affected around 12 upland wind farms in the UK. Bird surveys were conducted during breeding seasons to assess occurrence near wind farm infrastructure and in control areas.
2. Statistical analyses found 7 of 12 bird species had significantly lower occurrence near turbines after accounting for habitat. No species occurred more near turbines. Turbines were avoided more than access tracks, with no consistent avoidance of overhead power lines.
3. Avoidance of turbines was estimated to potentially reduce bird densities within 500 meters of turbines by 15-53% for certain species like buzzards and hen harriers. The results provide evidence that wind farms can significantly impact upland birds and strategic siting is needed.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing techniques to quantify evapotranspiration over a mosaic landscape in the Czech Republic. Satellite-derived land surface temperature data from MODIS and Landsat were input into the ALEXI and DisALEXI models to estimate evapotranspiration at different spatial resolutions. Results found DisALEXI agreed well with eddy covariance tower measurements at longer timescales and that MODIS DisALEXI showed promise. Land cover types of cropland, forest, and grassland were analyzed, with mean annual evapotranspiration of 495, 527, and 472 mm/year respectively. The study demonstrated satellite data can effectively determine evapotranspiration patterns in diverse landscapes.
This document describes a sabbatical grant to study controls on plant-soil stoichiometry in dryland agroecosystems. The objectives are to 1) quantify how human management impacts plant and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in cork oak savannas and 2) assess effects of woody plant encroachment and UV radiation on litter decomposition. Samples have been collected from sites in Portugal with different land uses and a two-year litter decomposition experiment was conducted measuring effects of litter type, location, and UV exposure.
- This poster examines the impact of crop diversification (4-year rotation) versus conventional (2-year) cropping systems on soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of maize.
- Diversified systems had richer, more even microbial communities that differed in structure from conventional systems. Diversification decreased AOA and AOB populations.
- Maize roots hosted distinct microbial communities that varied by cropping system. Diversification led to lower AOA and AOB abundances in the rhizosphere.
- Overall, diversification modified the microbial community in ways that could improve nitrogen retention through tighter coupling of carbon and nitrogen cycles.
The document summarizes a GEO-CRADLE workshop held in Istanbul in March 2018. The workshop aimed to increase uptake of Earth observation data and services in the region, integrate existing capacities, and engage stakeholders across sectors to increase participation in GEOSS. Desired outcomes included establishing a regional network and data hub, identifying regional priorities, and ensuring Earth observation drives societal and economic benefits.
Characterizing Forest Degradation using Multiple SAR ApproachesCIFOR-ICRAF
This study uses multiple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) approaches to characterize forest degradation in tropical peatland forests in Sumatra, Indonesia. Quad-polarimetric ALOS PALSAR and Landsat 5 TM data were analyzed. Polarimetric features and supervised classifications using multilayer perceptron neural network and maximum likelihood were performed. The multilayer perceptron neural network classification using radar backscatter and Landsat bands achieved the highest accuracy of 79.9% for differentiating between peat swamp forest and other land uses. SAR data shows potential for characterizing forest degradation but further study on feature selection is needed to increase classification accuracy.
This study aimed to develop nondestructive methods for measuring vegetation biomass, fuel moisture content, and vegetation water content in grasslands. Field measurements of these vegetation parameters and spectral reflectance data were collected over two growing seasons. Multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models were developed to predict the vegetation parameters using reflectance data and metrics like day of year, canopy height, and NDVI. Both modeling approaches predicted the parameters with acceptable accuracy, but the artificial neural network models provided slightly more accurate predictions with higher R2 values and lower RMSE. The neural network approach also did not require assumptions about the relationships between variables. This study demonstrated the potential for using remote sensing to nondestructively monitor important grassland vegetation parameters.
Long-term observed Precipitation Trends in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Baringo ...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to validate the pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ claim that there has been an increasingly variable and changing climate in the study area. The station average and Theissen polygon methods were used to estimate the mean areal precipitation of the small (Mogotio and Baringo South Sub-counties) and the large area (Baringo County), respectively. The aim of the current study is to analyse rainfall time series over long term observed precipitation and a wide area, detecting potential trends and assessing their significance. Monthly precipitation data for the period 1974-2003 from six weather stations, located mainly in Mogotio and Baringo South sub-counties and covering 3906km2 were used in the analysis. The data were quality controlled to ensure no missing data and any inconsistencies. Linear regression analysis of the database highlighted that; the trends were predominantly negative, both where the average and Theissen polygon methods were used and over the whole reference period. The negative trends are not significant. This finding implies that the study area has been suffering a precipitation decrease especially in the period under review.
