With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
A Survey of Exploitation and Detection Methods of XSS Vulnerabilities.pptxGitam Gadtaula
As web applications become more prevalent, web security becomes more and more important. Cross-site scripting vulnerability abbreviated as XSS is a kind of common injection web vulnerability. The exploitation of XSS vulnerabilities can hijack users' sessions, modify, read and delete business data of web applications, place malicious codes in web applications, and control victims to attack other targeted servers. This paper discusses classification of XSS, and designs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The paper also compares and analyzes recent research results on XSS detection, divides them into three categories according to different mechanisms. The three categories are static analysis methods, dynamic analysis methods and hybrid analysis methods. The paper classifies 30 detection methods into above three categories, makes overall comparative analysis among them, lists their strengths and weaknesses and detected XSS vulnerability types. In the end, the paper explores some ways to prevent XSS vulnerabilities from being exploited.
A Survey of Exploitation and Detection Methods of XSS Vulnerabilities.pptxGitam Gadtaula
As web applications become more prevalent, web security becomes more and more important. Cross-site scripting vulnerability abbreviated as XSS is a kind of common injection web vulnerability. The exploitation of XSS vulnerabilities can hijack users' sessions, modify, read and delete business data of web applications, place malicious codes in web applications, and control victims to attack other targeted servers. This paper discusses classification of XSS, and designs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The paper also compares and analyzes recent research results on XSS detection, divides them into three categories according to different mechanisms. The three categories are static analysis methods, dynamic analysis methods and hybrid analysis methods. The paper classifies 30 detection methods into above three categories, makes overall comparative analysis among them, lists their strengths and weaknesses and detected XSS vulnerability types. In the end, the paper explores some ways to prevent XSS vulnerabilities from being exploited.
Cross site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications, but in proposing defensive measures for cross site scripting the websites validate the user input and determine if they are vulnerable to cross site scripting. The major considerations are input validation and output sanitization.
There are lots of defense techniques introduced nowadays and even though the coding methods used by developers are evolving to counter attack cross site scripting techniques, still the security threat persist in many web applications for the following reasons:
• The complexity of implementing the codes or methods.
• Non-existence of input data validation and output sanitization in all input fields of the application.
• Lack of knowledge in identifying hidden XSS issues etc.
This proposed project report will briefly discuss what cross site scripting is and highlight the security features and defense techniques that can help against this widely versatile attack.
eb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular
Web Vulnerabilities And Exploitation - Compromising The WebZero Science Lab
One of the main problems of all big companies is how their applications are secured from cyber attacks. New types of vulnerabilities and attack vectors are being developed every day, therefore they pose a potential threat to all applications that rely on some kind of web technology. This document explains the most common and most dangerous web attacks as well as techniques how to secure your infrastructure from being compromised. We focus on SQL injections, XSS, CSRF, RFI/LFI and Server Side Includes. We discuss the attack vectors of web vulnerabilities and exploitation schemas. However, regardless of the security measures taken and defenses being deployed, there will always be a way in. Nevertheless, security analysis provide a valuable insight that can grant the advantage over said attackers and allow us to stay one step ahead.
Study of Cross-Site Scripting Attacks and Their CountermeasuresEditor IJCATR
In present-day time, most of the associations are making use of web services for improved services to their
clients. With the upturn in count of web users, there is a considerable hike in the web attacks. Thus, security becomes
the dominant matter in web applications. The disparate kind of vulnerabilities resulted in the disparate types of attacks.
The attackers may take benefit of these vulnerabilities and can misuse the data in the database. Study indicates that
more than 80% of the web applications are vulnerable to cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. XSS is one of the fatal
attacks & it has been practiced over the maximum number of well-known search engines and social sites. In this paper,
we have considered XSS attacks, its types and different methods employed to resist these attacks with their
corresponding limitations. Additionally, we have discussed the proposed approach for countering XSS attack and how
this approach is superior to others.
