Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
A Multidimensional View of Critical Web Application Security Risks: A Novel '...Cognizant
An actionable guide for website application developers to successfully ward off threats to vulnerabilities in a range of functionalities: user authentication, payment records, cross-site scripting, search, registration, file loading and privilege escalation.
A Multidimensional View of Critical Web Application Security Risks: A Novel '...Cognizant
An actionable guide for website application developers to successfully ward off threats to vulnerabilities in a range of functionalities: user authentication, payment records, cross-site scripting, search, registration, file loading and privilege escalation.
System and Enterprise Security Project - Penetration TestingBiagio Botticelli
Final Project of the System and Enterprise Security course of the Master Degree in Engineering in Computer Science at University of Rome "La Sapienza".
The report explain which are the goals of Penetration Testing introducing three different attacks (Brute Force, SQL Injection and Command Injection), how to set up a virtualized lab using the Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) VM.
Survey on detecting and preventing web application broken access control attacksIJECEIAES
Web applications are an essential component of the current wide range of digital services proposition including financial and governmental services as well as social networking and communications. Broken access control vulnerabilities pose a huge risk to that echo system because they allow the attacker to circumvent the allocated permissions and rights and perform actions that he is not authorized to perform. This paper gives a broad survey of the current research progress on approaches used to detect access control vulnerabilities exploitations and attacks in web application components. It categorizes these approaches based on their key techniques and compares the different detection methods in addition to evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We also spotted and elaborated on some exciting research gaps found in the current literature, Finally, the paper summarizes the general detection approaches and suggests potential research directions for the future.
Application security is the use of hardware, software and procedural methods in order to protect applications from internal or external threats. As more and more applications are becoming accessible over networks, they are being exposed to a wide variety of threats as well.
HOST PROTECTION USING PROCESS WHITE-LISTING, DECEPTION AND REPUTATION SERVICESAM Publications,India
The Internet or World Wide Web has become prominent platform for business and commerce and is witnessing user growth with increased penetration of mobile Internet. Huge traffic is being generated, some of it being legitimate and the rest being malicious. Hence the implementation and maintenance of Information Security programs is been done .In the age of the Internet, protecting our information has become just as important as protecting our property. Malware authors have found and exploited new zero-day vulnerabilities resulting in damage to end-user system. Ransomware, a malware that has taken malware attacks to a new level by locking files of the affected user and demand Bitcoin payment to unlock those files. On the other hand the Volume and frequency of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have increased. Many unpatched machines without the knowledge of its owners have become a part of Botnets which carry out DDoS attacks. This paper focuses on strategies to be adopted to protect individual hosts from malware attacks and other types of intrusions using Deception, White-Listing and Reputation Services.
Risk and Threat Assessment Report Anthony WolfBSA 5.docxmalbert5
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
Anthony Wolf
BSA/ 520
May 11th, 2020
Jeffery McDonough
Running head: RISK AND THREAT ASSESSMENT REPORT
1
RISK AND THREAT ASSESMENT REPORT
2
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
The rise of innovation and technological advancement has affected the aspects of technology in different ways. Improvement of software and operating systems gives hackers a reason to strive and develop more complex forms of overweighing security measures on those applications. Traditional application security best practices and secure coding are often recommended in protecting different applications against runtime attacks.
Runtime application self-protection is an emerging application in the protection of software applications, data, and databases. The increase in attacks has triggered the development of security technology that is linked or build into an application runtime environment. Besides, database deployment is safeguarded by run time application self-protection that can control the execution of applications, detecting, and preventing real-time attacks. The threats and risks associated with operating systems, networks, and software systems are significant concerns to users.
The internet has changed how people do their businesses. With the growth of e-commerce and other online transactions, there has been a subsequent increase in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. There are different types of e-commerce threats and might be accidental, deliberately done by perpetrators, or occur due to human error. The most prevalent threats are money theft, unprotected services, credit card fraud, hacking, data misuse, and phishing attacks. Heats associated with online transactions can be prevented or reduced by keeping the credit cards safe. Consumers/customers should be advised to avoid carrying their credit cards in their wallets since they increase the chances of misplacement. Each buyer should be cautious when using their you’re their online credit information.
The advancement in technology has seen an increase in online transactions. The practice of doing business transactions via the internet is called e-commerce. Their growth has subsequently lead to the rise in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. E-commerce is the activity of conducting transactions via the internet. Internet transactions can be drawn on various technologies, including internet marketing, electronic data exchanges, automated data collection systems, electronic fund transfer, and mobile commerce.
Online transaction threats occur by using the internet for unfair means with the aim of fraud, security breach, and stealing. The use of electronic payment systems has a substantial risk of fraud. It uses the identity of a customer to authorize a payment like security questions and passwords. If someone accesses a customer's password, he will gain access to his accounts and.
