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World War II

This document provides an overview of Canada's involvement in World War II. It discusses how Canada gained more independence leading up to the war through statutes like the Statute of Westminster in 1931. When war broke out in 1939, Canada declared war shortly after Britain. Over 1 million Canadians served in the war forces and the country made major contributions through supplies, industry, and battles in Europe and beyond. The war helped cure economic issues Canada had been facing for decades and the country emerged from the war a stronger international player.

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World War II 1939-1945 © Ruth Writer
 Isolated  Domestic agenda only  Foreign affairs determined by Britain--colonialism  Geography isolated and insulated  Francophone saw self as autonomous Canada before 1914
 Canada broke imperial ties—Statute of Westminster  Became Commonwealth Nation—1931  Began to create own foreign diplomacy  Department of External Affairs [U.S. State Dept.]  U.S. seen as potential enemy in 1920s  BTW--U.S. still did have invasion plan in 1930s Interwar Period—1918-1939
 Born May 1934 in Ontario near Quebec border  Annette, Emilie, Yvonne, Cecile, Marie  Born two months premature—weighed total of 14#  Parents were French Catholic poor with 5 others  First set to survive infancy—”miracle babies”  Taken from parents after father signed contract with Chicago World’s Fair—protect girls from germs, kidnappers, exploitation Dionne Quintuplets
 http://www.neonatology.org/pinups/dionne.html
 Became Canada’s largest tourist attraction by 1937  3000 visitors each day—playground surrounded by glass  Dolls; post cards; ads for cereal, bonds, honey, soap  Admission and parking free—souvenirs pricey  Custody battle—returned home at age 9—sad life  Moved out at age 18—cut off most family contact  Emilie—nun died of seizure in 1954; Marie died 1970  3 married and divorced—children  Later lived together near Montreal on $746 total per month  Book written; questions raised  By 2000 reached settlement of $4 million  Two still survive—Annette and Cecile [2016]
 Every little girl had to have all five dolls for Christmas. http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/2/10/77.3253  http://www.neonatology.org/pinups/dionne.html  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_quintuplets with their parents and priest--1947 Dionne Commercialism
Nation obsessed with Dionne’s Europe preparing for another conflict Appeasement not successful Transition to War
 May 1939  937 Jewish refugees  Could not dock in Cuba  Rejected by both U.S. & Canada http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html Voyage of the S.S. St. Louis
 Canada not welcoming—only 4000 Jewish immigrants  “None is too many”—1938 restrictions  Prime Minister King & Hitler met  Did not realize agenda of Nazi leader  Anti-Semitism especially in QC--demonstrations  Catholic  Francophone nationalistic movement  Suspicious of Jewish immigrants  Skilled professionals lost to Canada Reaction to Holocaust
Canada swept into events  Rise of fascist and military governments in Europe  Appeasement bought some time  Canadian debated neutrality in House of Commons  Global war by 1939  Canada had little control yet knew why fighting  No grumbling  No expectation of benefit  Altruism
 Commonwealth status  Could make own decision this war  Independent of Britain  Not like World War I http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statute-of-westminster/ Statute of Westminster 1931
 Economic response first  First time made independent decision  Statute of Westminster--1931  Sovereignty issue  Canada was one MAJOR ally of Britain  Symbolic delay of few days  Only a few opposed war  Pacifists  Given White Feathers  First Canadian troops arrived December 1939  U.S. and Canada—mutual defense initiatives Canada enters War
 1st—German invasion of Poland  3rd—Britain declares war  10th—Canada declares war with 4 voting NO  King isolationist but supported Britain  Canada became bridge between Britain and U.S. September 1939
 https://ryanhill1.wikispaces.com/us_ch8_webquest2-Poland
https://www.hstry.co
