Writing topic sentences
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This document discusses topic sentences and provides examples. It explains that a topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph and should be clear, concise, and interesting. The topic sentence acts like a first impression and needs to grab the reader's attention. Examples of effective topic sentences are provided on texting while driving and stress that use assertions, bold statements, questions, definitions, quotes, and creative comparisons.
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Topic sentence
The document discusses topic sentences and controlling ideas. A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph and contains a subject and verb. A controlling idea provides specific details or parts to narrow the topic sentence. Together, a topic sentence and controlling idea give an overview of the paragraph's content in a general and specific statement.
The hook
This document defines and provides examples of different types of hooks that can be used at the beginning of an introductory paragraph, including a definition, example, quick exchange, interesting fact, quote, and overstated statement. It notes that the hook must relate to the essay topic and smoothly lead into the topic statement. An example is provided of using a statistic as a hook that directly leads into stating what the essay will be about.
HOW TO WRITE EFFECTIVE TOPIC SENTENCES?
We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking major in English and the like. Good luck!
A proper credit would be appreciated.
• Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao
Teaching Paraphrasing to students
This free teaching resource is from Innovative Teaching Resources. You can access hundreds of their excellent resources here. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Innovative-Teaching-Ideas
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This document provides information and guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines key terms like argue, argumentative, and argument. It explains that an argumentative essay tries to logically persuade the reader to agree with the writer's point of view. It outlines the typical structure of an argumentative essay, including an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, body paragraphs with reasons and evidence, and a concluding paragraph. It provides examples of strong and weak thesis statements. Finally, it gives tips for understanding the essay question, developing a structure, and taking a factual rather than emotional approach.
Argumentative essay ppt
This document provides instructions on how to write an argumentative essay. It explains that an argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader of the author's opinion on a controversial issue. It should include a thesis, reasons supporting the thesis with evidence, a counterclaim presenting an opposing viewpoint, and a rebuttal refuting the counterclaim. The document also provides guidance on considering the audience, developing the thesis and reasons, incorporating a counterclaim and rebuttal, and determining essay structure.
Summarizing information presentation
A summary is a brief review of the main ideas and key supporting details of a text. The purpose of summarizing is to prove understanding of what was read. A summary should be much shorter than the original text and only include enough information to convey the overall meaning. Paraphrasing differs in that it rewords the entire passage in one's own words while still giving credit, and can include direct quotes. To summarize effectively, one should read carefully and answer the questions of who, what, when, where, why and how, then write a concise paragraph using only the key ideas and details without opinions or direct quotes.
Stuffed and stringy sentences
The document discusses two types of stringy sentences: stringy sentences and overloaded sentences. Stringy sentences are long sentences joined by "and" while overloaded sentences contain many clauses joined by words like "because, when, then, so, etc.". The document provides examples of each and gives tips on how to fix them, such as splitting long sentences into shorter ones and removing unnecessary details.
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Topic sentence
The document discusses topic sentences and controlling ideas. A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph and contains a subject and verb. A controlling idea provides specific details or parts to narrow the topic sentence. Together, a topic sentence and controlling idea give an overview of the paragraph's content in a general and specific statement.
The hook
This document defines and provides examples of different types of hooks that can be used at the beginning of an introductory paragraph, including a definition, example, quick exchange, interesting fact, quote, and overstated statement. It notes that the hook must relate to the essay topic and smoothly lead into the topic statement. An example is provided of using a statistic as a hook that directly leads into stating what the essay will be about.
HOW TO WRITE EFFECTIVE TOPIC SENTENCES?
We all do our research and put an effort in making a clear and an accurate presentation, but I'd be glad if this could help especially for those who are taking major in English and the like. Good luck!
A proper credit would be appreciated.
• Jay-ar A. Padernal, BSEd Major in English, University of Mindanao
Teaching Paraphrasing to students
This free teaching resource is from Innovative Teaching Resources. You can access hundreds of their excellent resources here. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Innovative-Teaching-Ideas
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This document provides information and guidance on writing argumentative essays. It defines key terms like argue, argumentative, and argument. It explains that an argumentative essay tries to logically persuade the reader to agree with the writer's point of view. It outlines the typical structure of an argumentative essay, including an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, body paragraphs with reasons and evidence, and a concluding paragraph. It provides examples of strong and weak thesis statements. Finally, it gives tips for understanding the essay question, developing a structure, and taking a factual rather than emotional approach.