Intrusion detection architecture for different network attackseSAT Journals
Abstract Now these days most of the work is carried out by internet. So web application becomes important part of today’s life, such as online banking, social networking, online shopping, enabling communication and management of personal information. So web services now have shifted to multi-tier design to accommodate this increase in web application and data complexity. Due to this high use of web application networks attacks increased with malicious purpose. DoubleGuard is an Intrusion Detection System helps to detect and prevent the networks attacks. DoubleGuard is able to find out attacks after checking web and database requests. Along with this, in this paper adding one more level that is admin, it is responsible for the training to the system, log generation, blacklist and employee entry. This IDS system provides security to prevent both the web server and database server. Key Words: DoubleGuard; Web Application; Multitier; IDS; Attacks.
Web application vulnerabilities involve a system flaw or weakness in a web-based application. They have been around for years, largely due to not validating or sanitizing form inputs, misconfigured web servers, and application design flaws, and they can be exploited to compromise the application's security.
Phishing is the fraudulent acquisition of personal information like username, password, credit card information, etc. by tricking an individual into believing that the attacker is a trustworthy entity. It is affecting all the major sector of industry day by day with lots of misuse of user’s credentials. So in today
online environment we need to protect the data from phishing and safeguard our information, which can be done through anti-phishing tools. Currently there are many freely available anti-phishing browser extensions tools that warns user when they are browsing a suspected phishing site. In this paper we did a literature survey of some of the commonly and popularly used anti-phishing browser extensions by reviewing the existing anti-phishing techniques along with their merits and demerits.
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
In this article, we explore the path traversal attacks, also known as directory traversal attacks, and the potential harm they can cause to a system. We begin with an introduction to path traversal, explaining what it is and how attackers can exploit it to gain unauthorized access to files and directories. We then dive into the different techniques that can be used to exploit path traversal, including manipulating file paths and using encoding techniques. To prevent these attacks, we discuss several best practices, such as input validation and path normaliza- tion. Finally, we provide examples of more secure code and discuss how developers can implement these practices to strengthen their ap- plication’s defenses against path traversal attacks. Whether you’re a developer, a security professional, or just interested in learning more about cyber-security, this article provides valuable insights into one of the most common types of web application vulnerabilities.
System and Enterprise Security Project - Penetration TestingBiagio Botticelli
Final Project of the System and Enterprise Security course of the Master Degree in Engineering in Computer Science at University of Rome "La Sapienza".
The report explain which are the goals of Penetration Testing introducing three different attacks (Brute Force, SQL Injection and Command Injection), how to set up a virtualized lab using the Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) VM.
Survey on detecting and preventing web application broken access control attacksIJECEIAES
Web applications are an essential component of the current wide range of digital services proposition including financial and governmental services as well as social networking and communications. Broken access control vulnerabilities pose a huge risk to that echo system because they allow the attacker to circumvent the allocated permissions and rights and perform actions that he is not authorized to perform. This paper gives a broad survey of the current research progress on approaches used to detect access control vulnerabilities exploitations and attacks in web application components. It categorizes these approaches based on their key techniques and compares the different detection methods in addition to evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We also spotted and elaborated on some exciting research gaps found in the current literature, Finally, the paper summarizes the general detection approaches and suggests potential research directions for the future.
Application security is the use of hardware, software and procedural methods in order to protect applications from internal or external threats. As more and more applications are becoming accessible over networks, they are being exposed to a wide variety of threats as well.
HOST PROTECTION USING PROCESS WHITE-LISTING, DECEPTION AND REPUTATION SERVICESAM Publications,India
The Internet or World Wide Web has become prominent platform for business and commerce and is witnessing user growth with increased penetration of mobile Internet. Huge traffic is being generated, some of it being legitimate and the rest being malicious. Hence the implementation and maintenance of Information Security programs is been done .In the age of the Internet, protecting our information has become just as important as protecting our property. Malware authors have found and exploited new zero-day vulnerabilities resulting in damage to end-user system. Ransomware, a malware that has taken malware attacks to a new level by locking files of the affected user and demand Bitcoin payment to unlock those files. On the other hand the Volume and frequency of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have increased. Many unpatched machines without the knowledge of its owners have become a part of Botnets which carry out DDoS attacks. This paper focuses on strategies to be adopted to protect individual hosts from malware attacks and other types of intrusions using Deception, White-Listing and Reputation Services.
Risk and Threat Assessment Report Anthony WolfBSA 5.docxmalbert5
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
Anthony Wolf
BSA/ 520
May 11th, 2020
Jeffery McDonough
Running head: RISK AND THREAT ASSESSMENT REPORT
1
RISK AND THREAT ASSESMENT REPORT
2
Risk and Threat Assessment Report
The rise of innovation and technological advancement has affected the aspects of technology in different ways. Improvement of software and operating systems gives hackers a reason to strive and develop more complex forms of overweighing security measures on those applications. Traditional application security best practices and secure coding are often recommended in protecting different applications against runtime attacks.