 Depression to end after decade  Farming at 50% capacity  Industry at 50% capacity  Jobless rate effectively at 50%  Economic suffering gone with declaration of war  Class divisions reduced  Regional inequality not as pronounced  Political confrontation less frequent World War II Cured many Canadian Issues
 Support of effort  Volunteering for service—10,000  Unemployed had jobs again  Prime Minister King wanted limited liability  Many trained for air force in Canada  Knew why Canada fighting—more than Great War Early Stages of War
 Blitzkrieg—Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Norway, France  Britain hanging on barely  Canada a viable partner 1940
http://www.thememoryproject.com/stories/WWII The Stories
 National Resources Mobilization Act  Population of 10,000,000  Sent 1,000,000 into uniform  50,000 killed  30,000 as merchant marines  No Anglo/Franco balance—recall events of Great War  QC opposed unless Canada invaded  QC sent only about half of the numbers of others  50,000 Francophone served but in Anglo units  1944 conscription needed  Called Zombies—60,000  Not to go overseas—13,000 did go overseas  2400+ saw combat with some killed Enlistments and Conscription
http://www.canadaatwar.ca/forums/showthread.php?t=2486&page=2; http://www.airmuseum.ca/postscan.html; http://thetfs.ca/2013/04/29/canadian-propaganda-films-and-their-posters-during-world-war-ii/; http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do;jsessionid=325AA858993C618962E1ABD5376FB081?method=preview&la ng=EN&id=4187 ; https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/posters-broadsides/026023-7200-e.html Posters
 Ogdensburg, NY—August 1940  Permanent Joint Board on Defense  Method to assist Britain and remain neutral  Needed Canada to rearm  Began Lend-Lease program  Newfoundland/Labrador—stage and refuel  U.S. military bases in British Empire  Assisted NFL economy--$30 m by 1945—i.e. salt cod  Were questions of NFL work ethic  Warm Springs, GA—April 1940—discussion  Hyde Park Declaration—April 1941—coordination of effort Pearl Harbor—December 1941 Cooperation in North America: Canada and The U.S.A.
 http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/on/laurier/natcul/natcul12.aspx President and Prime Minister
 https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/arctic-sovereignty/ogdensburg 1940 Joint Board on Defense
 http://thamanjimmy.blogspot.com/2010/08/history-of-lend-lease-program.html Lend-Lease
 Quebec 1943 and 1944  Included Churchill in these meetings  Initiated talks for  Alaskan highway  Oil pipeline  Founding member of United Nations Continued Meetings
 FDR, Churchill, and King  No trenches this war  Air force more powerful role  Commander—General McNaughton  Military served for entire war—unlike World War I  Royal Canadian Navy—convoys to Europe  Canada in Italy and northern Europe—few in Pacific Battle Front Military Contribution
 Training  131,000+ trained on Canadian soil [72,800+ Canadians]  Camp Borden, ON  Bombers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force RCAF
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Men_of_valor_-_They_fight_for_you.jpg
 Dieppe—August 1942  To foster German fears of attack  Trial run for June 1944  5000 Canadians involved  2500 Canadians killed or POWs—65%  Bungled attempt  Disaster guaranteed http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/fyi/weighing-dieppe-166512996.html Dieppe
 http://www.canadaatwar.ca/content-53/wwii-the-dieppe-raid/ Dieppe Disaster
 D-Day—June 6, 1944  Almost two years after disaster at Dieppe  Juno Beach—site of Canadian troops landing  Much more successful than Dieppe D-Day
 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/d-day-the-allied-invasion-of-normandy-1.775929 Success at Juno Beach
http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii/
 Canada 3rd largest navy  Canada 4th largest air force  Canada 5th largest army Canada Looked Good By the end of World War II
 Politics  Financing the war effort  Primary Activities  Secondary Activities  Women in war effort  Victory Gardens  Dissidents and Internment  Propaganda  Culture Home front
 Mackenzie King—Liberal P.M.  Duplessis of QC—questioned support of the war  Federal election in 1940  King promised no conscription  House of Commons vote in 1942  Allow King to break promise  Denied with only 8 voting for conscription  Conscription ordered in 1944 http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b11f5b30-7d32-44e6-b23c- a24561c1eaf5&Language=E Home Front Politics