Argumentative essay ppt
This document provides instructions on how to write an argumentative essay. It explains that an argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader of the author's opinion on a controversial issue. It should include a thesis, reasons supporting the thesis with evidence, a counterclaim presenting an opposing viewpoint, and a rebuttal refuting the counterclaim. The document also provides guidance on considering the audience, developing the thesis and reasons, incorporating a counterclaim and rebuttal, and determining essay structure.
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A summary is a brief review of the main ideas and key supporting details of a text. The purpose of summarizing is to prove understanding of what was read. A summary should be much shorter than the original text and only include enough information to convey the overall meaning. Paraphrasing differs in that it rewords the entire passage in one's own words while still giving credit, and can include direct quotes. To summarize effectively, one should read carefully and answer the questions of who, what, when, where, why and how, then write a concise paragraph using only the key ideas and details without opinions or direct quotes.
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The document discusses two types of stringy sentences: stringy sentences and overloaded sentences. Stringy sentences are long sentences joined by "and" while overloaded sentences contain many clauses joined by words like "because, when, then, so, etc.". The document provides examples of each and gives tips on how to fix them, such as splitting long sentences into shorter ones and removing unnecessary details.
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Paraphrasing techniques
This document discusses techniques for paraphrasing text, including:
1. Rewriting text in your own words while keeping the main ideas. This involves changing clauses to phrases, quoted to indirect speech, active to passive voice, synonyms, and word forms.
2. Combining techniques like changing to a phrase and adding synonyms.
3. Interpreting the underlying meaning of statements.
4. Changing transitions between ideas.
The goal of paraphrasing is to restate information without copying directly from the original source.
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8.topic sentence
The document discusses topic sentences and their role and structure in paragraphs. A topic sentence is the most important sentence that clearly states the main idea or topic that will be discussed in the paragraph. It contains a topic and controlling idea to limit the scope. A good topic sentence is specific enough to guide the paragraph but not so specific that there is nothing left to discuss. It should be the first sentence of a paragraph but can sometimes come at the end. A topic sentence has two essential parts - a topic and controlling idea to focus the discussion.
Direct & reported speech
You are allowed to leave now.
The assistant permitted me to leave.
Mother: Please don’t go out tonight, darling.
Mother begged her daughter not to go out that night.
Sergeant: I order you to get back in line immediately!
The sergeant commanded the soldiers to get back in line immediately.
Coach: Keep trying, you can do better than that!
The coach encouraged the team to keep trying.
Doctor: Under no circumstances should you lift anything heavy.
The doctor forbade me from lifting anything heavy.
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The teacher instructed me how to do the exercise.
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The document provides instructions for structuring an expository essay. It explains that an expository essay presents information objectively without arguing a position. The introduction should use a technique like a quotation, definition, or fact to grab the reader's attention and end with a thesis statement. The body paragraphs each require a topic sentence supported by evidence like statistics, expert opinions, or examples. The conclusion restates the thesis and main arguments.
Paragraph structure
A paragraph typically contains a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence introduces the overall idea or topic. Supporting sentences provide details and explanation to support the topic sentence. The concluding sentence summarizes the information presented in the paragraph. Together, these elements discuss one main subject in a cohesive manner.
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Expository essays explain or describe something using facts rather than opinions. They analyze events, ideas, objects, or written works. Examples include essays that describe how to do something or explain a process. When writing an expository essay, follow steps like selecting a narrow topic, outlining the essay, writing a thesis statement, choosing a method of development, writing topic sentences and body paragraphs, and including an introduction and conclusion. The structure includes an introduction with context and thesis, body paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting evidence, and a conclusion.
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The document provides instructions on how to write a five paragraph persuasive essay. It explains that a five paragraph essay includes an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs that each focus on one reason for the thesis, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should have a topic sentence, explanation and examples, and concluding sentence. The introduction and conclusion paragraphs are used to frame the essay and restate the key points. Following this structure allows writers to fully expand on and explain their ideas to persuade the reader.
Elements of an Essay - Writing an Introduction Paragraph
Your introduction is the first impression that your readers will get off your essay. If it does not interest them or they do not like what they read, then they will not take the time to read the rest of your paper.