Introduction to Cross Site Scripting ( XSS )Irfad Imtiaz
Contents :
- Introduction
- Description as A Widely Used Hacking Technique
- How it is used in Hacking
- What can be done with XSS
#XSS, #Hacking, #Security, #CookieStealing, #InternetBug, #HTMLInjection
Sincerely,
Irfad Imtiaz
ImageSubXSS: an image substitute technique to prevent Cross-Site Scripting at...IJECEIAES
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is one of serious web application attack. Web applications are involved in every activity of human life. JavaScript plays a major role in these web applications. In XSS attacks hacker inject malicious JavaScript into a trusted web application, execution of that malicious script may steal sensitive information from the user. Previous solutions to prevent XSS attacks require a lot of effort to integrate into existing web applications, some solutions works at client-side and some solutions works based on filter list which needs to be updated regularly. In this paper, we propose an Image Substitute technique (ImageSubXSS) to prevent Cross-Site Scripting attacks which works at the server-side. The proposed solution is implemented and evaluated on a number of XSS attacks. With a single line, developers can integrate ImageSubXSS into their applications and the proposed solution is able to prevent XSS attacks effectively.
Tracing out Cross Site Scripting Vulnerabilities in Modern ScriptsEswar Publications
Web Technologies were primarily designed to cater the need of ubiquitousness. The security concern has been overlooked and such overlooks resulted in vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities are being highly exploited by hackers in various ways to compromise security. When vulnerability is blocked, the attacker traces out a different mechanism to exploit it. Cross site scripting (XSS) attack is also an exploitation of one of the vulnerabilities existing in the web applications. This paper traces out the vulnerability in functions and attributes of modern scripts to carry out cross site scripting attack and suggests preventive measures.
Cookies are the mechanisms that maintain an
authentication state between the user and web application.
Therefore cookies are the possible targets for the attackers. Cross
Site Scripting (XSS) attack is one of such attacks against the web
applications in which a user has to compromise its browser’s
resources (e.g. cookies). In this paper, a novel technique of
SHA_512 Hash Technique is introduced whose aim is to make
cookies worthless for the attackers. The work done in HTTP
protocol with windows10.
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Cross site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications, but in proposing defensive measures for cross site scripting the websites validate the user input and determine if they are vulnerable to cross site scripting. The major considerations are input validation and output sanitization.
There are lots of defense techniques introduced nowadays and even though the coding methods used by developers are evolving to counter attack cross site scripting techniques, still the security threat persist in many web applications for the following reasons:
• The complexity of implementing the codes or methods.
• Non-existence of input data validation and output sanitization in all input fields of the application.
• Lack of knowledge in identifying hidden XSS issues etc.
This proposed project report will briefly discuss what cross site scripting is and highlight the security features and defense techniques that can help against this widely versatile attack.
eb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular XSS attack tools? Some popular XSS attack tools include BeEF, XSStrike, and Burp Suite.
How can XSS attacks be prevented? XSS attacks can be prevented by properly sanitizing code, validating user input, using HTTPS encryption, and implementing strict access controls.
In conclusion, understanding XSS attacks and the tools used to exploit them is crucial in protecting websites and their users from serious security breaches. By implementing preventive measures and staying informed on the latest security developments, website owners and security professionals can help ensure the safety of online userseb pages by scanning websites for vulnerabilities and injecting code using various techniques.
What are some popular
Web Vulnerabilities And Exploitation - Compromising The WebZero Science Lab
One of the main problems of all big companies is how their applications are secured from cyber attacks. New types of vulnerabilities and attack vectors are being developed every day, therefore they pose a potential threat to all applications that rely on some kind of web technology. This document explains the most common and most dangerous web attacks as well as techniques how to secure your infrastructure from being compromised. We focus on SQL injections, XSS, CSRF, RFI/LFI and Server Side Includes. We discuss the attack vectors of web vulnerabilities and exploitation schemas. However, regardless of the security measures taken and defenses being deployed, there will always be a way in. Nevertheless, security analysis provide a valuable insight that can grant the advantage over said attackers and allow us to stay one step ahead.
Study of Cross-Site Scripting Attacks and Their CountermeasuresEditor IJCATR
In present-day time, most of the associations are making use of web services for improved services to their
clients. With the upturn in count of web users, there is a considerable hike in the web attacks. Thus, security becomes
the dominant matter in web applications. The disparate kind of vulnerabilities resulted in the disparate types of attacks.