 Federal spending up from 3.4% to 37.6% for war effort  Tax  Borrow  Bonds http://www.gettysburgcollegeprojects.org/hist301-wwIIposters/?p=123; http://www3.nfb.ca/ww2/home-front/propaganda- the-battle-for-hearts-and-minds.htm?view=734779&subtype=archives&rp=5 Home Front--Financing
www.canadaatwar.ca
 Mobilization of Resources  Farming  Wheat  Fed the armed forces  Mining  Nickel, lead, aluminum, copper, uranium, iron, coal  Armed the troops  Forestry  Fishing http://www.republicofmining.com; http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/women_e.shtml Home Front—Primary Activities
http://www3.nfb.ca/ww2/home-front/propaganda-the-battle-for-hearts-and-minds.htm?view=734701&subtype=archives&rp=3
 Canada became major industrial nation  Airplanes—16,000 aircraft http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/367/Manufactured- Victory.aspx  Tanks and vehicles—850,000 http://www.canadaatwar.ca/content-17/world-war-ii/canadian-war-industry/  Weapons  Equipment Home Front—Industrial Production
 During Depression jobless rate @ 50%  During War jobless rate @ 2%--full employment  Looking for workers www.canadaatwar.ca Home Front--Labor
 Regional disparities  Maritimes hurt—  U.S. competition—coal, steel, shipyards  No crown corporations  Labor relations  Strikes—wages and conditions  Union recognition in 1944  Manpower issues—Clarence Howe mobilized production  Department of Munitions and Supplies  Crown Corporations formed--28 Weaknesses in Economy
https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/reports-rapports/cc-se/2007/cc-se05-eng.asp Crown Corporations
 University emphasis on medicine, science, engineering  Student loans if in preferred field  Humanities students declined  National Research Council  Bounced back after cuts in 1930s  Radar  Nuclear research—nuclear reactor at Chulk River  Jet engines in 1950s  Snowmobile type vehicle—Weasel—Bombardier later http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-armand-bombardier/ Home Front--Technology
 Before the war  Single women—teacher, secretary, service, retail  After 1939 even married women worked  50,000 in uniform—unequal work  Factory work—Bren Gun Girl [Rosie, the Riveter]  1/3 of work force YET  “Used to boredom of housekeeping” therefore would work in factory  Unequal $$$  Feared they would break down due to rigors of the work  Rationing  Victory gardens  Buy bonds  Family Allowance Act—continues today—Mothers only  Help pay for food, shelter, clothing  Moms with children under 16  Support those serving and then give up jobs upon return of vets Women in War Era
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/war-industry/025010-2014-e.html
Plant to Victory https://oshawavictorygarden.wordpress.com/history/
 Mennonites—pacifists, CO status, alternative service  Germans—suspect as enemy  Ukrainians—suspect due to Soviet hatred  Japanese-Canadians  Issei—born in Japan or Hawaii  Kibei—born in Canada, educated by Japanese  Nisei—born in Canada, educated in Canada, citizens  Frank Underhill—dismissed over “In Flander’s Field” Dissidents and Suspects
 Canadians defeated in defense of Hong Kong  Relocation—denied basic civil rights  Most from BC  Most were Canadian citizens  Took property—farms, fishing boats—sold all; no payment  22,000 relocated inland and forced to work and pay expenses  Not one spy uncovered yet…  Tried to deport until 1947  Apology in 1980s Japanese Canadians
http://www.masumihayashi.com/html/canada.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-Canadian_internment
 Radio—chief entertainment  Music, drama  News of the day—Lorne Greene noon and 11 p.m.  CBC—played politics—one side only—monopoly  U.S. broadcasts  Information services—propaganda  Editorials—prevent disunity  Citizen education—maintain hope and faith  Films--@ 10 cents—color, musicals, Hollywood  Government Film Commission  National Film Board  Cinema as pulpit—mind bending  Intense dislike of Hollywood  Narrations of documentaries—Lorne Greene [Voice of Doom] http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorne-greene/ Home Front—Info Mgt.
