9. Antibiotic / Antimicrobial
• Antibiotic: Chemical produced
by a microorganism that kills or
inhibits the growth of another
microorganism
• Antimicrobial agent: Chemical
that kills or inhibits the growth of
microorganisms
10.
11.
12. Chemotherapy
• The use of drugs to treat a disease
• Selective toxicity: A drug that kills
harmful microbes without damaging
the host
43. Taking antibiotics only when they are needed is an
important way you can protect yourself and your
family from antibiotic resistance. Talk to your
doctor about the best treatment if you are sick.
Never pressure your doctor to prescribe an
antibiotic.
44. What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance happens when the germs no
longer respond to the antibiotics designed to kill them.
That means the germs are not killed and continue to
grow. It does not mean our body is resistant to
antibiotics.
Bacteria and fungi are constantly finding new ways to
avoid the effects of the antibiotics used to treat the
infections they cause.
45.
46. Why Antibiotic Resistance is Growing
There are a number of factors that contribute to this growing
health hazard. Among them we can mention:
• self-medication;
• counterfeit drugs, particularly rampant in the developing
world;
• antibiotics for livestock;
• infections acquired in hospitals and nursing homes, particularly
in the developed world
47. The types of bacterial resistance
Intrinsic resistance. Some bacteria are intriguingly
resistant to antibiotics, such as those that don’t build
a cell wall (penicillin prevents cell-wall building).
Acquired resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance
through new genetic change or by transferring DNA
from a bacterium that is already resistant. This is the
issue we’re having today.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. How can I protect myself and my family from
antibiotic resistance?
No one can completely avoid getting an infection, but
there are additional steps you can take to protect
yourself and your family by
• doing your best to stay healthy and keep others
healthy
• cleaning hands
• covering coughs
• staying home when sick
• getting recommended vaccines, such as the flu
vaccine.
85. Spherical Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) sized
17 nm and ultrathin sheet-like structure graphene
oxide nanosheets (GONS) with layer thickness ~5 nm
was used.
the highest percentage removal for was 99.2% and
99.6% .
86. Soil treatment
Biodegradability of antibiotics Biodegradation of
antibiotics occurs by both biotic and abiotic
processes. Biotic factor involves the use
of microorganisms, and abiotic
factor requires sorption, hydrolysis, photolysis,
oxidation and reduction reactions. Microbial
population aiding in removal and remediation are
explored for treating terrestrial and aquatic
contaminants.
87. Spherical Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) sized
17 nm and ultrathin sheet-like structure graphene
oxide nanosheets (GONS) with layer thickness ~5 nm
was used.
the highest percentage removal for was 99.2% and
99.6% .