This document summarizes a proposed study comparing the impacts of grazing on soil carbon across different grassland and management types. The study would compare C3 and C4 grasslands in Argentina and Kenya grazed under different strategies: horseback vs. foot herding, and with varying herd compositions including sheep, cattle, and native herbivores. Exclosures would be used to measure effects on soil organic carbon density, bulk density, texture, and plant root and mycorrhizal growth under different grazing conditions. The goals are to identify comparable study sites, develop sampling protocols, assess potential for carbon storage in each system, and evaluate herders' willingness to adopt strategies that increase soil carbon.
COOPERATORS' MEETING, Woodstock NH, Wednesday, 8 JULY 2015. Session l: Multiple Element Limitation Study Moderator: Ruth Yanai. Decomposition in the MELNHE plots: Filter paper and tea bags
Matthew Hayden, SUNY- ESF
Using a modified version of a new method called the Tea Bag Index, this study addresses two questions- will there be a noticeable difference in decomposition rates of tea across plots? and will the use of tea as litter be sufficient in identifying short term trends in decomposition?
The document investigates the internalization of antimicrobials and pathogens into lettuce following wastewater irrigation. It aims to study uptake under different soil textures, lettuce varieties, and stress conditions. Results show antimicrobial uptake did not correlate with soil sorption trends. The rhizosphere and root microbial communities differed, with soil texture having a larger impact than Salmonella in irrigation water. Irrigation reduced rhizosphere but not root microbial diversity.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of future climate change and higher crop yields on farm management and income in Finland. Crop modeling was used to simulate future spring and winter wheat yields under different climate scenarios, showing potential yield increases of 15-30% by 2040-2070. An economic model then analyzed how higher yields may impact land use, input use, farm income, and greenhouse gas emissions at the farm level under varying price scenarios. The results suggest that higher yields could lead to 50-60% greater production, 36-46% higher incomes, and 27-33% lower emissions per kilogram produced, allowing for sustainable intensification of agriculture.
2013 Poster Session, Geospatial Modeling of Mountain Pine Beetle Mortality by...GIS in the Rockies
Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) has infested 3.4 million acres of forest in Colorado since 1996 and continues to spread throughout the forests of western North America. This project identified the severity and extent of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) tree mortality at Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF). We mapped the spatial extent and severity of the outbreak using the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling (SAHM) and a boosted regression tree model. The model combined satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 TM sensor, a variety of spectral vegetation indices, differenced satellite images (pre- and post-infestation), and field data collected at FEF. The results yielded a continuous mortality map showing the ratio of dead lodgepole pine to the basal area of all trees. The model accuracy was tested in R and had a cross validation (CV) correlation of 0.782 and an adjusted r-squared of 0.8072. The methodology from this project can be scaled up to assess mountain pine beetle impacts at a regional level. Results from this study will be used to enhance forest management efforts in mitigating hazards from standing dead trees and will provide a foundation for further research into the impacts of mountain pine beetle on wildlife habitat, hydrology, and recreation.
Peatnet - 2nd International Symposium Peatlands in the Global Carbon Cycle (2...Courtney Miller
The document examines the long-term effects of altered hydrology from ditching and road impacts on plant community structure in peatlands in Alberta, Canada. Preliminary results showed increased tree productivity in a ditched fen, consistent with other studies. Results from road-impacted sites were more complex, with one site showing increased afforestation and species richness in treatment plots while another showed few differences. Surface peat was drier in treatment plots across sites. Future work will investigate effects of peatland type, structure, and nutrient loading on ecosystem responses to altered hydrology.
The study examined the effects of added nitrogen on soil arthropod populations over time in a treatment plot compared to an untreated control plot. Mite and springtail populations and species diversity were predicted to increase more in the treatment plot due to the added ammonium sulfate fertilizer. The results supported this, finding statistically higher arthropod populations and diversity in the treatment plot that correlated with increased soil moisture and plant growth from the additional nitrogen. However, errors from variability in soil sampling and separating the experiment between groups reduced the strength of the conclusions.
The document examines the effects of climate variability on the spread of Prosopis juliflora shrublands, vegetation trends, and livestock populations in Magadi Division, Kenya. Rainfall has decreased and become more variable while temperatures have increased over a 20-year period. Satellite imagery shows Prosopis cover expanding during dry seasons as other vegetation declines. Cattle populations have decreased as sheep and goat numbers rise. The study recommends exploring Prosopis utilization and economics to help pastoralists adapt to climate impacts.
The Annual Behavior of Backscattering And Coherence of PALSAR Data.pptgrssieee
The document analyzes the annual behavior of backscattering and coherence using PALSAR data from 2007-2008 over a study site. It finds:
1) Backscattering was stable in summer but decreased in autumn and winter due to leaf falling and snow, and increased in spring due to thawing and vegetation sprouting.
2) Coherence was best for summer interferometric pairs and worst for winter pairs, which were hindered by snow and freezing.