 Soldiers waiting for deployment  Blind pigs  Gambling dens  Dance halls  Big bands—Oscar Peterson and jazz  Vice and VD [STDs] http://www.montrealites.ca/origins/2015/04/jazztown-montreal-a-history.html#.Vw5ibjArK70; http://thejazzline.com/news/2011/03/a-piano-lesson-with-oscar-peterson/ Montreal—City of Night Life
 Funding reduced  War Art Program—1943  Lawren Harris  Alex Colville http://www.alexcolville.ca/gallery/alex_colville_1954_horse_and_train/  National Gallery—Ottawa  Federation of Canadian Artists  Petition to Ottawa  16 groups combined—primarily visual artists  No Francophone, women, pop culture represented Home Front—The Arts
 VE Day—few Canadians left at war—May 8, 1945  UN organization 1945  GATT—Canada signed in 1947  Canada: LARGEST of the lesser powers  Shift in social policy after World War II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations Post War Era
https://www.marxists.org/history/capitalism/gatt/
 Anonymous. “Economic Defence Geared Now to Dominion’s Needs,” The Hamilton Spectator. September 9, 1939  Anonymous. “The Conscription Issue,” The Globe and Mail. September 19, 1939.  Anonymous. “More Restrictive Orders May be Passed Before Long,” The Hamilton Spectator. November 26, 1940,  Anonymous. “Women In Industry,” The Globe and Mail. December 26, 1941.  Howe, C.D. “Civilians to Help By Curbing Buying,” The Globe and Mail. January 8, 1942.  Anonymous. “$180,000,000 Family Bonus a Fantastic Proposal,” Toronto Telegram. September 17, 1943.  Bumstead, J. M.. The Peoples of Canada: A Post Confederation History. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2008. [pages 287-298 and 301-316]  Fukawa, Masako, Project Leader. Internment and Redress: The Japanese Canadian Experience. Burnaby, B.C.: The Japanese Canadian National Museum, 2011. <http://www.japanesecanadianhistory.net/GuideExcerptsForSocialStudies11.pdf>  Nova Scotia. Office of Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The Statute of Westminster, 1931. Halifax: LEGC, 2001. <http://nslegislature.ca/legc/westmins.htm>  http://www.thememoryproject.com/stories/WWII  http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/homefront_e.shtml Resources

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World War II

  • 1.
  • 2.
     Isolated  Domesticagenda only  Foreign affairs determined by Britain--colonialism  Geography isolated and insulated  Francophone saw self as autonomous Canada before 1914
  • 3.
     Canada brokeimperial ties—Statute of Westminster  Became Commonwealth Nation—1931  Began to create own foreign diplomacy  Department of External Affairs [U.S. State Dept.]  U.S. seen as potential enemy in 1920s  BTW--U.S. still did have invasion plan in 1930s Interwar Period—1918-1939
  • 4.
     Born May1934 in Ontario near Quebec border  Annette, Emilie, Yvonne, Cecile, Marie  Born two months premature—weighed total of 14#  Parents were French Catholic poor with 5 others  First set to survive infancy—”miracle babies”  Taken from parents after father signed contract with Chicago World’s Fair—protect girls from germs, kidnappers, exploitation Dionne Quintuplets
  • 5.
  • 6.
     Became Canada’slargest tourist attraction by 1937  3000 visitors each day—playground surrounded by glass  Dolls; post cards; ads for cereal, bonds, honey, soap  Admission and parking free—souvenirs pricey  Custody battle—returned home at age 9—sad life  Moved out at age 18—cut off most family contact  Emilie—nun died of seizure in 1954; Marie died 1970  3 married and divorced—children  Later lived together near Montreal on $746 total per month  Book written; questions raised  By 2000 reached settlement of $4 million  Two still survive—Annette and Cecile [2016]
  • 7.
