الإسبوع العالمي للتوعية بالمضادات الحيوية - World antibiotic awareness weekAhmed Al-Abadlah
World antibiotic awareness week - 2016
الإسبوع العالمي للتوعية بالمضادات الحيوية
Gaza - Palestine.
Arabic, Antibiotic, World antibiotic awareness week, الاسبوع العالمي للتوعية ، المضادات الحيوية , د. عبد الرؤوف المناعمة, مشروع الميكروبات الإلكتروني - فلسطين
التوعية العالمية للمضادات
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance poses serious risks to global public health in the future, including the potential for 10 million deaths per year by 2050 from currently treatable infections and diseases becoming deadly again without effective treatments. Recognition of these future impacts is important for emphasizing the urgent need to change antibiotic prescription and usage. If antibiotic resistance continues to grow, global health systems will lose control over infectious diseases and see increased rates of severe infection, hospitalization, disability and death. Many medical procedures may also become riskier as common postoperative infections become difficult or impossible to treat.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives but overuse and misuse has led to rising antibiotic resistance where bacteria evolve and become immune to existing drugs. Antibiotic resistance occurs through natural selection that favors resistant bacteria and spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. It is a growing problem worldwide as some infections are becoming impossible to treat. To slow resistance, we must use antibiotics judiciously and responsibly only when needed, take the full prescribed dose, and develop new drugs.
الإسبوع العالمي للتوعية بالمضادات الحيوية - World antibiotic awareness weekAhmed Al-Abadlah
World antibiotic awareness week - 2016
الإسبوع العالمي للتوعية بالمضادات الحيوية
Gaza - Palestine.
Arabic, Antibiotic, World antibiotic awareness week, الاسبوع العالمي للتوعية ، المضادات الحيوية , د. عبد الرؤوف المناعمة, مشروع الميكروبات الإلكتروني - فلسطين
التوعية العالمية للمضادات
Future impacts of antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance poses serious risks to global public health in the future, including the potential for 10 million deaths per year by 2050 from currently treatable infections and diseases becoming deadly again without effective treatments. Recognition of these future impacts is important for emphasizing the urgent need to change antibiotic prescription and usage. If antibiotic resistance continues to grow, global health systems will lose control over infectious diseases and see increased rates of severe infection, hospitalization, disability and death. Many medical procedures may also become riskier as common postoperative infections become difficult or impossible to treat.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives but overuse and misuse has led to rising antibiotic resistance where bacteria evolve and become immune to existing drugs. Antibiotic resistance occurs through natural selection that favors resistant bacteria and spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. It is a growing problem worldwide as some infections are becoming impossible to treat. To slow resistance, we must use antibiotics judiciously and responsibly only when needed, take the full prescribed dose, and develop new drugs.
Question was in my mind how the bacteria learn the biochemical mechanisms of defense against antibiotics , l know it should have gens that produce defense ways , but how they have thes gens , how antibiotics produce resistance in bacteria for them self and another's ?
All that I tried to answer in this seminar and how can be treated or minimized .
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
هذه هى سلسلة من المحاضرات للتوعية الصحية لأجل العناية بأفضل مما يمكن لإنسان أن يحصل عليه - الصحة الجيدة - وأرجو منكم أن ننشر الخير سويا عبر الاصدقاء والعائلات والجيران وحتى الاطفال - فهذا واجب لمجتمعاتنا العربية فى زمن نحتاج فيه للوحدة والتكاتف والاعتدال والايجابية
The document discusses antibiotic misuse and its consequences. It notes that overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them for viral infections, promotes antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used inappropriately, like for a cold or flu, they do not cure the infection and can cause harmful side effects. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock is also discussed, and how it may contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The consequences of antibiotic resistance include more serious and costly illnesses that are more difficult to treat. The document emphasizes reducing unnecessary antibiotic use to help slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms change when exposed to antimicrobial drugs, becoming 'superbugs' that medicines become ineffective against, allowing infections to persist and spread. This threatens global health by making infections difficult to treat, increasing mortality and healthcare costs. The top 10 most dangerous antibiotic resistant bacteria are described, along with factors contributing to AMR like overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, personal care products and the environment. Additional precautions are needed when treating infections from antibiotic resistant bacteria. Public measures like handwashing and not sharing personal items can help reduce spread.