Runtime application self-protection is an emerging application in the protection of software applications, data, and databases. The increase in attacks has triggered the development of security technology that is linked or build into an application runtime environment. Besides, database deployment is safeguarded by run time application self-protection that can control the execution of applications, detecting, and preventing real-time attacks. The threats and risks associated with operating systems, networks, and software systems are significant concerns to users.
The internet has changed how people do their businesses. With the growth of e-commerce and other online transactions, there has been a subsequent increase in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. There are different types of e-commerce threats and might be accidental, deliberately done by perpetrators, or occur due to human error. The most prevalent threats are money theft, unprotected services, credit card fraud, hacking, data misuse, and phishing attacks. Heats associated with online transactions can be prevented or reduced by keeping the credit cards safe. Consumers/customers should be advised to avoid carrying their credit cards in their wallets since they increase the chances of misplacement. Each buyer should be cautious when using their you’re their online credit information.
The advancement in technology has seen an increase in online transactions. The practice of doing business transactions via the internet is called e-commerce. Their growth has subsequently lead to the rise in internet risk threats that are commonly occasioned by hacking and malware attacks. E-commerce is the activity of conducting transactions via the internet. Internet transactions can be drawn on various technologies, including internet marketing, electronic data exchanges, automated data collection systems, electronic fund transfer, and mobile commerce.
Online transaction threats occur by using the internet for unfair means with the aim of fraud, security breach, and stealing. The use of electronic payment systems has a substantial risk of fraud. It uses the identity of a customer to authorize a payment like security questions and passwords. If someone accesses a customer's password, he will gain access to his accounts and.
Intrusion detection architecture for different network attackseSAT Journals
Abstract Now these days most of the work is carried out by internet. So web application becomes important part of today’s life, such as online banking, social networking, online shopping, enabling communication and management of personal information. So web services now have shifted to multi-tier design to accommodate this increase in web application and data complexity. Due to this high use of web application networks attacks increased with malicious purpose. DoubleGuard is an Intrusion Detection System helps to detect and prevent the networks attacks. DoubleGuard is able to find out attacks after checking web and database requests. Along with this, in this paper adding one more level that is admin, it is responsible for the training to the system, log generation, blacklist and employee entry. This IDS system provides security to prevent both the web server and database server. Key Words: DoubleGuard; Web Application; Multitier; IDS; Attacks.
Web application vulnerabilities involve a system flaw or weakness in a web-based application. They have been around for years, largely due to not validating or sanitizing form inputs, misconfigured web servers, and application design flaws, and they can be exploited to compromise the application's security.
Phishing is the fraudulent acquisition of personal information like username, password, credit card information, etc. by tricking an individual into believing that the attacker is a trustworthy entity. It is affecting all the major sector of industry day by day with lots of misuse of user’s credentials. So in today
online environment we need to protect the data from phishing and safeguard our information, which can be done through anti-phishing tools. Currently there are many freely available anti-phishing browser extensions tools that warns user when they are browsing a suspected phishing site. In this paper we did a literature survey of some of the commonly and popularly used anti-phishing browser extensions by reviewing the existing anti-phishing techniques along with their merits and demerits.
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
In this article, we explore the path traversal attacks, also known as directory traversal attacks, and the potential harm they can cause to a system. We begin with an introduction to path traversal, explaining what it is and how attackers can exploit it to gain unauthorized access to files and directories. We then dive into the different techniques that can be used to exploit path traversal, including manipulating file paths and using encoding techniques. To prevent these attacks, we discuss several best practices, such as input validation and path normaliza- tion. Finally, we provide examples of more secure code and discuss how developers can implement these practices to strengthen their ap- plication’s defenses against path traversal attacks. Whether you’re a developer, a security professional, or just interested in learning more about cyber-security, this article provides valuable insights into one of the most common types of web application vulnerabilities.
A buffer overflow exploit is a security vulnerability that occurs when an application receives more data than expected, causing it to fill up memory space and even crash the program. Through this vulnerability, an attacker can run malicious code on the target application and take control of the system.
Buffer overflow exploits often stem from programming errors, incomplete input validation processes, or weaknesses in the data structures used in the program. These vulnerabilities allow attackers to gain control over an application.
Buffer overflow exploits pose a significant threat to cybersecurity and are often a key component of malware and cyber attacks. Therefore, software developers and system administrators should have knowledge of application security and design their applications properly to defend against these types of attacks.