Writing an effective summary
A summary should be a condensed version that is around 1/3 to 1/4 the length of the original text. It accurately captures the main ideas and important information from the text without including unnecessary details or the author's opinions. An effective summary is written in the writer's own words and does not copy verbatim from the original text. The writer must fully understand the original text before producing the summary.
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This document contains comprehension questions and discussion about two articles: "Don't Be Shy, Speak Up!" by Stephen Quinn, and "All Grown Up and Still in Tow". For the first article, the summary would be:
The overall topic is how people communicate in public situations. The author Stephen Quinn's message is that people should speak up when others behave rudely instead of being passive. For the second article, the summary would be:
"All Grown Up and Still in Tow" discusses how some adult children are still financially dependent on their parents. It provides vocabulary questions about words used in the article. The document assigns homework reviewing grammar, re-reading the article, and writing a paragraph using related words
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8-Difference between phrase and clause
A clause contains both a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence, while a phrase lacks both a subject and verb and cannot stand alone. The difference between a clause and phrase is that a clause provides a complete meaning on its own, like "He is sleeping", while a phrase does not, like "on the bed". A sentence can contain both clauses and phrases.
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Types of Essay
Format of Essay Writing
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The document provides guidance on writing effective introductory and conclusion paragraphs for essays. It discusses including an attention-grabbing hook at the beginning and restating the thesis toward the end. The introductory paragraph should also contain a lead-in and thesis statement. Common types of hooks include facts, quotes, questions, and personal stories. The conclusion should reiterate the main points and leave the reader with a final thought.
Informative Writing
The document provides guidance on creating informative writing using a focused topic and taking an interesting angle. It emphasizes tightly focusing on a single topic and providing accurate, well-researched information. Writers should consider different perspectives on their subject, such as a static, dynamic, or relative view, and use engaging details. The document also discusses balancing compassion with rigor as a professor and maintaining appropriate relationships with students.
Gerund phrases
The document discusses gerund phrases. It defines a gerund phrase as consisting of a gerund accompanied by modifiers and/or objects. It provides examples of gerund phrases functioning as subjects, direct objects, subjective complements, objects of prepositions, and appositives. The examples serve to illustrate these different functions of gerund phrases in sentences.
Paraphrasing techniques
This document discusses techniques for paraphrasing text, including:
1. Rewriting text in your own words while keeping the main ideas. This involves changing clauses to phrases, quoted to indirect speech, active to passive voice, synonyms, and word forms.
2. Combining techniques like changing to a phrase and adding synonyms.
3. Interpreting the underlying meaning of statements.
4. Changing transitions between ideas.
The goal of paraphrasing is to restate information without copying directly from the original source.
How to Write a Biography : Rules and Examples
This document provides guidance on writing biographies in 3 or fewer sentences. It defines a biography as an account of someone's life written by another person. Biographies explore key events in a person's life and find meaning within them. The document recommends including significant information about the subject, a strong introduction, proper structure by focusing on important life events, and a conclusion that discusses the subject's contribution. It also provides tips for choosing a title, introducing the subject, proofreading, and using references.
Central Idea vs Theme
This document distinguishes between central idea and theme. It defines central idea as the main point of a text, which can often be stated in one sentence. Theme, on the other hand, refers to the life lesson or message conveyed by a story and requires inferences to determine. The document encourages readers to think beyond details to identify recurring themes that reveal what characters learned or how they changed throughout a text.
8.topic sentence
The document discusses topic sentences and their role and structure in paragraphs. A topic sentence is the most important sentence that clearly states the main idea or topic that will be discussed in the paragraph. It contains a topic and controlling idea to limit the scope. A good topic sentence is specific enough to guide the paragraph but not so specific that there is nothing left to discuss. It should be the first sentence of a paragraph but can sometimes come at the end. A topic sentence has two essential parts - a topic and controlling idea to focus the discussion.
Direct & reported speech
You are allowed to leave now.
The assistant permitted me to leave.
Mother: Please don’t go out tonight, darling.
Mother begged her daughter not to go out that night.
Sergeant: I order you to get back in line immediately!
The sergeant commanded the soldiers to get back in line immediately.
Coach: Keep trying, you can do better than that!
The coach encouraged the team to keep trying.
Doctor: Under no circumstances should you lift anything heavy.