This document discusses superbugs and efforts to address the growing threat. It defines a superbug as a bacterium that has developed resistance to antibiotics used to treat it, such as MRSA. The document notes that superbugs could kill 10 million people per year and that drug companies need $25 billion to fight the crisis. It also discusses some potential treatments, including a 1,000-year-old Anglo-Saxon eye infection remedy that has shown effectiveness against MRSA, as well as efforts to design smarter antibiotic drugs that can overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms. The document is authored by Prajith.V, a first year PharmD student.
كيف يمكنك تجنب الاصابة بمرض السكري بإستخدام بعض التطبيقاتHabiba Twakkol
مرض السكري هو مرض يحدث عندما لا يستطيع جسدك الاستجابة لهرمون الانسولين، مما ينتج عنه اختلاف في معدلات السكر في الدم
يمكنك الان تجنبه باستخدام بعض التطبيقات مثل تطبيق سيركيل كير
The document discusses the overuse and misuse of antibiotics leading to the rise of superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics. It notes that while antibiotics have been life-saving, their excessive and improper use has allowed bacteria to evolve resistance, making many infections harder or impossible to treat. The document urges judicious antibiotic use, completing full prescriptions, not demanding antibiotics for viral infections, handwashing, and other measures to reduce unnecessary exposure and slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
بعد أن قام العلماء بتطوير أول أجهزة الحاسوب في الأربعينات أدرك المجتمع والعالم بأسره أن
هذه الأجهزة الجديدة سوف تقدم الكثير والكثير من الخدمات للبشرية كلها خاصة في مجال المعلومات
وتخزينها ومعالجتها واستعادتها، وبعد هذا التاريخ بعقد من الزمان بدأ الأطباء والمتخصصون بدورهم
في محاولة الاستفادة من هذه التقنيات بشكل حقيقي من خلال تطوير فكرة إدارة المعلومات ودور
الحاسب الآلي في الطب والرعاية الصحية، وكان من أهم ما تم تطويره بشكل مبكر فكرة السجلات
الطبية الإلكترونية التي تمثل عصب المعلومات المرتبطة بتقديم الرعاية الصحية للمريض محور كل
أنشطة الطب والرعاية الصحية، وقد تتابعت المراحل والتجارب التي مرت بها عملية التطوير لتلك
السجلات الطبية وتكاملها مع مصادر المعلومات المختلفة من خلال نظم شبكات المعلومات التي أدت
بالتبعية إلى فكرة اللامركزية واتصال المعلومات بين أكثر من مستشفى ومؤسسة طبية بل إلى أبعد من
ذلك من خلال شبكة الإنترنت التي دفعت إمكانياتها ملايين المستخدمين من المرضى إلى الاعتماد
عليها كمصدر للبحث عن المعلومات الطبية
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.
FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by introducing antibiotics and their mechanisms of action in treating bacterial infections. It then defines antibiotic resistance as occurring when bacteria change in response to antibiotics, making the antibiotics ineffective. The document outlines two ways bacteria become resistant: genetic mutation or acquiring resistance from other bacteria. It provides examples of "superbugs" like MRSA, VRSA, and VRE that have developed resistance. Finally, it notes that minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use can help reduce the spread of resistance.
World antibiotic awareness week 2019: The role of PHCAhmed Mshari
Every year, World Antibiotic Awareness Week (WAAW) is celebrated by governments, health facilities, schools and communities across the globe. The campaign highlights best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to help stop the further emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Question was in my mind how the bacteria learn the biochemical mechanisms of defense against antibiotics , l know it should have gens that produce defense ways , but how they have thes gens , how antibiotics produce resistance in bacteria for them self and another's ?
All that I tried to answer in this seminar and how can be treated or minimized .
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use, making infections harder to treat. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become resistant. This leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased deaths. Antibiotic resistance threatens global health and can affect anyone, of any age, in any country. It occurs naturally but also because of misuse of antibiotics in humans and farm animals. This is making many infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea more difficult to treat.