As the number of web applications continues to grow, web security is becoming increasingly important. File inclusion attacks, specifically Remote File Inclusion (RFI) and Local File Inclusion (LFI), are se- rious threats to web security. Exploiting RFI and LFI vulnerabilities can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, exposing web- sites to additional risks, and full system compromise. We will provide a comprehensive overview of RFI and LFI, including an explanation of the attack types and potential risks. We also demonstrate the pro- cess of RFI and LFI exploitation scenarios. The paper concludes by providing insights on how to prevent RFI and LFI attacks with code illustrations and best practices for secure coding.
This Azure DevOps Security Guide, prepared for Secure Debug Limited, provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring a secure and compliant Azure DevOps environment. The guide covers various aspects of security, including access control, network security, code security, and continuous monitoring.
Key points addressed in this guide include:
1. Managing users and groups using Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to define and enforce granular permissions.
2. Applying the principle of least privilege for granting permissions to minimize potential risks.
3. Regularly reviewing user accounts and disabling unnecessary accounts to reduce the attack surface.
4. Implementing strong authentication with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to protect against unauthorized access.
5. Integrating centralized identity management using Single Sign-On (SSO) and Azure Active Directory.
6. Reducing authentication risks using risk-based policies and Azure AD Identity Protection integration.
7. Restricting access with IP-based network security groups and private networks.
8. Establishing secure communication with on-premises systems using VPN or
ExpressRoute.
9. Protecting and routing network traffic with Azure DDoS Protection and Azure Firewall.
10. Applying code review processes and utilizing static and dynamic code analysis tools
for vulnerability detection.
11. Establishing secure coding standards and ensuring dependency security.
12. Incorporating security controls and automated tests in Build and Release pipelines.
13. Securing agents with trusted agent pools and implementing Git branch policies and
pull request reviews for code security.
14. Storing credentials, certificates, and access keys securely in Azure Key Vault and
configuring access for Azure DevOps pipelines.
15. Monitoring changes using Azure DevOps audit logs for security, compliance, and
operational awareness.
16. Continuously tracking and improving security posture with Azure Policy and Azure
Security Center.
17. Conducting internal and external security audits and penetration tests for evaluation
and continuous improvement.
18. Regularly review and update the security configurations of your Azure DevOps
services, resources, and tools.
19. Implement secure baselines for your Azure resources and enforce them consistently
across your environment.
20. Use Azure Policy to define and enforce security configurations across your Azure
resources.
21. Continuously monitor configuration changes and assess their impact on your security
posture.
22. Implement a robust backup and recovery strategy for your critical data, including
source code, artifacts, and configuration data.
23. Use Azure Backup and Azure Site Recovery to protect your data and applications.
24. Regularly test your data recovery processes to ensure they are effective and up to
date.
25. Establish a disaster recovery plan to minimize downtime and data loss in case of a
security breach or system failure.
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Phishing, Smishing and vishing_ How these cyber attacks work and how to preve...Okan YILDIZ
Smishing and vishing are phishing attacks that lure victims via SMS messages and voice calls. Both rely on the same emotional appeals employed in traditional phishing scams and are designed to drive you into urgent action. The difference is the delivery method.
“Cyberthieves can apply manipulation techniques to many forms of communication because the underlying principles remain constant,” explains security awareness leader Stu Sjouwerman, CEO of KnowBe4. “Lure victims with bait and then catch them with hooks.”
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
OS Command Injection is a type of cyber attack that involves injecting mali- cious code into a legitimate system command. This allows the attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or to manipulate system functions. The attack is possible when an application does not properly validate user in- put, allowing the attacker to insert arbitrary commands that are executed by the operating system.
OS Command Injection attack can include data loss, system compromise, and loss of trust in the affected organization. In some cases, the attack can even lead to financial losses or legal repercussions.
This article discusses Command Injection attacks, what vulnerable appli- cations are and how to exploit the vulnerability, and finally, how to prevent attacks by writing safe codes.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).pdfOkan YILDIZ
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) transmits voice and multimedia content over an internet connection. VoIP allows users to make voice calls from a computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, special VoIP phones and WebRTC-enabled browsers. VoIP is a valuable technology for consumers and businesses, as it typically includes additional features that can't be found on standard phone services. These features include call recording, custom caller ID, and voicemail to e-mail. It is also helpful to organizations as a way to unify communications.
The process works similarly to a regular phone, but VoIP uses an internet connection instead of a telephone company's wiring. VoIP is enabled by a group of technologies and methodologies to deliver voice communications over the internet, including enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.
A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data and then send that data through the internet. If another user calls from a regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal before reaching that user.
VoIP can also route incoming and outgoing calls through existing telephone networks. However, some VoIP services may only work over a computer or VoIP phone.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
IDOR.pdf
1. Insecure Direct Object References
Talha Eroglu, Ilgaz Senyuz, Okan Yıldız
January 4, 2023
Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil-
ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references,
such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can
allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor-
mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen-
tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access
controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad-
equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un-
secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how
these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili-
ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize
user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive
objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications
for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential
threats.
