X-Ray Production and Emission PPT for Radiology, Medical Imaging and Radiography Students.

1. Presenter: Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
MRIT, Ph.D. (Radiology and Imaging)
Assistant Professor
Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology
School of Health Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur
Tuesday, July 18, 2023 X-Ray Production and Emission By- Dr. Dheeraj Kumar 1

2.  X-ray production is a fundamental process used in medical imaging,
scientific research, industrial applications, and various other fields. X-
rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with high energy and
short wavelengths, capable of penetrating most substances to varying
degrees.
 The production of X-rays involves the interaction between high-energy
electrons and matter, typically within a specialized device called an X-
ray tube.
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3.  An X-ray tube consists of two primary components: a cathode and an
anode. The cathode is a filament made of tungsten that emits
electrons when heated.
 The anode, typically made of tungsten or another high atomic number
material, serves as a target for the electrons and produces X-rays when
struck by them.
 The cathode and anode are enclosed in a vacuum-sealed glass or
metal housing to prevent unwanted interactions with air molecules.
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5.  Electron Emission
 Electron Acceleration
 Electron Deceleration
 X-ray Production
 X-ray Emission and Collimation
 X-ray Detection
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6.  The X-ray tube is powered, causing an electric current to flow through
it. The cathode is heated, either by passing a current through the
filament or by using an electron beam from an electron gun.
 This heating process causes electrons to be emitted from the
cathode's surface due to thermionic emission.
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7.  A high voltage is applied across the X-ray tube, creating an electric field
between the cathode and the anode.
 This field accelerates the emitted electrons towards the anode.
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8.  As the high-energy electrons approach the anode, they experience a
strong electrostatic force, causing them to rapidly decelerate.
 This deceleration leads to the emission of X-rays.
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9.  When the high-speed electrons strike the anode, two primary
processes contribute to X-ray generation:
 Bremsstrahlung radiation and
 Characteristic radiation.
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10.  The majority of X-rays are produced through
bremsstrahlung radiation, which occurs
when electrons are deflected by the electric
field of the atomic nucleus in the anode
material.
 This deflection causes the electrons to lose
energy, emitting X-ray photons in the
process.
 The energy of the generated X-rays depends
on the initial kinetic energy of the electrons
and the strength of the electric field.
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11.  At high energies, some electrons dislodge
inner-shell electrons of the anode material.
 Electrons from higher energy levels then
transition to fill the resulting vacancies,
emitting X-ray photons with specific energies
characteristic of the target material.
 This process produces characteristic X-rays,
which have discrete energy levels
corresponding to the electron transitions
within the atoms of the anode.
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12.  The generated X-rays are
emitted in all directions from the
X-ray tube. To create a useful X-
ray beam, a collimator, typically
a lead or tungsten aperture, is
used to restrict the X-ray beam
to a desired size and shape.
 This helps to focus the X-rays
onto the target area and reduce
scatter radiation.
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13.  After passing through the
object being imaged, the X-
rays are detected by a device
such as an X-ray film, image
intensifier, or digital X-ray
detector.
 The detector converts the X-
ray photons into an image that
can be visualized and
interpreted by medical
professionals or scientists.
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14.  It's important to note that X-ray production can be potentially harmful
due to the ionizing nature of X-rays. Proper safety precautions, such as
shielding and limited exposure, are essential to protect both patients
and (Radiographer) operators from excessive radiation exposure.
 X-ray production involves the acceleration and deceleration of high-
energy electrons in an X-ray tube, resulting in the emission of X-rays
through bremsstrahlung radiation and characteristic radiation. These
X-rays are then controlled, directed, and detected to create valuable
images used for various applications, including medical diagnosis,
material analysis, and industrial inspection.
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15.  Bushberg, J. T., Seibert, J. A., Leidholdt, E. M., & Boone, J. M. (2011).
The essential physics of medical imaging. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
 Faiz, A., & Tavakoli Golpaygani, A. (2013). Medical physics in diagnostic
radiology. Springer Science & Business Media.
 Podgorsak, E. B. (2016). Radiation oncology physics: A handbook for
teachers and students. International Atomic Energy Agency.
 Seeram, E. (2016). Computed tomography: Physical principles, clinical
applications, and quality control. Saunders.
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