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
The perspective of antibiotic resistanceLimon Mirza
Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Causes of antibiotic resistance, History of antibiotic, Bangladesh perspective of antibiotic resistance, Prevention & Control of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
هذه هى سلسلة من المحاضرات للتوعية الصحية لأجل العناية بأفضل مما يمكن لإنسان أن يحصل عليه - الصحة الجيدة - وأرجو منكم أن ننشر الخير سويا عبر الاصدقاء والعائلات والجيران وحتى الاطفال - فهذا واجب لمجتمعاتنا العربية فى زمن نحتاج فيه للوحدة والتكاتف والاعتدال والايجابية
The document discusses antibiotic misuse and its consequences. It notes that overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them for viral infections, promotes antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used inappropriately, like for a cold or flu, they do not cure the infection and can cause harmful side effects. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock is also discussed, and how it may contribute to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The consequences of antibiotic resistance include more serious and costly illnesses that are more difficult to treat. The document emphasizes reducing unnecessary antibiotic use to help slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms change when exposed to antimicrobial drugs, becoming 'superbugs' that medicines become ineffective against, allowing infections to persist and spread. This threatens global health by making infections difficult to treat, increasing mortality and healthcare costs. The top 10 most dangerous antibiotic resistant bacteria are described, along with factors contributing to AMR like overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, personal care products and the environment. Additional precautions are needed when treating infections from antibiotic resistant bacteria. Public measures like handwashing and not sharing personal items can help reduce spread.
This document discusses superbugs and efforts to address the growing threat. It defines a superbug as a bacterium that has developed resistance to antibiotics used to treat it, such as MRSA. The document notes that superbugs could kill 10 million people per year and that drug companies need $25 billion to fight the crisis. It also discusses some potential treatments, including a 1,000-year-old Anglo-Saxon eye infection remedy that has shown effectiveness against MRSA, as well as efforts to design smarter antibiotic drugs that can overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms. The document is authored by Prajith.V, a first year PharmD student.
كيف يمكنك تجنب الاصابة بمرض السكري بإستخدام بعض التطبيقاتHabiba Twakkol
مرض السكري هو مرض يحدث عندما لا يستطيع جسدك الاستجابة لهرمون الانسولين، مما ينتج عنه اختلاف في معدلات السكر في الدم
يمكنك الان تجنبه باستخدام بعض التطبيقات مثل تطبيق سيركيل كير
The document discusses the overuse and misuse of antibiotics leading to the rise of superbugs that are resistant to antibiotics. It notes that while antibiotics have been life-saving, their excessive and improper use has allowed bacteria to evolve resistance, making many infections harder or impossible to treat. The document urges judicious antibiotic use, completing full prescriptions, not demanding antibiotics for viral infections, handwashing, and other measures to reduce unnecessary exposure and slow the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
بعد أن قام العلماء بتطوير أول أجهزة الحاسوب في الأربعينات أدرك المجتمع والعالم بأسره أن
هذه الأجهزة الجديدة سوف تقدم الكثير والكثير من الخدمات للبشرية كلها خاصة في مجال المعلومات
وتخزينها ومعالجتها واستعادتها، وبعد هذا التاريخ بعقد من الزمان بدأ الأطباء والمتخصصون بدورهم
في محاولة الاستفادة من هذه التقنيات بشكل حقيقي من خلال تطوير فكرة إدارة المعلومات ودور
الحاسب الآلي في الطب والرعاية الصحية، وكان من أهم ما تم تطويره بشكل مبكر فكرة السجلات
الطبية الإلكترونية التي تمثل عصب المعلومات المرتبطة بتقديم الرعاية الصحية للمريض محور كل
أنشطة الطب والرعاية الصحية، وقد تتابعت المراحل والتجارب التي مرت بها عملية التطوير لتلك
السجلات الطبية وتكاملها مع مصادر المعلومات المختلفة من خلال نظم شبكات المعلومات التي أدت
بالتبعية إلى فكرة اللامركزية واتصال المعلومات بين أكثر من مستشفى ومؤسسة طبية بل إلى أبعد من
ذلك من خلال شبكة الإنترنت التي دفعت إمكانياتها ملايين المستخدمين من المرضى إلى الاعتماد
عليها كمصدر للبحث عن المعلومات الطبية
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.
FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
1. Definition – antibiotic resistance, Multi-resistance, cross-resistance in antibiotics
2. Evolution of resistance
3. Impact of resistance
4. The scenario of resistance: Global, India
5. Factors causing resistance
6. Mechanisms of resistance: Intrinsic and Acquired
7. Acquired mechanism of resistance
8. Quorum sensing
9. Mechanism of resistance in commonly used antibiotics
10. Methods for determining the resistance
11. Strategies to contain resistance
12. Antibiotic stewardship
13. Role of Pharmacologist
14. Initiatives undertaken by India to control resistance
This document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by introducing antibiotics and their mechanisms of action in treating bacterial infections. It then defines antibiotic resistance as occurring when bacteria change in response to antibiotics, making the antibiotics ineffective. The document outlines two ways bacteria become resistant: genetic mutation or acquiring resistance from other bacteria. It provides examples of "superbugs" like MRSA, VRSA, and VRE that have developed resistance. Finally, it notes that minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use can help reduce the spread of resistance.
