Cognition refers to the mechanisms by which sentient systems acquire, process, store, and act on information from within and their environment. It is the essence of intelligence. Current uses of "cognitive" in information technology refer narrowly to neural network models for data analysis, but true cognition requires sentience. For computing to be cognitive, it must infuse cognition into both functional and non-functional requirements using a cognitive service control overlay and neural network modeling for insights. This allows computing systems to manage resources and adapt to changes autonomously while gaining understanding from data.

1. What is Cognition?
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
cog·ni·tion ˌ(kɒɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/noun: "The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and
understanding through thought, experience, and the senses."
Synonyms: perception, discernment, apprehension, learning, understanding, comprehension,
insight; more reasoning, thinking, thought (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition )
However, today we also talk about embodied, embedded, enacted and extended cognition going
beyond mental processes (http://www.ummoss.org/pcs/eeee.html ) and
“A perception, sensation, idea, or intuition resulting from the process of cognition.“
This reflects current state of confusion about the concept of cognition. Calling it "mental action"
does not make it a definition because we have no idea what "mental is" and even less what
"mental action" might be
What is the True Nature of Cognition and How Does it
Impact Current Information Technologies

2. What is the True Nature of Cognition and How Does it
Impact Current Information Technologies
https://www.se4cog2018.com/

5. Why Sudden Interest in Cognition?
Cognition has become the word on which IT is making a big
bet and big businesses, Venture Capitalists and IT pundits
are pronouncing the future is here with cognitive business
systems. One only has to look at these headlines to see the
euphoria, let alone the investment hype and the marketing
promise associated with the word.
Artificial Intelligence Investing Gets Ready For Prime Time
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

6. Hype, Hope or Real?
“Ginni Rometty: Forget digital—cognitive business is the future”
(Cognition = Digital +AI)
“In a rousing keynote, Microsoft's CEO introduces the Microsoft Bot Framework
and several new Cognitive Services”
(Cognition = AI +Automation)
“The era of cognitive mobile and IoT is upon us”
“The Hype—and Hope—of Artificial Intelligence”
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

7. Cognition and Intelligence
In all cases above, a closer look of the word cognition in this context
immediately reveals that the word is used to describe a very narrow application
to describe a neural network model that uses a set of algorithms to process
large sets of data to discern the underlying patterns and correlations that cannot
be easily obtained with conventional computing using symbolic computing..
What is the relationship between “cognition” and “Intelligence?”
The dictionaries give you a circular definition
Study of the evolution of natural intelligence, on the other hand, suggests that
cognition is the essence of sentient beings.
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
Current AI - there is nothing sentient about IT!

8. Cognition is….
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
……………….. The mechanisms by which sentient systems
acquire, process, store, and act on information from within the
system and from the environment with which they interact.
As Sara Shettlewerth points out, not all agree with such an
inclusive definition. Cognitive often is associated with
“declarative” rather than “procedural” knowledge. “Declarative
knowledge is “knowing that” whereas procedural knowledge is
“knowing how, or knowing what to do*.
* Sara J. Shettlewerth “Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior” Oxford University Press, 2010

9. Minimal Cognition
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
• The field of Cognitive Robotics is exploring the idea of “minimal cognition” in
a similar way as Shettlewerth explores animal cognition as different cognitive
architectures, and different levels or degrees of cognition – embodied,
embedded, enacted and extended
• Those who only see cognition in humans loose the possibility of application
in computing machinery that is not at human level but sentient.
• More importantly, sentient systems and cognition are tightly coupled and
without infusing cognition sentient systems can not be designed

10. First Order and Second Order Processes
“The declarative knowledge a chipmunk might gain from moving about its
territory could be map like: “Home burrow is south of that big rock.” Or the
chipmunk might store information as procedural knowledge such as “Turn
left at the rock.”
The first kind of representation implies more flexible behaviour than the
second, but in both cases behaviour results from processing and storing
information about the world.
A related distinction is that between first-order and higher order processes,
only the latter of which may be regarded as interestingly cognitive.
First-order processes operate directly on perceptual input, as when a
stimulus triggers a response or creates a trace in memory.
Second-order processes operate on first order processes, as in evaluating
the strength of one’s memory for an event”
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
* Sara J. Shettelwerth “Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior” Oxford University Press, 2010

11. Cognition in Computing
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
* Turing, A. M. (2004). In B. J. Copeland (Ed.), The Essential Turing. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press.