     Every littlegirl had to have all five dolls for Christmas. http://www.museumofplay.org/online-collections/2/10/77.3253  http://www.neonatology.org/pinups/dionne.html  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_quintuplets with their parents and priest--1947 Dionne Commercialism
  • 8.
    Nation obsessed withDionne’s Europe preparing for another conflict Appeasement not successful Transition to War
  • 9.
     May 1939 937 Jewish refugees  Could not dock in Cuba  Rejected by both U.S. & Canada http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html Voyage of the S.S. St. Louis
  • 10.
     Canada notwelcoming—only 4000 Jewish immigrants  “None is too many”—1938 restrictions  Prime Minister King & Hitler met  Did not realize agenda of Nazi leader  Anti-Semitism especially in QC--demonstrations  Catholic  Francophone nationalistic movement  Suspicious of Jewish immigrants  Skilled professionals lost to Canada Reaction to Holocaust
  • 11.
    Canada swept intoevents  Rise of fascist and military governments in Europe  Appeasement bought some time  Canadian debated neutrality in House of Commons  Global war by 1939  Canada had little control yet knew why fighting  No grumbling  No expectation of benefit  Altruism
  • 12.
     Commonwealth status Could make own decision this war  Independent of Britain  Not like World War I http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statute-of-westminster/ Statute of Westminster 1931
  • 13.
     Economic responsefirst  First time made independent decision  Statute of Westminster--1931  Sovereignty issue  Canada was one MAJOR ally of Britain  Symbolic delay of few days  Only a few opposed war  Pacifists  Given White Feathers  First Canadian troops arrived December 1939  U.S. and Canada—mutual defense initiatives Canada enters War
  • 14.
     1st—German invasionof Poland  3rd—Britain declares war  10th—Canada declares war with 4 voting NO  King isolationist but supported Britain  Canada became bridge between Britain and U.S. September 1939
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
     Depression toend after decade  Farming at 50% capacity  Industry at 50% capacity  Jobless rate effectively at 50%  Economic suffering gone with declaration of war  Class divisions reduced  Regional inequality not as pronounced  Political confrontation less frequent World War II Cured many Canadian Issues
  • 18.
     Support ofeffort  Volunteering for service—10,000  Unemployed had jobs again  Prime Minister King wanted limited liability  Many trained for air force in Canada  Knew why Canada fighting—more than Great War Early Stages of War
  • 19.
     Blitzkrieg—Denmark, Holland,Belgium, Norway, France  Britain hanging on barely  Canada a viable partner 1940
  • 20.
  • 21.
     National ResourcesMobilization Act  Population of 10,000,000  Sent 1,000,000 into uniform  50,000 killed  30,000 as merchant marines  No Anglo/Franco balance—recall events of Great War  QC opposed unless Canada invaded  QC sent only about half of the numbers of others  50,000 Francophone served but in Anglo units  1944 conscription needed  Called Zombies—60,000  Not to go overseas—13,000 did go overseas  2400+ saw combat with some killed Enlistments and Conscription
  • 22.
  • 23.
     Ogdensburg, NY—August1940  Permanent Joint Board on Defense  Method to assist Britain and remain neutral  Needed Canada to rearm  Began Lend-Lease program  Newfoundland/Labrador—stage and refuel  U.S. military bases in British Empire  Assisted NFL economy--$30 m by 1945—i.e. salt cod  Were questions of NFL work ethic  Warm Springs, GA—April 1940—discussion  Hyde Park Declaration—April 1941—coordination of effort Pearl Harbor—December 1941 Cooperation in North America: Canada and The U.S.A.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
     Quebec 1943and 1944  Included Churchill in these meetings  Initiated talks for  Alaskan highway  Oil pipeline  Founding member of United Nations Continued Meetings
  • 28.