The doctor forbade me from lifting anything heavy.
Teacher: Let me show you how to do this exercise.
The teacher instructed me how to do the exercise.
Host: Do
The Expository Essay
The document provides instructions for structuring an expository essay. It explains that an expository essay presents information objectively without arguing a position. The introduction should use a technique like a quotation, definition, or fact to grab the reader's attention and end with a thesis statement. The body paragraphs each require a topic sentence supported by evidence like statistics, expert opinions, or examples. The conclusion restates the thesis and main arguments.
Paragraph structure
A paragraph typically contains a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence introduces the overall idea or topic. Supporting sentences provide details and explanation to support the topic sentence. The concluding sentence summarizes the information presented in the paragraph. Together, these elements discuss one main subject in a cohesive manner.
Expository essays
Expository essays explain or describe something using facts rather than opinions. They analyze events, ideas, objects, or written works. Examples include essays that describe how to do something or explain a process. When writing an expository essay, follow steps like selecting a narrow topic, outlining the essay, writing a thesis statement, choosing a method of development, writing topic sentences and body paragraphs, and including an introduction and conclusion. The structure includes an introduction with context and thesis, body paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting evidence, and a conclusion.
Essay Writing
The document provides instructions on how to write a five paragraph persuasive essay. It explains that a five paragraph essay includes an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs that each focus on one reason for the thesis, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should have a topic sentence, explanation and examples, and concluding sentence. The introduction and conclusion paragraphs are used to frame the essay and restate the key points. Following this structure allows writers to fully expand on and explain their ideas to persuade the reader.
Elements of an Essay - Writing an Introduction Paragraph
Your introduction is the first impression that your readers will get off your essay. If it does not interest them or they do not like what they read, then they will not take the time to read the rest of your paper.
Writing an effective summary
A summary should be a condensed version that is around 1/3 to 1/4 the length of the original text. It accurately captures the main ideas and important information from the text without including unnecessary details or the author's opinions. An effective summary is written in the writer's own words and does not copy verbatim from the original text. The writer must fully understand the original text before producing the summary.
Sentence Fragments
This was a slide show I created to teach my classmates about sentence fragments. The sources I used are included in the slide show so that anyone may look and learn from these in a more in-depth manner if they choose to.
Short thesis statement
The document provides information on how to write an effective thesis statement for an essay. It states that a thesis statement should be one sentence, but sometimes may require more than one sentence. It presents the main idea or argument of the essay and lets the reader know what to expect. The entire essay is based on proving the thesis statement correct. There are different types of thesis statements, such as open versus closed theses. A closed thesis includes the main body points that will be discussed in the essay. When writing a thesis statement, it is important to include a subject and opinion, and possibly a counterargument, to make it more complex.
Writing different types of essays narrative, descriptive, persuasive
The presentation deals with tips and techniques in writing different types of essays which include Narrative, Descriptive and Persuasive essays.
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Elements of an Essay - Writing an Introduction Paragraph
Elements of an Essay - Writing an Introduction Paragraph
Writing different types of essays narrative, descriptive, persuasive
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2nd l
The document provides information about topic sentences and their importance. It discusses how a good topic sentence should state the main idea and supporting reasons, and make a claim about the paragraph's main point. It also gives examples of topic sentences and explains how they help readers understand what a paragraph will be about. Additionally, the document provides tips on writing body paragraphs that include specific details supporting the topic sentence.
Writing About Film
Writing about films can help one better understand their own emotional and intellectual reactions to movies. It allows people to analyze themes, characters, and images in films which provides insight into how they view the world. Some benefits of writing about films include gaining a deeper understanding of one's own responses, explaining or introducing aspects of a movie, filmmaker, or genre, and making comparisons between different films or connecting films to other cultural areas.
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For this assignment, you will be required to write a summary and r.docx
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Transitions and Revisions
The document provides an overview of the writing process and techniques for organizing ideas, outlining essays, drafting essays, using transitions, revising drafts, and concluding essays. It discusses generating and organizing ideas through listing and outlining topics. It provides examples of outlining a process essay about American Idol auditions. It also covers drafting essays, using transitions between ideas and paragraphs, revising through reading drafts aloud and using checklists, and concluding by summarizing key points.