12. Functional
Requirements
Executable
Processes
Infrastructure
Middleware
OS
CPU
Memory
Workload Behavior
Non-Functional
Requirements
Methods for
Configuation;
Monitoring;
Control
Environment
Humans;
Devices
Data
Current State of the art Computing Based on John von Neumann Stored
Program Control Implementation of the Turing Machine
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
Synchronous
Universal Turing
Machine Computing

13. Cognition in Computing
Second Order (Cognitive) Processes:
1. Cognitive Control Overlay: A managed Turing Machine
implementation* that assures there are enough resources to
execute functional requirements in the face of fluctuations in
both demand for resources and their availability. (Implements
non-functional requirement execution without disturbing the
functional requirement execution (Sentient Systems)
*See a successful implementation of this model at
https://youtu.be/tu7EpD_bbyk
* R. Mikkilineni, Infusing Intent and Its Management into Turing Machine: A Path to Cognitive Distributed
Computing” Advances in Research, ISSN: 2348-0394,Vol.: 2, Issue.: 4 (April) 2014.
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

14. Cognition in Computing
Second Order Processes
2. Neural network modeling of data analytics:
Discerning hidden correlations to gain insights –
Current State of the Art of AI/ML/DL
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

15. Functional
Requirements
Executable
Processes
Infrastructure
Middleware
OS
CPU
Memory
Workload Behavior
Non-Functional
Requirements
FCAPS
Methods for
Configuation;
Monitoring;
Control
Environment
Humans;
Devices
Data
Non-Functional
Behavior
Feedback
Cognition infused in both Functional and Non-Functional requirement Fluctuations
Cognitive Service Control Overlay1
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden
Managed Universal
Turing Machine
Computing

16. Functional
Requirements
Executable
Processes
Infrastructure
Middleware
OS
CPU
Memory
Workload Behavior
Non-Functional
Requirements
FCAPS
Methods for
Configuation;
Monitoring;
Control
Environment
Humans;
Devices
Functional
Behavior
Feedback
Data
Non-Functional
Behavior
Feedback
Insights
AI/ML/DL
Cognition infused in both Functional and Non-Functional requirement Fluctuations
Cognitive Service Control Overlay1
2
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

17. Data
Functional
Requirements
Executable
Processes
Infrastructure
Middleware
OS
CPU
Memory
Workload Behavior
Non-Functional
Requirements
FCAPS
Methods for
Configuation;
Monitoring;
Control
Environment
Humans;
Devices
Functional
Behavior
Feedback
Data
Non-Functional
Behavior
Feedback
Insights
AI/ML/DLAI/ML/DL
Cognition infused in both Functional and Non-Functional requirement Fluctuations
Cognitive Service Control Overlay
Insights
1
2
3
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden

18. Further Reading
https://magazine.cioreview.com/magazines/September2017/
Application_Management/#page=10
“C3DNA Pioneering an era of “Self-Managing” Applications
http://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/1/3/213
“Lessons from Biology: Genes, Neurons, Neocortex and the New
Computing Model for Cognitive Information Technologies†”
http://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/1/3/186
“Cognitive Computing Architectures for Machine (Deep)
Learning at Scale† “
http://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/1/3/188
“Self-Managing Distributed Systems and Globally Interoperable
Network of Clouds†”
SE4COG 2018 The 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Cognitive Services 28 – 29 May 2018, ICSE, Gothenburg, Sweden