1
4. 1 Introduction to Insecure Direct Object
References (IDOR)
IDOR vulnerabilities are a serious concern for organizations and in-
dividuals alike, as they can result in the compromise of sensitive data
and financial loss. These vulnerabilities occur when an application
exposes direct object references, such as file names or database keys,
in its user interface, allowing attackers to manipulate them to access
unauthorized data or functionality. IDOR vulnerabilities can be found
in a variety of applications, including web applications, mobile apps,
and desktop software.
To prevent IDOR vulnerabilities, developers must ensure that proper
security measures are in place for object references within their appli-
cations. This includes implementing access controls to verify that a
user is authorized to access a particular object, as well as encrypting
object references to make them more difficult to manipulate. It is also
crucial for developers to keep their software up to date, as new vulner-
abilities may be discovered and patches released to fix them.
The consequences of IDOR vulnerabilities can be severe, including
unauthorized access to sensitive data, financial loss, and damage to
an organization’s reputation. It is therefore essential for organizations
to take proactive measures to secure their applications and protect
against IDOR attacks. This includes implementing strong security
measures, regularly updating software, and providing education and
training to employees to help them identify and prevent potential vul-
nerabilities. By taking these steps, organizations can effectively safe-
4
5. guard their data and reduce the risk of suffering from the consequences
of IDOR vulnerabilities.
2 Common Types of IDOR
IDOR attacks can be classified in various ways, and it is possible to
divide them into different categories based on the method of attack
(URL tampering, body manipulation, etc.) and the types of direct
reference objects. In our case, We have chosen to divide IDOR attacks
into two categories: Direct Reference to Database Objects and Direct
Reference to Static Files.
2.1 Direct Reference to Database Objects
Direct reference to database objects is a type of (IDOR) vulnerability
that occurs when an application references database objects using user-
supplied input without proper validation. This can allow an attacker
to access sensitive data or manipulate database objects by altering the
user-supplied input.
Imagine that you have registered on a shopping website and have pro-
vided your personal information such as your address, email, and phone
number. You are then redirected to a page where you can review and
edit your information. On this page, you may see a link in the browser
bar that looks something like this:
example.com/user/details?id=2023
The ”2023” ID is a reference to an object that is stored in the database
5
6. when your account is created. In this example, your account is associ-
ated with the ID ”2023”.
However, what happens if you try to change the ID in the URL? It
is possible to access the details of other users on the website simply
by altering the ID in the URL. For instance, if you change the ID to
”2022”, you may be able to view the details of another user’s account.
This demonstrates that there is an ”Insecure Direct Object References”
vulnerability on the website.
To further illustrate this vulnerability, consider the following URLs:
example.com/user/profile?id=2023 (Your Account)
example.com/user/profile?id=2022 (Victim’s Account)
By exploiting the IDOR vulnerability, it is possible to retrieve in-
formation from the victim’s account simply by modifying the ID in the
URL. The server does not check user permissions when requests are
made, meaning that there is a broken access control on the website. As
a result, it is possible to read, edit, and delete the personal information
of all registered users by altering the ID in the URL.
6
7. Figure 1: Direct Reference to Database Objects Scenario
2.2 Direct Reference to Static Files
Direct reference to static files is another type of IDOR vulnerabil-
ity that occurs when an application references static files using user-
supplied input without proper validation. This can allow an attacker
to access sensitive files.
Now assume that a website stores sensitive information in /static/
files on the server-side file system. For example, when you make a pur-
chase on the website, a receipt.pdf file may be created. If you want to
retrieve this file, you can download it using a link that looks something
like the following:
example.com/static/receipt/205.pdf
7
8. However, an attacker can exploit this vulnerability by simply modifying
the filename in the URL like below:
example.com/static/receipt/200.pdf
By doing so, the attacker may be able to retrieve a receipt created by
another user and potentially gain access to sensitive information such
as user credentials.
Figure 2: Direct Reference to Static Files
8
9. 3 Risks Caused by IDOR
IDOR attacks can have serious consequences for both website owners
and users. Some of the risks associated with IDOR include:
3.1 Unauthorized Access to Sensitive Information
Insecure direct object references (IDOR) can occur when an applica-
tion references database objects or static files using user-supplied input
without proper validation. This can allow an attacker to access sen-
sitive information by altering the user-supplied input. For example,
an attacker could use an IDOR vulnerability to view other users’ ac-
count details, financial information, or personal data. This can lead
to serious privacy breaches and harm to individuals affected by the
breach.