The attackers may take benefit of these vulnerabilities and can misuse the data in the database. Study indicates that
more than 80% of the web applications are vulnerable to cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. XSS is one of the fatal
attacks & it has been practiced over the maximum number of well-known search engines and social sites. In this paper,
we have considered XSS attacks, its types and different methods employed to resist these attacks with their
corresponding limitations. Additionally, we have discussed the proposed approach for countering XSS attack and how
this approach is superior to others.
Introduction to Cross Site Scripting ( XSS )Irfad Imtiaz
Contents :
- Introduction
- Description as A Widely Used Hacking Technique
- How it is used in Hacking
- What can be done with XSS
#XSS, #Hacking, #Security, #CookieStealing, #InternetBug, #HTMLInjection
Sincerely,
Irfad Imtiaz
ImageSubXSS: an image substitute technique to prevent Cross-Site Scripting at...IJECEIAES
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is one of serious web application attack. Web applications are involved in every activity of human life. JavaScript plays a major role in these web applications. In XSS attacks hacker inject malicious JavaScript into a trusted web application, execution of that malicious script may steal sensitive information from the user. Previous solutions to prevent XSS attacks require a lot of effort to integrate into existing web applications, some solutions works at client-side and some solutions works based on filter list which needs to be updated regularly. In this paper, we propose an Image Substitute technique (ImageSubXSS) to prevent Cross-Site Scripting attacks which works at the server-side. The proposed solution is implemented and evaluated on a number of XSS attacks. With a single line, developers can integrate ImageSubXSS into their applications and the proposed solution is able to prevent XSS attacks effectively.
Tracing out Cross Site Scripting Vulnerabilities in Modern ScriptsEswar Publications
Web Technologies were primarily designed to cater the need of ubiquitousness. The security concern has been overlooked and such overlooks resulted in vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities are being highly exploited by hackers in various ways to compromise security. When vulnerability is blocked, the attacker traces out a different mechanism to exploit it. Cross site scripting (XSS) attack is also an exploitation of one of the vulnerabilities existing in the web applications. This paper traces out the vulnerability in functions and attributes of modern scripts to carry out cross site scripting attack and suggests preventive measures.
Cookies are the mechanisms that maintain an
authentication state between the user and web application.
Therefore cookies are the possible targets for the attackers. Cross
Site Scripting (XSS) attack is one of such attacks against the web
applications in which a user has to compromise its browser’s
resources (e.g. cookies). In this paper, a novel technique of
SHA_512 Hash Technique is introduced whose aim is to make
cookies worthless for the attackers. The work done in HTTP
protocol with windows10.
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Abstract
In this article, we explore the path traversal attacks, also known as directory traversal attacks, and the potential harm they can cause to a system. We begin with an introduction to path traversal, explaining what it is and how attackers can exploit it to gain unauthorized access to files and directories. We then dive into the different techniques that can be used to exploit path traversal, including manipulating file paths and using encoding techniques. To prevent these attacks, we discuss several best practices, such as input validation and path normaliza- tion. Finally, we provide examples of more secure code and discuss how developers can implement these practices to strengthen their ap- plication’s defenses against path traversal attacks. Whether you’re a developer, a security professional, or just interested in learning more about cyber-security, this article provides valuable insights into one of the most common types of web application vulnerabilities.
A buffer overflow exploit is a security vulnerability that occurs when an application receives more data than expected, causing it to fill up memory space and even crash the program. Through this vulnerability, an attacker can run malicious code on the target application and take control of the system.
Buffer overflow exploits often stem from programming errors, incomplete input validation processes, or weaknesses in the data structures used in the program. These vulnerabilities allow attackers to gain control over an application.
Buffer overflow exploits pose a significant threat to cybersecurity and are often a key component of malware and cyber attacks. Therefore, software developers and system administrators should have knowledge of application security and design their applications properly to defend against these types of attacks.