3) Differences between SRTM and PALSAR DEM heights correlated with forest coverage, indicating potential for biomass mapping.
(1) The document presents a new approach to macrofaunal baseline assessment, monitoring, and sustainable exploitation of the seabed using big data. (2) Over 33,000 samples were collected and analyzed to characterize faunal assemblages, relate fauna to sediment composition, and establish a method to assess sediment change from dredging. (3) Online tools were developed to provide the faunal baseline, relate fauna and sediments, and assess sediment change, enabling more effective environmental management and monitoring.
This document summarizes the ClimBar project which aims to evaluate genetic diversity in barley to support climate adaptation. The project recognizes that barley varieties were domesticated under different past climates than current emerging conditions. It hypothesizes that alleles supporting resilient yields in a changing climate may be found in diverse landraces from the Mediterranean and Fertile Crescent, which experienced climates similar to projections. The project is phenotyping a diverse set of barley accessions, including Spanish landraces and wild barleys, under different environments to understand genotype by environment interactions over time and identify useful alleles for future climate breeding.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of remote sensing to monitor maize (Zea mays L.) phenology. The study monitored maize fields in Nebraska in 2001 and 2002 using visible atmospherically resistant indices (VARI) derived from spectral reflectance data. The VARI allowed detection of: (1) changes due to biomass accumulation, (2) changes induced by appearance and development of reproductive organs, and (3) onset of senescence, earlier than vegetation indices like NDVI. The VARI identified timing of phenological transitions related to maize physiological development and onset of the grain-fill period, which is important for maximum yield. The remote sensing approach provided a synoptic view of crop development
- Deciduous shrub canopies reached the onset of peak greenness 13 days earlier and the onset of senescence 3 days earlier than evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day extension of the peak season.
- Modeling showed that the longer peak season and greater leaf area of deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled carbon uptake compared to evergreen/graminoid communities. The longer peak season alone resulted in 84% greater carbon uptake in deciduous shrub communities.
- Increasing deciduous shrub dominance extends the peak season and increases modeled net carbon dioxide uptake in tundra ecosystems by enhancing carbon uptake during the period of peak greenness.
- Increasing deciduous shrub dominance in Arctic tundra is extending the peak season and increasing modeled net carbon dioxide uptake.
- Deciduous shrub canopies reached peak greenness 13 days earlier and senescence 3 days earlier than evergreen/graminoid canopies, resulting in a 10-day longer peak season.
- The combined effects of a longer peak season and greater leaf area in deciduous shrub canopies almost tripled modeled carbon uptake compared to evergreen/graminoid canopies.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
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Yuxia Liu Phenology 2018 poster on tracking grass phenology
1. Tracking Grass Phenology with Phenocams and
Remote Sensing over Victorian Pastures
Liu, Y.1*, Huete, A. 1, Xie, Q.1, Nguyen, H. 1, Grant, I. 2, Ebert, E. 2
The seasonal progression of periodic biological occurrences in plants is generally referred to as vegetation phenology. Flowering, pollination and pollen release are important phenology
stages of the grass life cycle and grass pollen is a major trigger for aeroallergens and is among the highest in Australia. To better understand this complex ecological-human health interplay,
a set of time-lapse digital RGB phenocams, were deployed over 4 grass pasture areas in the state of Victoria. Within and cross site variations in grass phenology were analysed through
computed green chromatic coordinate (GCC) time series. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time series were computed from MODIS Vegetation Indices product and Sentinel-2 level-2A
surface reflectance product to detect satellite-derived phenological variations. Our objective was to (1) investigate the utility of phenocams for monitoring grassland phenology including
greening, flowering and curing, as well as (2) demonstrate the potential of phenocams to validate satellite-derived phenology. Significant variations in the GCC profiles were found in terms
of greenness amplitude, greenness peaks, flowering, and curing. Visual phenocam assessments of grass flowering were found to be coincident over a range of peak greenness and curing
phenophase stages. Proximal phenocam GCC results were found to be in good agreement with 10 m satellite data from Sentinel-2 and the commonly-used MODIS. Our results
demonstrate the potential of phenocams for proximal monitoring of grass phenology, as well as to validate satellite-derived phenology, and thus contribute to the development of more
accurate pollen forecast models.
Methods
Df
Results
Conclusion
• Four grass pasture sites, coupled to four pollen
traps, north and west of Melbourne in the state of
Victoria, were studied (Fig. 1).
Remote Sensing
Fig. 1 Location of phenocams and pollen traps in Victoria
GCC = GDN/(RDN + GDN + BDN)
Fig. 4 ROIs at four research sites
Phenocam 1. Analysing variations in greenness of pasture and flowering time using phenocam
Fig. 3 GCC profiles at 4 sites, the date of GCC peak and flowering
Table 1 The Max/Min GCC values,
amplitude of GCC profiles,
and flowering time at 4 sites
Abstract
2. Comparison of MODIS/Sentinel-2 EVI and phenocam GCC
• MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
(MOD13Q1, 250m) and Sentinel-2 Level-2A
surface reflectances (10m) were used,
• MODIS EVI- the data was shifted 8-day to
more accurately align with phenocam data.