3.2 Data Manipulation
In addition to allowing unauthorized access to sensitive information,
IDOR vulnerabilities can also allow attackers to manipulate data stored
in the application’s database. This can include modifying, deleting, or
adding new data. Data manipulation attacks can have serious conse-
quences, such as corrupting important records or disrupting business
operations. For example, an attacker could use an IDOR vulnerability
to change a user’s account balance or personal information, or delete
critical data from the database.
9
10. 3.3 Direct File Access
IDOR vulnerabilities can also allow attackers to directly access files
stored on the application’s server. This can include sensitive files such
as configuration files or log files, as well as static files such as images
or documents. Direct file access attacks can lead to sensitive informa-
tion leakage and potentially allow attackers to execute malicious code
on the server. For example, an attacker could use an IDOR vulner-
ability to download a server’s configuration file, which could contain
sensitive information such as database passwords. Alternatively, an
attacker could use an IDOR vulnerability to upload a malicious script
and execute it on the server.
3.4 Account Takeover
Finally, IDOR vulnerabilities can be exploited to gain unauthorized
access to user accounts. This can allow attackers to perform actions
on behalf of the compromised user, such as making purchases or access-
ing sensitive information. Account takeover attacks can have serious
consequences for both the affected user and the application. For exam-
ple, an attacker could use an IDOR vulnerability to take over a user’s
account and make unauthorized purchases using the user’s financial
information. Alternatively, an attacker could use a compromised ac-
count to access sensitive information or perform actions that damage
the user’s reputation.
10
11. 4 How to Exploit IDOR Vulnerabilities
4.1 Direct Reference to Database Objects
We have an e-commerce application built with React and Django stack
running on localhost with ports 3000 and 8000. Almost all of the code
is taken from the GitHub account JustDjango, you can find the relevant
repository in the references section. The website includes basic features
such as registering, logging in, adding products to the cart, and getting
billing and delivery information from the users.
Figure 3: E-commerce website
We begin by creating two accounts in order to verify that we can
access restricted information that we should not. We registered to the
e-commerce platform by creating 2 different users named talha and
11
12. ilgaz. After creating the accounts, We logged in as user ”ilgaz, and
start examining the requests and responses from the network tab. In
network tab we can easily obtain the user’s ID by accessing the
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/user-id/
endpoint in the profile menu on the website.
Figure 4: UserID of ”ilgaz” obtained from network tab
Figure 5: UserID of ”talha” obtained from network tab
With the user ID of the ”ilgaz” user in hand, we also retrieved the user
ID of the ”talha” user by repeating the same steps. By understanding
the way user IDs are assigned in an auto-incremented fashion, we were
able to formulate strategies for conducting an attack. Even if we could
not detect any pattern, we could find valid users using an enumeration
attack, which basically is a brute-force method to check if certain data
exists on a web server database.
12
13. Let’s go back to our topic. As shown in the above figures, when we
retrieve the user ID for the ”talha” user, we can see that user IDs are
assigned to users in an auto-incremented way.
From now on, we will use the features of our website to create
different shipping and billing addresses and orders for two users, and
begin searching for IDOR vulnerabilities.
As can be seen in the following figures, we have created different
addresses and orders.
Figure 6: Billing Addresses of Ilgaz
13
14. Figure 7: Payment History of Ilgaz
Figure 8: Billing Addresses of Talha
14
16. After logging in as the ”talha” user, we examine the requests made
using Burp Suite. We attempt to access ”ilgaz” users’ data using
related user ID. We open the intercept in the proxy tab in Burp Suite
and click on the profile menu on the website. We see that the data in
the profile is retrieved by a GET request to
localhost:8000/api/addresses
endpoint As shown in the figure, when we examine the request, we see
that no data is sent except for the CSRF token and address type. We
understand that the relevant user is matched with his/her own profile
via CSRF Token and a response is sent accordingly.
Figure 10: Address request
16
17. Leaving the address endpoint behind, we continue by examining
other requests via burp and browser. As shown in the figure below, we
can see that the requests made to the ”order-summary” and ”address”
endpoints are validated using the CSRF token and the response is sent
in the same way.
Figure 11: Other requests
17
18. At this point, we will create and update billing addresses while
Burpsuite intercept is active.
Figure 12: Creating new billing address for user ”talha”
Let’s turn intercept on and try to create a new Billing Address
for user ”talha”. As you can see in the below figure we are pass-
ing user and related address information to the request we sent to
/api/addresses/create/.
18
19. Figure 13: Intercepted request of new billing address
Knowing the user ID of ”ilgaz” (which we had determined was
assigned incrementally), we changed the user ID for ”talha” (3) to the
user ID for ”ilgaz” (5). After making this change, we submitted the
request from the top left button on the website. While we were able
to see a success message on the website, the newly created address did
not appear for the ”talha” user. This suggests that the new billing
address is indeed created, but for the user ”ilgaz”.
19
20. Figure 14: Successfuly created message
Now let’s log into the other account and see if our new address is
created under the other user’s profile.