As the number of web applications continues to grow, web security is becoming increasingly important. File inclusion attacks, specifically Remote File Inclusion (RFI) and Local File Inclusion (LFI), are se- rious threats to web security. Exploiting RFI and LFI vulnerabilities can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, exposing web- sites to additional risks, and full system compromise. We will provide a comprehensive overview of RFI and LFI, including an explanation of the attack types and potential risks. We also demonstrate the pro- cess of RFI and LFI exploitation scenarios. The paper concludes by providing insights on how to prevent RFI and LFI attacks with code illustrations and best practices for secure coding.
This Azure DevOps Security Guide, prepared for Secure Debug Limited, provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring a secure and compliant Azure DevOps environment. The guide covers various aspects of security, including access control, network security, code security, and continuous monitoring.
Key points addressed in this guide include:
1. Managing users and groups using Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to define and enforce granular permissions.
2. Applying the principle of least privilege for granting permissions to minimize potential risks.
3. Regularly reviewing user accounts and disabling unnecessary accounts to reduce the attack surface.
4. Implementing strong authentication with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to protect against unauthorized access.
5. Integrating centralized identity management using Single Sign-On (SSO) and Azure Active Directory.
6. Reducing authentication risks using risk-based policies and Azure AD Identity Protection integration.
7. Restricting access with IP-based network security groups and private networks.
8. Establishing secure communication with on-premises systems using VPN or
ExpressRoute.
9. Protecting and routing network traffic with Azure DDoS Protection and Azure Firewall.
10. Applying code review processes and utilizing static and dynamic code analysis tools
for vulnerability detection.
11. Establishing secure coding standards and ensuring dependency security.
12. Incorporating security controls and automated tests in Build and Release pipelines.
13. Securing agents with trusted agent pools and implementing Git branch policies and
pull request reviews for code security.
14. Storing credentials, certificates, and access keys securely in Azure Key Vault and
configuring access for Azure DevOps pipelines.
15. Monitoring changes using Azure DevOps audit logs for security, compliance, and
operational awareness.
16. Continuously tracking and improving security posture with Azure Policy and Azure
Security Center.
17. Conducting internal and external security audits and penetration tests for evaluation
and continuous improvement.
18. Regularly review and update the security configurations of your Azure DevOps
services, resources, and tools.
19. Implement secure baselines for your Azure resources and enforce them consistently
across your environment.
20. Use Azure Policy to define and enforce security configurations across your Azure
resources.
21. Continuously monitor configuration changes and assess their impact on your security
posture.
22. Implement a robust backup and recovery strategy for your critical data, including
source code, artifacts, and configuration data.
23. Use Azure Backup and Azure Site Recovery to protect your data and applications.
24. Regularly test your data recovery processes to ensure they are effective and up to
date.
25. Establish a disaster recovery plan to minimize downtime and data loss in case of a
security breach or system failure.
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Phishing, Smishing and vishing_ How these cyber attacks work and how to preve...Okan YILDIZ
Smishing and vishing are phishing attacks that lure victims via SMS messages and voice calls. Both rely on the same emotional appeals employed in traditional phishing scams and are designed to drive you into urgent action. The difference is the delivery method.
“Cyberthieves can apply manipulation techniques to many forms of communication because the underlying principles remain constant,” explains security awareness leader Stu Sjouwerman, CEO of KnowBe4. “Lure victims with bait and then catch them with hooks.”
OS Command Injection is a type of cyber attack that involves injecting mali- cious code into a legitimate system command. This allows the attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or to manipulate system functions. The attack is possible when an application does not properly validate user in- put, allowing the attacker to insert arbitrary commands that are executed by the operating system.
OS Command Injection attack can include data loss, system compromise, and loss of trust in the affected organization. In some cases, the attack can even lead to financial losses or legal repercussions.
This article discusses Command Injection attacks, what vulnerable appli- cations are and how to exploit the vulnerability, and finally, how to prevent attacks by writing safe codes.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).pdfOkan YILDIZ
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) transmits voice and multimedia content over an internet connection. VoIP allows users to make voice calls from a computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, special VoIP phones and WebRTC-enabled browsers. VoIP is a valuable technology for consumers and businesses, as it typically includes additional features that can't be found on standard phone services. These features include call recording, custom caller ID, and voicemail to e-mail. It is also helpful to organizations as a way to unify communications.