World antibiotic awareness week 2019: The role of PHCAhmed Mshari
Every year, World Antibiotic Awareness Week (WAAW) is celebrated by governments, health facilities, schools and communities across the globe. The campaign highlights best practices among the general public, health workers and policy makers to help stop the further emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in microbiology. It begins by defining microbes and their size scale measured in microns. It then outlines several ways that nanotechnology can be used in microbiology, such as developing antimicrobial nanoparticles from materials like carbon, polymers, and metals to treat bacterial infections. The document also discusses characterization techniques for nanomaterials like transmission electron microscopy and describes some current applications of nanomaterials in areas like wound dressings, immune system modulation, and water disinfection. In conclusion, it emphasizes that nanotechnology research in microbiology is still limited in Palestine but has huge potential to be applied in many fields related to diagnostics, treatment, and infection control.
This document outlines recommendations for dental practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It recognizes that dental settings pose unique risks due to procedures generating aerosols and droplets. It advises prioritizing critical dental services while minimizing harm from delaying care or potential exposures. Strict infection control protocols are recommended, including screening patients, using appropriate PPE like masks and eye protection, environmental disinfection, and handling waste properly. Proper hand hygiene, distancing, and ventilation are also emphasized to reduce transmission risks in dental settings during this time.
Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria that causes peptic ulcers and is linked to gastric cancer. There are invasive and non-invasive tests to diagnose H. pylori infection. Invasive tests include histology, culture, and rapid urease test, while non-invasive options are urea breath test, stool antigen test, and serology. Molecular techniques like PCR are also used and can identify specific genes or antibiotic resistance. The accuracy of diagnostic tests may be affected in cases of bleeding or partial gastrectomy. Post-treatment tests like urea breath test are recommended to confirm eradication success.
The document discusses LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification), a DNA amplification method that has advantages over PCR for diagnostic testing. LAMP is isothermal, requiring only a single temperature for DNA amplification. It is more affordable and accessible than PCR as it does not require expensive thermal cycling equipment. LAMP can be used to rapidly and sensitively detect pathogens and has applications for infectious disease diagnosis, especially in low-resource settings. Optimization of LAMP involves parameters like primers, enzymes, temperature, and additives to improve speed, sensitivity and reduce background signals for diagnostic applications.
The document discusses laboratory diagnostics for COVID-19. It describes how reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests performed on respiratory specimens like nasal or throat swabs are the current reference standard for diagnosis. Point-of-care tests and serological immunoassays that detect antibodies are also emerging. The document outlines considerations for different types of tests and discusses interpreting results, safety handling of specimens, and highlights the importance of diagnostic testing in controlling the pandemic.
- Vaccination is one of the most important preventative measures against infectious diseases. It has succeeded in preventing some diseases and reducing the risk of some cancers. Vaccination has played a major role in eradicating smallpox and controlling the spread of many childhood diseases.
- Elderly people now make up a large percentage of the population in many countries worldwide. They are more susceptible to infectious diseases and associated mortality compared to younger people due to weaker immune systems.
- There are vaccines that can help reduce rates of disease and death among elderly populations by protecting against common infectious diseases that pose health risks. People should speak to their doctor about appropriate vaccination options for later life.
This document provides an overview of infection control in healthcare settings. It defines healthcare-associated infections and outlines some of the major reasons they are rising in hospitals, such as advancing patient age and increased antibiotic resistance. Consequences of healthcare-associated infections include increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, and death. Effective infection control requires surveillance, monitoring, investigation of potential outbreaks, management to interrupt outbreaks, and staff training. New technologies like antimicrobial surfaces and UV light are showing promise in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Ongoing challenges include decreasing funds, increasing drug resistance, and ensuring adequate physician leadership and engagement in quality improvement efforts.
The document discusses the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. It outlines the strategies being tested, including RNA, DNA, recombinant protein, and vectored vaccines. Clinical trials are underway to test remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and antibodies from recovered patients. Lessons from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV vaccines indicate the spike protein is a target, but development faces challenges like inducing long-term immunity and protecting older individuals. The production process requires efficacy and safety testing which can prolong time to widespread availability.