MODIS single pixel (250m) extracted,
centered on the phenocam site,
• Sentinel-2- EVI values were computed &
averaged to different spatial windows (10m,
30m, 250m, 1km and 3km), centered on the
phenocam site, where EVI is computed as,
Phenocam MOD13Q1 Sentinel-2 L2A
EVIFlowering GCC
Can phenocams detect grass
greenness phenology, curing,
and timing of flowering
accurately?
Demonstrate the potential of phenocams
for proximal monitoring of grass phenology,
as well as to validate satellite derived
phenology.
Fig. 2 Flow chat and analysis strategy
• A pair of RGB phenocams were deployed at each site,
from 26 Sep. to 31 Dec. 2017.
• To trace phenological status of pastures over time,
green chromatic coordinate (GCC) values for a region
of interest (ROI) (Fig. 4) were calculated for each
image , where GCC is defined as
Fig. 5 Timeline of flowering and visible phenology events
• Fig. 6 illustrates the variations of Sentinel-2 and MODIS EVI
are significantly consistent with GCC. Further, Sentinel-2 EVI
profiles correlate better with GCC than MODIS EVI profiles.
• For MODIS EVI profiles, there are declines corresponding with
the GCC peak at Casterton, highlighting a crucial MODIS
weakness. There was also no Sentinel-2 data available over
this key period, an important weakness of current Sentinel-2
data. At Kyabram, the MODIS EVI also experienced a sudden
increase during the curing period, which may be an artifact
associated with a bad QA pixel .
• Overall, one of the most useful findings of this study is that
proximal phenocam GCC results are in good agreement with
10m satellite data from Sentinel-2. Fig. 7 shows all EVIs at
different spatial scales were significantly correlated with
phenocam GCC at Kyabram and Redesdale. This demonstrates
that Sentinel-2 allows retrieval and analysis of pasture
phenology with high accuracy.
• Flowering shows a relatively complex
pattern with greenness peak, with
the flowering times varying across the different sites from 13 Oct. to 13 Nov. The main reason
for these trends might be variations in types of grassland. However, overall flowering activity
was more pronounced during grassland curing.
Fig. 7 Regression between Sentinel-2 EVIs and phenocam GCC
• Flowering in Casterton first appeared
on 13 Nov. (317 DOY) while overall
grass greenness declined. After that,
flowering continued until end of the
measurements. With peak GCC on 23
Oct. (296 DOY), the flowering time was
21 days lag from greenness peak.
• For Kyabram, the flowers had appeared
already when we started observations,
however, the flowers became obvious
as greenness declined, i.e. 19 Oct. (292
DOY). The peak of greenness could be
estimated on 27 Sep. (270 DOY) and
the flowering time is 22 days lag from
the greenness peak.
• For Redesdale, the appearance of
flowers corresponded with increasing
greenness near 13 Oct. (286 DOY). The
peak greenness was on 16 Oct. (289
DOY), with flowering time 3 days
advanced from greenness peak.
However, most flowers appeared in the
images during greenness declines.
Objectives
Conclusions
• Can phenocam detect grass greenness phenology, curing, and timing of flowering accurately?
• Demonstrate the potential of phenocams for proximal monitoring of grass phenology, as well
as to validate satellite derived phenology.
• Further study is needed to ensure phenocam capability to quantify flowering timing.
• Our results demonstrate the potential of phenocams for proximal monitoring of grass
phenology, as well as to validate satellite derived phenology, and thus contribute to the
development of more accurate pollen forecast models.
1. Ecosystem Dynamics, Health and Resilience, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Sydney Australia
2. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
Contact* Yuxia Liu, PhD. Candidate Email: yuxia.liu@student.uts.edu.au
• Significant variations in the
GCC profiles were found in
terms of greenness,
amplitude, greenness peaks
and curing (Fig. 3)
• The biggest amplitude of
GCC profiles belong to Mount
Gellibrand, and the GCC
profiles in Casterton and
Redesdale have relative
gentle patterns. The dates of
GCC peak are around 20 Oct.
• The Min GCC at Casterton can not be determined
because of shortage of observations, and the Max
& Min GCC only could be estimated at Kyabram
and Redesdale, respectively.
EVI =2.5 x ((NIR - Red)/(NIR + 6 x Red - 7.5 x Blue + 1))
Fig. 6 Comparison the variation trends of MODIS/Sentinel-2 EVI and phenocam GCC
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