Connection Between Paragraph and Essay with video
The document discusses the differences between paragraphs and essays, with paragraphs being compared to simple log cabins and essays being compared to elaborate mansions. It then provides examples of how to structure paragraphs and essays, including how to write an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The document also includes an example outline and full essay about auditioning for American Idol at Disney World.
Connection Between Paragraph and Essay
The essay outlines the four step audition process for American Idol at Disney Hollywood Studios. The initial audition involves singing a cappella for a Disney cast director. Those who advance move on to the second round where they select and sing a song for a producer. Contestants who impress the producer perform at a preliminary show for a live audience vote. The winners of the preliminary shows compete in the final show, where the winner receives a dream ticket to audition for the actual American Idol TV show.
American Idol Auditions at Hollywood Studios
Introduction
Many young children dream of singing on the American Id
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The document discusses two types of sentence problems: fragments and run-on sentences. It provides examples and explanations of each, along with methods for correcting them. Fragments are groups of words that resemble sentences but are missing a subject, verb, or both. Run-on sentences incorrectly connect two independent clauses without proper punctuation. The document demonstrates how to fix fragments by adding the missing elements, and how to separate run-on sentences by punctuating between the clauses or joining them with a conjunction.
Fragments and Run Ons
The document discusses two types of sentence problems: fragments and run-on sentences. It provides examples and explanations of each, along with methods for correcting them. Fragments are groups of words that resemble sentences but are missing a subject, verb, or both. Run-on sentences incorrectly connect two independent clauses without proper punctuation. The document demonstrates how to fix fragments by adding the missing elements, and how to separate run-on sentences by punctuating between the clauses or joining them with a conjunction.
Clauses with Video
The document discusses clauses and their types. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clauses, which can stand alone as a complete sentence with a subject and verb, and dependent clauses, which need to be connected to an independent clause to express a complete thought. Dependent clauses often begin with dependent markers like "after", "although", or "if" and cannot stand alone as a sentence. The difference between independent and dependent clauses is demonstrated through examples.
Clauses
The document discusses clauses and their two types: independent and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence since they have a subject and verb and express a complete thought. Dependent clauses also have a subject and verb but do not express a complete thought on their own and need to be connected to an independent clause. Dependent clauses often begin with dependent markers like "after", "although", "because", etc. and cannot stand alone as sentences but must be joined with an independent clause.
Punctuation and Mechanics +video
This document provides guidance on using capitalization and punctuation, specifically focusing on capitalization rules and comma usage. It discusses capitalizing the first word of a sentence, proper nouns, titles, directions, and the pronoun "I". It also covers using commas in lists, compound sentences, complex sentences, with introductory phrases, quotes, dates, locations, and interrupters like extra information. The document aims to clearly explain the basic rules for capitalization and comma usage in writing.
Support within a Paragraph
Writing a paragraph is like building a house, with an outline serving as the plans, a strong topic sentence as the foundation, major detail sentences forming the frame as the main points, and minor detail sentences providing insulation by elaborating on each major detail point. The paragraph should then be finished through editing and revising, analogous to decorating the house.
Punctuation and Mechanics with Video
This document provides guidance on proper punctuation and capitalization rules. It discusses when to capitalize words such as the first word in a sentence, proper nouns, titles, directions, and the pronoun "I". It also discusses using commas, including with lists, introductory phrases, compound and complex sentences, quotes, dates, locations, and interrupting phrases or clauses. The document aims to clarify some basic rules for punctuation and capitalization.
Punctuation and Mechanics
This document provides guidance on proper punctuation and capitalization rules. It discusses when to capitalize words such as the first word in a sentence, proper nouns, titles, directions, and the pronoun "I". It also discusses using commas, including with lists, introductory phrases, compound and complex sentences, quotes, dates, locations, and interrupting phrases or clauses. The document serves as a style guide for ensuring correct punctuation and capitalization in writing.
Apostrophes
The document discusses the use of apostrophes to show possession and contractions. It explains that apostrophes are used to show missing letters in contractions and to indicate ownership. For singular possessive nouns, an apostrophe-s is added. For plural nouns ending in s, only an apostrophe is added. For other plural nouns, an apostrophe-s is added. Compound nouns showing joint ownership take an apostrophe-s after the second noun, while individual ownership uses a double possessive.