The process works similarly to a regular phone, but VoIP uses an internet connection instead of a telephone company's wiring. VoIP is enabled by a group of technologies and methodologies to deliver voice communications over the internet, including enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.
A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data and then send that data through the internet. If another user calls from a regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal before reaching that user.
VoIP can also route incoming and outgoing calls through existing telephone networks. However, some VoIP services may only work over a computer or VoIP phone.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
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XSS.pdf
1. Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Ilgaz Senyuz, Okan Yildiz
December 13, 2022
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be-
coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability,
abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS
vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec-
tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This
article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de-
signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS
exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at-
tacks with code illustrations.
1
3. 1 Introduction to Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks are a type of injection in which
malicious scripts are injected into usually harmless and trusted web-
sites. These scripts are executed by unsuspecting users who visit the
compromised website or interact with the web application. The end
user’s browser has no way to know that the script should not be trusted
and executes the malicious script. Because it thinks the script is from a
trusted web application, the malicious script could gain access to cook-
ies, session tokens, or other sensitive information held by the browser
and use them however the cyber-attacker intends to.
Exposure to these attacks may occur wherever a web application uses
input from a user without properly validating or sanitizing it. XSS at-
tacks are one of the most common web-based attacks and yet, almost
65% of the web applications are guessed to be XSS vulnerable since
web developers may not be aware of the risks of XSS and may not
take the necessary steps to protect their applications from this type of
attack.
XSS attacks can be used to steal sensitive information, such as pass-
words and credit card numbers, or to perform unauthorized actions
on a website, such as modifying or deleting data. In addition to the
risks to users, XSS attacks can also damage a website’s reputation and
credibility, which can be difficult to recover from.
3
4. 2 XSS Attack Types
There are three main types of XSS attacks: reflected, stored, and
DOM-based. Each type of attack has its own unique characteristics
and can be exploited in different ways.
2.1 Reflected XSS
Reflected XSS is the most common type of XSS attack. It is typi-
cally encountered when user input is displayed on the screen without
undergoing any validation. In other words, it occurs when user input
is directly echoed back to the user without being properly sanitized.
In a reflected XSS attack, an attacker injects a malicious script into
a vulnerable web page. This script is then executed when a user ac-
cesses the page, allowing the attacker to steal sensitive information or
perform other harmful actions.
To carry out a reflected XSS attack, the attacker must first find a
vulnerable web page that allows user input without proper validation
and sanitization. They can then craft a URL that includes their ma-
licious script and send it to potential victims through email, social
media, or other means. If a victim clicks on the malicious link, the
injected script will be executed in their browser, allowing the attacker
to access sensitive information or perform other harmful actions.
4
5. Figure 1: Reflected XSS Scenario
2.2 Stored XSS
Stored XSS attacks occur when an attacker injects malicious code
into a website’s database or other persistent storage. This code is then
executed whenever an innocent user accesses the relevant section of the
website, allowing the attacker to steal sensitive information or perform
other malicious actions.
Stored XSS attacks are particularly dangerous because the code is
stored on the website and can be executed by multiple users over a long
period of time. Unlike reflected XSS, it may reach every user without
phishing attacks. This can allow the attacker to steal a large amount
of sensitive information or to perform a large number of unauthorized
actions. These attacks can be difficult to detect, as the malicious code
is stored on the website’s server.
5
6. Figure 2: Stored XSS Scenario
2.3 DOM-based XSS
DOM is an internal data structure that stores all objects and prop-
erties of a web page. For example, each tag used in HTML code rep-
resents a DOM object. Additionally, it contains information about
properties such as a web page’s DOM, page URL, and meta infor-
mation. Using JavaScript, developers can reference these objects and
properties and change them dynamically.
The Document Object Model is what enables dynamic, single-page ap-
plications. However, this is what makes DOM-based cross-site script-
6
7. ing possible.
DOM-based XSS attacks can be either DOM-based Reflected XSS or
DOM-based Stored XSS attacks.
3 Risks Caused by XSS
XSS attacks can have serious consequences for both website owners
and users. Some of the risks associated with XSS include:
3.1 Session Hijacking
One of the most common and dangerous risks associated with XSS
attacks is session hijacking. This occurs when an attacker is able to
gain access to a user’s web browser session, allowing them to access sen-
sitive information or perform unauthorized actions on the user’s behalf.
