Yaws is a chronic, infectious disease caused by Treponema pertenue bacteria, which is endemic in tropical areas. It primarily affects children and adolescents living in impoverished communities with poor hygiene. The disease presents with skin lesions and can cause long-term bone and skin deformities if left untreated. Mass treatment programs using antibiotics like azithromycin or penicillin have successfully controlled yaws outbreaks and led to India being certified as yaws-free in 2011 after intensive surveillance and treatment efforts.
Measles and its prevention - Slideset by professor EdwardsWAidid
In this study Professor Kathryn M. Edwards (Sarah H. Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor - Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases - Vanderbilt University Medical Center) provides an update on measles and its prevention.
To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org!
describing the case definitions, prevalence,modes of transmission,clinical features and presentations,treatment and prevention as a whole of common infectious diseases- small pox,chicken pox, measles, rubella
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
YAWS
Yaws is a chronic infection that affects mainly the skin, bone and cartilage.
The disease occurs mainly in poor communities in warm, humid, tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The causative organism is a bacterium called Treponema pertenue, a subspecies of Treponema pallidum that causes venereal syphilis. However, yaws is a non-venereal infection.
About 75% of people affected are children under 15 years of age (peak incidence occurs in children aged 6-10 years); males and females are affected and no race is exempt.
Yaws is transmitted mainly through direct skin contact with an infected person.
A single skin lesion develops at the point of entry of the bacterium after 2–4 weeks. Without treatment, multiple lesions appear all over the body.
Overcrowding, poor personal hygiene and poor sanitation facilitate the spread of the disease.
The disease is rarely fatal; however, it can lead to chronic disfigurement and disability. Yaws can be treated with a single dose of a cheap and effective antibiotic: Benzathine Penicillin injection cures the disease.
Measles and its prevention - Slideset by professor EdwardsWAidid
In this study Professor Kathryn M. Edwards (Sarah H. Sell and Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor - Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases - Vanderbilt University Medical Center) provides an update on measles and its prevention.
To learn more, please visit www.waidid.org!
describing the case definitions, prevalence,modes of transmission,clinical features and presentations,treatment and prevention as a whole of common infectious diseases- small pox,chicken pox, measles, rubella
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
YAWS
Yaws is a chronic infection that affects mainly the skin, bone and cartilage.
The disease occurs mainly in poor communities in warm, humid, tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The causative organism is a bacterium called Treponema pertenue, a subspecies of Treponema pallidum that causes venereal syphilis. However, yaws is a non-venereal infection.
About 75% of people affected are children under 15 years of age (peak incidence occurs in children aged 6-10 years); males and females are affected and no race is exempt.
Yaws is transmitted mainly through direct skin contact with an infected person.
A single skin lesion develops at the point of entry of the bacterium after 2–4 weeks. Without treatment, multiple lesions appear all over the body.
Overcrowding, poor personal hygiene and poor sanitation facilitate the spread of the disease.
The disease is rarely fatal; however, it can lead to chronic disfigurement and disability. Yaws can be treated with a single dose of a cheap and effective antibiotic: Benzathine Penicillin injection cures the disease.
Yaws is the most prevalent infectious, nonvenereal treponemal disease and is causedby Treponema pallidum pertenue.Yaws ,endemic syphilis and pinta collectively constitute the endemic treponematoses
This organism belongs to the same group of bacteria that causes venereal syphilis
YAW ERADICATION PROGRAM
introduction,meaning,description about yaw, casuative agent,transmission,clinical symptom,differential dianosis,diagnosis method,treatment, preventive measure global review, national eradication program for eradication
by DR.Anjalatchi eras college of nursing ,lucknow
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. • Chronic, Contagious, highly infectious, Non-
venereal disease caused by Spirochaete
Treponema pallidum.
• Usually begins in early childhood.
• Primary skin lesion followed by generalised
eruption and a late stage of destructive and
disfiguring and debilitating lesions of skin and
bone.
• Chronic disease showing relapses over several
years.
MD DANISH RIZVI
3. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
• Exclusively confined to the belt between the
Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn.
• Significant public health problem in Africa,
South-east Asia and Central America in the
past
• Resurgence in certain areas of Africa
• Persistent low level in India till a decade ago.
MD DANISH RIZVI
5. INDIA
• Reported from tribal communities living in
hilly forests and difficult to reach areas in 49
districts of 10 states.
• States affected – Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Chhattisgarh, Gujrat, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
U.P.
• Number of cases brought down from 3500 in
1996 to zero in 2004.
• Certfication of disease free status in 2011
MD DANISH RIZVI
6. AGENT
• Treponema pertenue
• Resembles T.pallidum culturally and
morphologically
• Occurs in the epidermis of lesions, lymph glands,
spleen and bone marrow.
Reservoir-
Man is the only known reservoir
Most latent cases found in cluster around an
infectious case
Source of infection-
Skin lesions and exudates from early lesions
MD DANISH RIZVI
7. HOST FACTORS
AGE-
Primarily a disease of childhood and
adolescence.
GENDER -
M > F
IMMUNITY –
No natural immunity.
MD DANISH RIZVI
8. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
CLIMATE –
Endemic in warm and humid climate.
SOCIAL FACTORS –
More common in tribal people
Poor personal hygiene, overcrowding, low std. of
living predisposing factors
MD DANISH RIZVI
10. CLINICAL FEATURES
• EARLY YAWS-
- Primary lesion (Mother Yaws) appears at the site of
inoculation after 3-5 weeks.
- Seen on exposed parts of body
- Lymph glands are enlarged.
- With in next 3-6 weeks generalised eruption appears
consists of large yellow, crusted, granulomatous
eruptions .
-During next five years, mucous membrane, periosteal
snd bone lesions develop, subside and relapse.
- The early lesions are highly infectioous
MD DANISH RIZVI
12. • LATE YAWS
- Destructive and deforming lesions of skin,
bone and periosteum develop.
CRAB Yaws – lesions of palm and soles
Gangosa – lesions of soft palate, hard palate
and nose
MD DANISH RIZVI
14. CONTROL OF YAWS
1. SURVEY-
Clinical survey of all families in endemic area.
Should not cover less than 95% of total population.
2. TREATMENT
Single dose of Azithromycin or single long acting
Penicillin will cure infection
Simultaneous treatment of cases and their likely
contacts in the community will interrupt
transmission
MD DANISH RIZVI
15. • WHO has recommended 3 treatment policies-
TOTAL MASS TREATMENT- In hyperendemic areas(>
10% prevalence of clinically active Yaws).
Entire population treated with Pen G.
JUVENILE MASS TREATMENT – In mesoendemic
areas(5-10% prevalence).
Treatment given to cases, contacts and all children
below 15 years
SELECTIVE MASS TREATMENT – In hypoendemic
areas(<5% prevalence)
Treatment to cases, household and other obvious
contacts MD DANISH RIZVI
16. 3. RESURVEY AND TREATMENT-
Resuveys every6-12 months to assess problem
magnitude.
4. SURVEILLANCE-
Surveillance and Containment measures for
affected villages, households and contacts of
known Yaws cases.
Epidemiological investigations to trace possible
sources of infection, prophylactic treatment of
contacts, follw up of cases
MD DANISH RIZVI
18. • YAWS ERADICATION PROGRAMME • The
programme was started in 1996-97 in Koraput
districts of Orissa then extended to endemic
states as a centrally sponsored health scheme
with the objectives of:
1.Interrupting the transmission of yaws
infection (no case) in the country
2.Eradication of Yaws (i.e. no sero reactivity to
RPR/VDRL in children below 5 years of age)
from the country.
MD DANISH RIZVI