Apostrophes
This document discusses the proper use of apostrophes to show possession and contractions. It explains that apostrophes are used to show missing letters in contractions and to indicate ownership or possession. For singular possessive nouns, an apostrophe-s is added. For plural nouns ending in s, only an apostrophe is added. For other plural forms, an apostrophe-s is used. The document also discusses forming the possessive for compound nouns and irregular plural nouns.
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This document discusses the proper use of apostrophes to show possession and contractions. It explains that apostrophes are used to show missing letters in contractions and to indicate possession or ownership. For singular possessive nouns, an apostrophe-s is added. For plural nouns ending in s, only an apostrophe is added. For plural nouns not ending in s, an apostrophe-s is added. Compound nouns showing joint possession take an apostrophe-s after the second noun only, while individual possession uses a double possessive.
Patterns of Organization Compare and Contrast
This document discusses three methods for organizing a compare and contrast writing paragraph: point-by-point/category-by-category, subject-by-subject, and similarities followed by differences. The point-by-point method discusses each point or category until fully covered. The subject-by-subject method writes about one subject then the other, covering the same categories for each. The similarities/differences method first discusses all differences between subjects then all similarities. Examples and outlines are provided for each organization method.
Patterns of Organization Compare and Contrast
This document discusses three methods for organizing a compare and contrast paragraph: point-by-point, subject-by-subject, and similarities then differences. The point-by-point method discusses each comparison category in turn until all points are covered. The subject-by-subject method writes about one subject fully before the other. The similarities then differences method first discusses all differences between subjects before covering their similarities. Examples and outlines are provided for each organization structure to help writers choose the best method for their compare and contrast paragraph.
Compare and contrast writing
This document provides instructions for comparing and contrasting two subjects using a Venn diagram or chart. It demonstrates brainstorming techniques for identifying differences and similarities between cats and dogs. Students are then assigned to choose two subjects to compare, such as vacations at the beach versus vacations in the snow. They are instructed to create a chart listing the subjects and selecting categories of comparison, contrast, and similarity to detail with supporting sentences.
Compare and contrast writing wk 3
This document provides instructions for comparing and contrasting two subjects using a Venn diagram or chart. It demonstrates brainstorming techniques for identifying differences and similarities between cats and dogs. Students are then assigned to choose two subjects to compare, such as vacations at the beach versus vacations in the snow. They are instructed to create a chart listing the subjects and selecting categories of comparison, contrast, and similarity to detail with supporting sentences.
Pronouns
The document discusses pronoun rules and pronoun-antecedent agreement. It outlines 5 rules for using pronouns: 1) use subject pronouns as subjects, 2) use object pronouns as objects, 3) use object pronouns after prepositions, 4) use possessive pronouns to show possession, and 5) use possessive pronouns as adjectives followed by the possessed noun. It also discusses agreeing pronouns with their antecedents and notes that indefinite pronouns like "everyone" are singular while collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on whether they refer to a single unit or individuals. Examples are provided to illustrate each rule.
Pronouns
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Writing topic sentences
- 2. What is a Topic Sentence? The topic sentence introduces the reader to exactly what you are writing about in your paragraph or essay. The topic sentence is clear and concise. Topic sentences can occur anywhere in the introductory paragraph, but they are often placed at the beginning of the paragraph. Topic sentences are interesting and attention grabbing.
- 3. Your topic sentence is like a first impression on a blind date. You need to wow your reader, grab his or her attention, and make them want to keep reading. Never begin with words like, “I am going to write about…” Or “This paragraph will be about…”. YAWN—BORING!!!
- 4. Subject = Texting while driving Example Topic Sentences ~ Texting while driving is extremely dangerous and should be against the law in all 50 states. (assertion) ~Texting while driving is like driving with a blind fold over your eyes. (bold statement) ~Was the “LOL” that you texted worth the life of the little girl you ran over while you were looking at your phone? (question)
- 5. Subject = Stress Example Topic Sentences ~Stress can have many effects on your body and life. (statement) ~Do you have little appetite? It’s possible stress is to blame. (question) ~The word stress comes from Latin meaning to draw tight. (definition) ~According to Bruce McEwen, “While it is a myth that stress can turn hair gray, stress can cause hair loss.” (quote and startling statement) ~The effects of stress can multiply like the number of ants drawn to spilled sugar. (creative)