This can be particularly damaging for websites that handle sensitive
information, such as financial or medical data, as the attacker can steal
this information or use it to perform fraudulent transactions.
3.2 Capturing Keystrokes
XSS attacks can also be used to capture a user’s keystrokes, allow-
ing the attacker to steal sensitive information, such as passwords and
credit card numbers. This can be done by using a malicious script to
record the user’s keystrokes and then transmitting that information to
7
8. the attacker. This can be particularly dangerous, as users may not be
aware that their keystrokes are being recorded, and they may continue
to use the website or web application without realizing that their sen-
sitive information has been stolen.
3.3 Compromising the Security of a Website
XSS attacks can also be used to compromise the security of a website,
allowing the attacker to gain access to sensitive information or make
other changes to the web application. This may disrupt the normal
functioning of a website, which can lead to a poor user experience and
damage the reputation of the affected web page.
4 How to Exploit XSS Vulnerabilities
4.1 Reflected XSS
Figure 3: Back-end code
Without further explanation, let’s look at the back-end code of a
search page. This code block takes the value of the search parameter
8
9. of the GET method and passes it to the template file as a parameter
so that it can be used when rendering the xss.html template file. The
template is a special concept in Django that allows us to use the Django
Template language in an HTML file, but I do not want to distract you
with Django syntax. Currently, this code only prints the search on the
website, it does not provide any search function, we will come to that
later.
9
10. Figure 4: xss.html code
This is a code snippet from the xss.html file where the searched
word is printed to the user. If the search parameter exists, the search
value is displayed on the screen. Otherwise, an empty div element is
rendered.
10
11. Figure 5: Search Page
Our web page looks like this. We know that the application prints
the searched word directly on the page, but let’s test it. The < b >
tag is an HTML tag used to make words bold. Let’s see if the tag will
maintain its function. Yes, the sentence inside the ’< b >’ tag was
Figure 6: Observing HTML tags are directly echoed
printed in bold. Now let’s write an alert script into the input field.
The alert function is very easy to test because it displays a warning on
the screen when it is executed. Therefore, it is often used to test for
XSS vulnerabilities.
11
12. Figure 7: Executing alert function
As you can see, the alert function also worked successfully. Our
web page looks quite insecure. Now, for the attacker to complete the
attack, they need to craft a URL that will execute the script they
want when the user clicks on the link. Since we have already seen the
back-end code, we know that the parameter name is ’search’, but let’s
look at how someone who knows nothing about the source code can
prepare it. We go to the network tab of the browser’s ’developer tools’
settings. The network tab only starts recording after it is opened so
it is important to open the network tab first. Then we search for any
word using the search bar and we see that a query goes to the backend
with a
{http:///localhost:8000/?search=my_search_input}
request. As you can notice, after a question mark, ’search’ and equal
sign, the request is followed by the word we searched for. This means
that if we prepare such a URL by hand, the script written in it will be
executed when the URL is visited by an end-user.
We changed the URL a little bit and it is ready:
12
13. http://localhost:8000/?search=<script>alert("1");</script>
With the URL we prepared, let’s test it right away.
Figure 8: Executing alert function from URL
Bingo! The attacker has everything they need to initiate a reflected
XSS attack. Unlike our harmless script, their script won’t execute
the alert script for sure! Since the end-users browser will think that
this script is started by the website it trusts, it will have access to
everything, such as the user’s cookies. All that remains is to distribute
this URL to people in different ways, but it isn’t our topic today.
4.2 Stored XSS
We are here again with the same web page we used in the reflected XSS
demonstration. This time there is a section for the user to register.
The search button also searches users by username and now prints the
results.
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15. Figure 10: User Register Implementation
As you can see, username and password attributes from the post
request are retrieved and directly inserted into the user table in the
database. Let’s verify that registration is XSS prone by testing it with
an illegal username and then checking the database.