20
21. Figure 15: Ilgaz’s account, address section
Bingo! It’s important to note that we were able to manipulate the
addresses in the ”ilgaz” user’s profile from ”talha” user without using
any private information. By providing integer payloads through Burp
Suite and blindly using the UserId attribute, we could create this ad-
dress information for any user.
At the beginning of the exploit part, we could not access the pro-
files of other users. But right now, we have a much more powerful
weapon than reading data. It is writing data! For the time being,
21
22. we can create profile data under another user. What if we could also
update the address information? If we can update address informa-
tion, we can change the user ID of any address to our own user ID
and may associate any information with our ”talha” user. This would
allow us to access all email addresses, phone numbers, payment, and
billing addresses in the system.
Let’s try to update random addresses so that they belgons to the
user ”talha”, by using enumeration method. We will demonstrate how
to use enumerated payloads to associate each address found in the sys-
tem, with the ”talha” user.”
22
23. First, to use update address endpoint, we will simply intercept
update billing address operation in ”talha” user.
Figure 16: Updating billing address of user ”talha”
23
24. Figure 17: Intercepted request of updating billing address
In intercepted request, we will right-click and send it to the in-
truder. Since we don’t want to update other users’ address fields. we
delete all of the parameters except ID and userID. We will relate the
following ID with our userId (3).
24
25. Figure 18: Intruder configurations
Since we are sending a PUT request to
api/addresses/"addressID"/update
,we need to set the AddressID part in the request URL and the ID part
in the parameters section as the ”payload position”. Since we want to
put the same payload in every payload position we use the Battering
Ram attack type, you can see the attack type and payload positions
in the above figure.
25
26. Figure 19: Payload configurations
From the Payloads Tab, we choose the Payload type as Numbers.
Since we don’t have too many addresses for this demo, we specify a
Number range of 0 to 20 with 1 step each. But in a real life case, an
attacker’s range will include millions! Without further talk, let’s start
our attack.
26
27. As seen in the figures below, Burpsuite sent 20 different payloads
and some of them resulted in a status of 200. When we visited the
profile of the user ”talha,” we were able to see the addresses of all
other users under ”talha”. What a shame!
Figure 20: Payload results
27
29. 4.2 Direct Reference to Static Files
We will continue with the example of direct reference to static files.
As you may remember from the previous figures, there is a section in
the payment history menu where the receipts of the payments can be
downloaded. If we download receipt number 5, we get the receipt for
our own order, as can be seen in the figures below .
Figure 22: Payment history of ”talha”
Figure 23: Receipt with ID=5
29
30. Let’s activate the intercept again in Burpsuite and examine the
requests and confirm whether we can access other users’ receipts. We
retrieve the relevant receipt using a get request send to
/127.0.0.1:8000/api/download/5
Here, we can also access other receipts by enumerating the receiptIDs,
but to save time, we will modify the request with an ID (3) that we
already know exists. When we look at the downloaded receipt, we see
that we have obtained the receipt that belongs to the ”ilgaz” user,
from the user ”talha”. Dangerous! (Below Figure)
Figure 24: Receipt with ID=3
I would like to remind you that we only reach this information by
guessing the receipt ID. In this way, we can access other users’ ad-
dresses, phone numbers and payment information along with random
receipt IDs via Burpsuite.
In the previous section, we classified IDOR into two common types
and in this section, we demonstrated how to exploit these types of
IDOR vulnerabilities in our test environment.
30
31. 5 Vulnerable Code Examples
The three classes and one function in the example are taken from our
test environment. As shown in the below figures, although the user’s
authentication status is checked, it is not verified whether the user has
access to the relevant address in address creation, updating, and dele-
tion.
Figure 25: Address views of Django
31
32. The authentication process is handled by Django as default. But
unfortunately download file function does not check whether the re-
ceipt being downloaded belongs to the user attempting to download
it.
Figure 26: Download function
32
33. 6 How to Prevent IDOR Attacks
6.1 Attempt to fix IDOR on the test environment
To fix this vulnerability, we can add a check to ensure that the user
making the request is authorized to update the specific address object
being modified. One way to do this is to override the perform update
method in our view and add a check to ensure that the user making
the request is the owner of the address being updated. This can be
done by adding a line like the following at the beginning of the perform
update method:
Figure 27: Possible way to check for user
33
34. An alternative approach is to use Python’s built-in ”request.user”
method. By filtering user objects with this method, we can retrieve
the relevant data for that user from the database. As shown in the
figures below, we have modified all functions that were vulnerable to
IDOR.
Figure 28: Second way to check for user
34
35. To ensure that the download receipts function is secure, we can
filter orders that belong to the requesting user and also have requested
order ID. This will guarantee that the user can only access their own
receipts.