     FDR, Churchill,and King  No trenches this war  Air force more powerful role  Commander—General McNaughton  Military served for entire war—unlike World War I  Royal Canadian Navy—convoys to Europe  Canada in Italy and northern Europe—few in Pacific Battle Front Military Contribution
  • 29.
     Training  131,000+trained on Canadian soil [72,800+ Canadians]  Camp Borden, ON  Bombers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force RCAF
  • 30.
  • 31.
     Dieppe—August 1942 To foster German fears of attack  Trial run for June 1944  5000 Canadians involved  2500 Canadians killed or POWs—65%  Bungled attempt  Disaster guaranteed http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/fyi/weighing-dieppe-166512996.html Dieppe
  • 32.
  • 33.
     D-Day—June 6,1944  Almost two years after disaster at Dieppe  Juno Beach—site of Canadian troops landing  Much more successful than Dieppe D-Day
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
     Canada 3rdlargest navy  Canada 4th largest air force  Canada 5th largest army Canada Looked Good By the end of World War II
  • 37.
     Politics  Financingthe war effort  Primary Activities  Secondary Activities  Women in war effort  Victory Gardens  Dissidents and Internment  Propaganda  Culture Home front
  • 38.
     Mackenzie King—LiberalP.M.  Duplessis of QC—questioned support of the war  Federal election in 1940  King promised no conscription  House of Commons vote in 1942  Allow King to break promise  Denied with only 8 voting for conscription  Conscription ordered in 1944 http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=b11f5b30-7d32-44e6-b23c- a24561c1eaf5&Language=E Home Front Politics
  • 39.
     Federal spendingup from 3.4% to 37.6% for war effort  Tax  Borrow  Bonds http://www.gettysburgcollegeprojects.org/hist301-wwIIposters/?p=123; http://www3.nfb.ca/ww2/home-front/propaganda- the-battle-for-hearts-and-minds.htm?view=734779&subtype=archives&rp=5 Home Front--Financing
  • 40.
  • 41.
     Mobilization ofResources  Farming  Wheat  Fed the armed forces  Mining  Nickel, lead, aluminum, copper, uranium, iron, coal  Armed the troops  Forestry  Fishing http://www.republicofmining.com; http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/women_e.shtml Home Front—Primary Activities
  • 42.
  • 43.
     Canada becamemajor industrial nation  Airplanes—16,000 aircraft http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/367/Manufactured- Victory.aspx  Tanks and vehicles—850,000 http://www.canadaatwar.ca/content-17/world-war-ii/canadian-war-industry/  Weapons  Equipment Home Front—Industrial Production
  • 44.
     During Depressionjobless rate @ 50%  During War jobless rate @ 2%--full employment  Looking for workers www.canadaatwar.ca Home Front--Labor
  • 45.
     Regional disparities Maritimes hurt—  U.S. competition—coal, steel, shipyards  No crown corporations  Labor relations  Strikes—wages and conditions  Union recognition in 1944  Manpower issues—Clarence Howe mobilized production  Department of Munitions and Supplies  Crown Corporations formed--28 Weaknesses in Economy
  • 46.
  • 47.
     University emphasison medicine, science, engineering  Student loans if in preferred field  Humanities students declined  National Research Council  Bounced back after cuts in 1930s  Radar  Nuclear research—nuclear reactor at Chulk River  Jet engines in 1950s  Snowmobile type vehicle—Weasel—Bombardier later http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-armand-bombardier/ Home Front--Technology
  • 48.
     Before thewar  Single women—teacher, secretary, service, retail  After 1939 even married women worked  50,000 in uniform—unequal work  Factory work—Bren Gun Girl [Rosie, the Riveter]  1/3 of work force YET  “Used to boredom of housekeeping” therefore would work in factory  Unequal $$$  Feared they would break down due to rigors of the work  Rationing  Victory gardens  Buy bonds  Family Allowance Act—continues today—Mothers only  Help pay for food, shelter, clothing  Moms with children under 16  Support those serving and then give up jobs upon return of vets Women in War Era
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
     Mennonites—pacifists, COstatus, alternative service  Germans—suspect as enemy  Ukrainians—suspect due to Soviet hatred  Japanese-Canadians  Issei—born in Japan or Hawaii  Kibei—born in Canada, educated by Japanese  Nisei—born in Canada, educated in Canada, citizens  Frank Underhill—dismissed over “In Flander’s Field” Dissidents and Suspects
  • 52.