Figure 11: Stored XSS Injection
15
16. Figure 12: Verifying Injected Username
What a shame! The input taken from the user has been directly
transferred to the database as it is. Before checking if retrieving this
user via the search button executes the injected script or not, let’s
examine the corresponding code snippets.
Figure 13: Implementation of User Retrieving
Usernames are fetched from the database and displayed in the
browser without going through any validation.
16
17. s
Figure 14: Implementation of User Displaying
Now let’s verify the injected XSS script is being executed while
retrieving usernames using the search button.
Figure 15: Verifying Injected Username
Bingo! We searched for the keyword ”al”. Then the search func-
tion got the corrupted username because it contained the string ”al”
and the browser tried to print it. However, no precaution was taken
against XSS attacks and the potentially malicious script was executed.
Stored XSS attacks are much more dangerous than reflected XSS at-
tacks. Imagine the most popular social media platform and assume
that one of its usernames contains a malicious script. Each user’s
17
18. browser will unwittingly run the dangerous script in the stored user-
name. The consequences would be a real disaster.
4.3 DOM-based XSS
Figure 16: Web Page with Select Language Component
As I mentioned earlier, there exists both reflected and stored DOM-
based XSS attacks. Today we will examine the reflected DOM-based
XSS attacks. Our default web page is back again, with a slight change.
Now there is a new language selection section. Let’s inspect the source
code of this language component.
18
19. Figure 17: Source Code of Language Component
Briefly, this code gives the user choice to select from 3 languages.
The decoded value of the default query parameter in the current URL
is selected by default. This value is obtained by using the substring
and indexOfmethods to extract the substring of the URL that comes
after ”default=”, and then using the decodeURIComponent function
to decode the URL-encoded value.
The first line of code is potentially unsafe because it uses the doc-
ument.write method to insert content into the current web page. This
can be a security issue since it allows an attacker to potentially inject
malicious code into the page that could be executed by other users
who visit the site. Additionally, the decodeURIComponent function
is used to decode the URL of the current page, which could allow to
manipulation of the URL in such a way as to inject malicious code into
the page. So let’s manipulate it!
Since the value of the default parameter in the URL is created as
a DOM element in the HTML page, we are going to replace the value
English with a script of our choice.
19
20. Figure 18: DOM-based XSS
It seems worked! Since it is a DOM-based reflected XSS attack, the
attacker must need to distribute this URL after this step. Since DOM-
based is a very general name, basically anything caused by DOM, there
can be limitless examples of this type of attack. Any modified or ren-
dered DOM element from user input without validating and sanitizing
may result in such vulnerability.
5 How to Prevent XSS Attacks
In this section, we will discuss how to prevent XSS attacks, mention
general prevention techniques, and finally fix the codes we exploited.
• Input should be validated as strictly as possible on arrival, given
the kind of content that it is expected to contain. However,
input validation is not a foolproof method for preventing cross-
site scripting (XSS) attacks, as it only checks user-provided input
to ensure that it meets certain criteria and is in the expected
format. It does not guarantee that an attacker will not be able
to inject malicious code into your web application. Therefore,
while input validation is a useful security measure, it should not
be relied upon as the only method for preventing XSS attacks.
20
21. • Output Encoding should be used when you need to safely dis-
play data exactly as a user typed it in. Variables should not be
interpreted as code instead of text.
Start with using your framework’s default output encoding pro-
tection when you wish to display data as the user typed it in.
Automatic encoding and escaping functions are built into most
frameworks.
If you’re not using a framework or need to cover gaps in the
framework then you should use an output encoding library. Each
variable used in the user interface should be passed through an
output encoding function. A list of output encoding libraries is
included in the appendix.
There are many different output encoding methods because browsers
parse HTML, JS, URLs, and CSS differently. Using the wrong
encoding method may introduce weaknesses or harm the func-
tionality of your application.
• Output encoding is not sufficient either. It will not always pre-
vent XSS and these locations are known as dangerous contexts.
Dangerous contexts include:
<script>Directly in a script</script>
<!-- Inside an HTML comment -->
<style>Directly in CSS</style>
<div ToDefineAnAttribute=test />
<ToDefineATag href="/test" />
Other areas to be careful of include Callback functions where
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22. URLs are handled in code such as:
CSS { background-url : javascript:alert(xss)"; }
All JavaScript event handlers:
(onclick(), onerror(), onmouseover()).