Figure 29: Download receipt function
35
36. 6.2 General Methods for preventing IDOR
Randomizing the numbers assigned to reference objects, rather than
using a sequential numbering system, can help to reduce the risk of
IDOR vulnerabilities. However, this is not a complete solution and
other measures must be taken to fully protect against these types of
attacks. Even using unique identifiers like UUIDs, which are designed
to have a high level of randomness, may not be sufficient if a company’s
list of user IDs is leaked. In this case, attackers could potentially use
the leaked list to execute IDOR attacks if the web application does not
have proper access control measures in place.
To effectively prevent IDOR vulnerabilities, businesses should imple-
ment a robust approach that addresses all potential sources of risk.
This might include using automated tools or manual testing meth-
ods to regularly scan and test for IDOR vulnerabilities, implementing
strong access control measures to verify user permissions, and educat-
ing employees on how to identify and report potential security issues.
In addition, it is important to ensure that any leaked lists of user IDs
or other unique identifiers are promptly invalidated to prevent unau-
thorized access.
6.3 Indirect Reference Maps
Indirect reference maps involve replacing the direct reference to an ob-
ject with an indirect reference that is much more difficult to guess.
This can help prevent IDOR vulnerabilities by making it harder for
36
37. attackers to access sensitive data or manipulate objects by altering
the user-supplied input. To implement an indirect reference map, the
application should replace the direct reference to an object with an
identifier such as a UUID (Universally Unique Identifier). Internally,
the application should maintain a mapping between the UUIDs and the
corresponding objects, so that it can translate the indirect reference
back to the original form. It is important to note that while UUIDs
and other methods of generating randomly assigned IDs can make it
more difficult for attackers to guess the direct reference, they are not
a foolproof solution. Indirect reference maps should be used in combi-
nation with other methods to effectively prevent IDOR vulnerabilities.
6.4 Fuzz Testing
Fuzz testing is a software testing technique that involves entering ran-
dom or unexpected inputs into the application in an attempt to dis-
cover bugs and vulnerabilities. By testing the application’s ability to
handle these strange inputs, organizations can help detect IDOR vul-
nerabilities. Fuzz testing can be automated using tools such as the
fuzz-lightyear framework developed by Yelp (Loo, 2020). It is impor-
tant to note that while fuzz testing can help detect IDOR vulnerabili-
ties, it does not prevent them. Organizations should use other methods
in addition to fuzz testing to effectively prevent IDOR vulnerabilities.
37
38. 6.5 Parameter Verification
Parameter verification involves checking user-supplied input to ensure
it is of the correct length, type, and does not contain unacceptable
characters. This can help prevent IDOR vulnerabilities by making it
harder for attackers to access sensitive data or manipulate objects by
altering the user-supplied input. Some checks that can be performed
as part of parameter verification include:
• Verifying that a string is within the minimum and maximum
length required
• Verifying that a string does not contain unacceptable characters
• Verifying that a numeric value is within the minimum and max-
imum boundaries
• Verifying that input is of the proper data type (e.g., strings, num-
bers, dates, etc.) It is important to note that while parameter
verification can help prevent IDOR vulnerabilities, it is not a
foolproof solution. Organizations should use other methods in
addition to parameter verification to effectively prevent IDOR
vulnerabilities.
6.6 Access Validation
The most effective way to prevent IDOR vulnerabilities is through ac-
cess validation, which involves verifying that the user has the proper
credentials to access the requested object or data. This can be done
through server-side access control, which involves performing checks
38
39. on the server to ensure that the user is authorized to access the re-
quested data. It is important to perform access validation at multiple
levels, including the data or object level, to ensure that there are no
holes in the process. By performing access validation, organizations
can effectively prevent IDOR vulnerabilities and protect sensitive data
from unauthorized access.
39
40. 7 Attempt to exploit more secure code
Let’s revisit the steps we took previously to exploit the vulnerability.
The following figures illustrate the actions taken in the correct order.
Figure 30: Updating address of User
40
42. Figure 32: Clearing unrelated fields and changing user ID, configuring
payloads as before
42
43. As can be seen in the figure below, all of the requests we sent
resulted in 400 and we got the unauthorized message as a response.
Figure 33: Starting attack
43
44. We also got 400 and we got the unauthorized message when trying
to manipulate BurpSuite request.
Figure 34: Attempting to download other receipts.
8 References
• Github E-Commerce Repository – https://github.com/justdjango/
django-ecommerce
• https://shellmates.medium.com/insecure-direct-object-references-i
• https://spanning.com/blog/insecure-direct-object-reference-web-ba
• https://portswigger.net/web-security/access-control/idor
• Mehmet Ince – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsJ2XPuGe1k&
t=5156s
• https://www.eccouncil.org/cybersecurity-exchange/web-application-
idor-vulnerability-detection-prevention/
44