     Canadians defeatedin defense of Hong Kong  Relocation—denied basic civil rights  Most from BC  Most were Canadian citizens  Took property—farms, fishing boats—sold all; no payment  22,000 relocated inland and forced to work and pay expenses  Not one spy uncovered yet…  Tried to deport until 1947  Apology in 1980s Japanese Canadians
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
     Radio—chief entertainment Music, drama  News of the day—Lorne Greene noon and 11 p.m.  CBC—played politics—one side only—monopoly  U.S. broadcasts  Information services—propaganda  Editorials—prevent disunity  Citizen education—maintain hope and faith  Films--@ 10 cents—color, musicals, Hollywood  Government Film Commission  National Film Board  Cinema as pulpit—mind bending  Intense dislike of Hollywood  Narrations of documentaries—Lorne Greene [Voice of Doom] http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lorne-greene/ Home Front—Info Mgt.
  • 56.
     Soldiers waitingfor deployment  Blind pigs  Gambling dens  Dance halls  Big bands—Oscar Peterson and jazz  Vice and VD [STDs] http://www.montrealites.ca/origins/2015/04/jazztown-montreal-a-history.html#.Vw5ibjArK70; http://thejazzline.com/news/2011/03/a-piano-lesson-with-oscar-peterson/ Montreal—City of Night Life
  • 57.
     Funding reduced War Art Program—1943  Lawren Harris  Alex Colville http://www.alexcolville.ca/gallery/alex_colville_1954_horse_and_train/  National Gallery—Ottawa  Federation of Canadian Artists  Petition to Ottawa  16 groups combined—primarily visual artists  No Francophone, women, pop culture represented Home Front—The Arts
  • 58.
     VE Day—fewCanadians left at war—May 8, 1945  UN organization 1945  GATT—Canada signed in 1947  Canada: LARGEST of the lesser powers  Shift in social policy after World War II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations Post War Era
  • 59.
  • 60.
     Anonymous. “EconomicDefence Geared Now to Dominion’s Needs,” The Hamilton Spectator. September 9, 1939  Anonymous. “The Conscription Issue,” The Globe and Mail. September 19, 1939.  Anonymous. “More Restrictive Orders May be Passed Before Long,” The Hamilton Spectator. November 26, 1940,  Anonymous. “Women In Industry,” The Globe and Mail. December 26, 1941.  Howe, C.D. “Civilians to Help By Curbing Buying,” The Globe and Mail. January 8, 1942.  Anonymous. “$180,000,000 Family Bonus a Fantastic Proposal,” Toronto Telegram. September 17, 1943.  Bumstead, J. M.. The Peoples of Canada: A Post Confederation History. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2008. [pages 287-298 and 301-316]  Fukawa, Masako, Project Leader. Internment and Redress: The Japanese Canadian Experience. Burnaby, B.C.: The Japanese Canadian National Museum, 2011. <http://www.japanesecanadianhistory.net/GuideExcerptsForSocialStudies11.pdf>  Nova Scotia. Office of Legislative Counsel, Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The Statute of Westminster, 1931. Halifax: LEGC, 2001. <http://nslegislature.ca/legc/westmins.htm>  http://www.thememoryproject.com/stories/WWII  http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/canadawar/homefront_e.shtml Resources

Editor's Notes

  • #7 Quintland hospital here 3 million tourists visited [1934-1943] Hollywood exploitation—four movies Dolls marketed
  • #8 Dolls [pbs.org] 3 more sons born after quints Annette and Cecile remain
  • #10 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouis.html