Unsafe JS functions like eval(), setInterval(), setTimeout()
Don’t place variables into dangerous contexts as even with output
encoding since it will not prevent an XSS attack fully.
• The most effective way to avoid DOM-based cross-site script-
ing vulnerabilities is not to dynamically write data from any
untrusted source into the HTML document. If the desired func-
tionality of the application means that this behavior is unavoid-
able, then defenses must be implemented within the client-side
code to prevent malicious data from introducing script code into
the document. In many cases, the relevant data can be validated
on a whitelist basis, to allow only content that is known to be
safe. In other cases, it will be necessary to sanitize or encode the
data. This can be a complex task, and depending on the context
that the data to be inserted may need to involve a combination
of JavaScript escaping, HTML encoding, and URL encoding, in
the appropriate sequence.
• Use appropriate response headers. Response headers such as
Content-Type and X-Content-Type-Options can help prevent cross-
site scripting (XSS) attacks by instructing the browser how to
handle certain types of data. The Content-Type header tells the
22
23. browser the media type, or MIME type, of the resource being
sent, while the X-Content-Type-Options header prevents MIME
sniffing, which can be used by attackers to inject malicious code.
By setting these headers appropriately, you can ensure that the
browser handles the data it receives in an intended way and does
not execute any malicious code.
• The Content-Security-Policy (CSP) response header is used to
specify which domains are allowed to serve resources, such as
JavaScript, CSS, and other types of media, to the browser. This
can help prevent attackers from injecting malicious code into a
web page by serving it from a different domain.
For example, if a web page only uses JavaScript from the do-
main example.com, the Content-Security-Policy header could be
set to script-src example.com to instruct the browser to only
execute JavaScript from that domain. Any attempts to exe-
cute JavaScript from a different domain would be blocked by
the browser.
In addition to preventing XSS attacks, the Content-Security-
Policy header can also be used to prevent other types of attacks,
such as clickjacking and cross-site request forgery (CSRF). By
carefully configuring the Content-Security-Policy header, you can
help protect your web site from a variety of attacks.
Additionally, website owners and developers should keep their software
and applications up to date, as new vulnerabilities are often discovered
and addressed in updates. This can help to prevent XSS attacks and
other security vulnerabilities by ensuring that the website or web ap-
plication is using the latest security patches and fixes.
23
24. Now let’s try to make the codes we exploited more secure against XSS
attacks:
24
25. Figure 19: Language Selection
Figure 20: More Secure Language Selection
We simply used Javascript’s built-in escape function which replaces
possible dangerous characters with escape sequences. Escape sequences
are good examples of sanitizing.
25
26. Figure 21: Get Users Function
Figure 22: More Secure Get Users Function
We used Django’s built-in escape function to sanitize input.
26
27. Figure 23: Search Function
Figure 24: More Secure Search Function
Again we used Django’s escape function.
27
28. Figure 25: Displaying Searched Keyword
Figure 26: Displaying Searched Keyword Securely
We first validated the user input with regex, and then instead of
directly rendering an HTML element with user input, we use the text()
function.
Please mind that we took only very simple measures. To ensure
full security against XSS, all the steps we described at the beginning
of this section must be provided altogether.
28
29. 6 Attempt to Exploit More Secure Code
Since we made our implementations more secure against XSS attacks,
now it’s time to check the scenarios we apply while exploiting XSS
vulnerabilities in section 4.
Checking our search bar against reflected XSS first:
Figure 27: Displaying Searched Keyword Securely
After the HTML tag is detected in the search query, the search
keyword is not echoed back.
29
30. Figure 28: Retrieving Users Securely
Remember that we had a user with a username containing a script.
We searched for this user and their username is printed, but thanks to
our sanitization it is unexecutable by the browser and alert functions
didn’t execute.
Figure 29: DOM-based XSS Check
And our final attempt fails too. We provided a script as a value
of the default language parameter. But as you see our escape imple-
30
31. mentation replaces the possibly dangerous HTML tags with escape
sequences and once again the alert function didn’t execute.
31